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그랜드 센트럴 터미널

Grand Central Terminal
그랜드 센트럴 터미널
Logo of Grand Central Terminal, with interlocking letters "G", "C", and "T"
메트로 노스 철도 터미널
Exterior of the terminal building
Train shed platform and tracks
Central Main Concourse clock
Main Concourse, facing east
왼쪽 위에서 시계방향: 42번가 정면, 지하차고와 선로, 메인 콩코스, 안내소 상단의 상징적인 시계
일반 정보
위치이스트 42번가 89번지
맨해튼, 뉴욕시
소유자

운영자
관리 대상자조지 수도원 (감독)
회선파크 애비뉴 터널(허슨선)
플랫폼44: 43개의 아일랜드 플랫폼, 1개의 측면 플랫폼
(스페인 솔루션 포함 6트랙)
트랙67: 56개의 승객 트랙(상층 30개, 하층 26개)
43 여객 서비스를 위해 사용 중
11 사이드
접속 Railway transportation롱아일랜드 레일로드
그랜드 센트럴 매디슨(미래)에서
MTA 뉴욕 지하철:
"4" train"5" train"6" train"6" express train"7" train"7" express train42nd Street Shuttle 트레인
그랜드 센트럴 42번가에서
Bus transport NYCT 버스: M1, M2, M3, M4, M42, M101, M102, M103, Q32
Bus transportNYCT 버스, MTA 버스, 아카데미 버스: 급행 서비스
건설
플랫폼 레벨두 개는 열려 있고 두 개는 제작 중입니다.
액세스 비활성화액세스[N 1] 가능
다른 정보
웹 사이트공식 웹사이트 Edit this at Wikidata
주요 날짜
건설1903–1913
1913년 2월 2일 개업
승객
2018 회계연도연간 6700만(주간[2] 추정치 기준) Increase0.6%(메트로 노스)
서비스
선행역 MTA NYC logo.svg 메트로 노스 철도 다음 역
종착륙장 할렘 선 할렘-125번가
허드슨 선 할렘-125번가
뉴헤이븐 선 할렘-125번가
뉴 가나안 지점
피크 서비스
할렘-125번가
가나안을 향해
댄버리 지점
피크 서비스
할렘-125번가
댄버리 방면으로
이전 서비스
선행역 뉴욕 센트럴 철도 다음 역
125번가
시카고 방면으로
메인 라인 종착륙장
125번가
Peekkkill을 향해
허드슨 구
125번가
채텀 방면으로
할렘 구
선행역 뉴욕 센트럴 & 허드슨 리버 철도 다음 역
110번가
1906년까지
Peekkkill을 향해
허드슨 구 종착륙장
86번가
1903년까지
채텀 방면으로
할렘 구
59번가
알 수 없는
채텀 방면으로
선행역 뉴욕, 뉴헤이븐, 하트포드 철도 다음 역
종착륙장 메인 라인 할렘-125번가
선행역 BSicon LOGO Amtrak2.svg 암트랙 다음 역
크로톤하몬
시카고 방면으로
레이크 쇼어 종착륙장
크로톤하몬
디트로이트 방면(미치건 센트럴)
나이아가라 레인보우
욘커스
몬트리올 방면으로
아디론닥
욘커스 엠파이어 서비스
욘커스
토론토 방면
메이플 리프
인터랙티브 맵
좌표40°45°10°N 73°58′38″w/40.75278°N 73.97722°W/ 40.75278; -73.97722좌표: 40°45º10ºN 73°58 ″ 38 w 40 / 40.75278 n 73.97722 w 40.75278 -73.97722
건축가.리드와 스템
워렌과 웨트모어
아키텍처 스타일뷰아츠
방문객들2,160만(2018년)[3]
지정1976년 12월 8일
참조 번호75001206
지정1975년 1월 17일
1983년 8월 11일 (증가)
참조 번호75001206, 83001726
지정1967년 8월 2일 (시설)
1980년 9월 23일 (내부)
참조 번호0266(표준)
1099(표준)

그랜드 센트럴 터미널(GCT, Grand Central[N 2] Station, 간단히 Grand Central)은 뉴욕시 맨해튼 미드타운42번가파크 애비뉴에 위치한 통근 열차 터미널입니다.그랜드 센트럴은 메트로 노스 철도의 할렘, 허드슨 헤이븐 의 남쪽 종착역으로 뉴욕 대도시권의 북부 지역에 서비스를 제공합니다.그랜드 센트럴 42번가 역에서 뉴욕 지하철로 연결되는 노선도 있습니다.이 터미널은 북미에서 뉴욕 펜 역에 이어번째로 붐비는 기차역입니다.

그랜드 센트럴 터미널 의 독특한 건축과 내부 디자인은 국립 역사 랜드마크로 지정되는 등 여러 가지 랜드마크로 지정되었습니다.보아트의 디자인은 수많은 예술작품을 포함하고 있다.그랜드 센트럴 터미널은 기차와 지하철 [3]승객을 제외하고 2018년 2,160만 명이 방문할 정도로 세계 10대 관광 [4]명소 중 하나입니다.터미널의 메인 콩쿠르는 미팅 장소로 자주 사용되며, 특히 영화와 텔레비전에서 자주 사용됩니다.그랜드 센트럴 터미널에는 고급 레스토랑과 바, 두 개의 푸드홀, 식료품 장터 등 다양한 상점과 식품 판매상이 있습니다.

그랜드 센트럴 터미널은 뉴욕 센트럴 철도에 의해 건설되었고, 뉴욕, 헤이븐, 하트포드 철도, 그리고 나중에 뉴욕 센트럴의 후계자들도 운행했습니다.1913년에 문을 연 이 터미널은 1871년으로 거슬러 올라가는 비슷한 이름의 두 개의 이전 역의 자리에 지어졌다.그랜드 센트럴 터미널은 1991년까지 시외 열차를 운행했으며, 그 때 암트랙근처의 펜 역을 통해 열차를 운행하기 시작했다.롱아일랜드 레일로드 서비스를 터미널 아래에 있는 새로운 그랜드 센트럴 매디슨 역으로 가져오는 이스트 사이드 액세스 프로젝트는 2022년 말에 완료될 것으로 예상된다.

Grand Central은 48에이커(19ha) 면적에 44개의 플랫폼을 가지고 있으며, 이는 세계 어느 철도역보다도 많은 양입니다.모두 지하에 있는 승강장은 상층부에 30개, 하층부에 26개의 선로가 있다. 67개의 선로가 있으며, 이 중 43개의 선로가 승객 서비스를 위해 사용되고 있으며, 나머지 24개의 선로는 열차를 [N 3]보관하는 데 사용됩니다.East Side Access의 일부로서 기존 역의 깊숙한 곳에 8개의 선로와 4개의 플랫폼이 2개의 새로운 층에 건설되고 있습니다.

이름.

그랜드 센트럴 터미널은 뉴욕 센트럴 철도(New York Central Railway)에 의해 명명되었으며, 뉴욕 센트럴 철도(New York Central Railway)는 이 역에 두 개의 이전 터미널을 건설했습니다.1900년부터 [8][9]1910년까지 운영되었던 직전의[5][6][N 2] 이름인 그랜드 센트럴 역(Grand Central Station)으로 "언제나 더 구어체적이고 정겹게 알려져 있다"."그랜드 센트럴 역"이라는 이름도 렉싱턴[10] 애비뉴 450번지에 있는 미국 우체국 역과, 그리고 [11]구어체로 터미널 옆에 있는 그랜드 센트럴 42번가 지하철 역과 공유됩니다.

서비스

통근 열차

그랜드 센트럴 터미널은 연간 약 6700만 명의 승객을 대상으로 하며, 이는 다른 메트로 노스 [2][12]역보다 많은 승객을 대상으로 합니다.아침 러시아워에는 58초마다 [13]열차가 터미널에 도착합니다.

메트로-노스의 5개 주요 노선 중 3개가 [14]그랜드 센트럴에서 종착한다.

이 노선들을 통해 터미널은 뉴욕시의 브롱크스, 뉴욕의 웨스트체스터, 푸트남더치스 카운티, [14]코네티컷의 페어필드 카운티와 뉴헤이븐 카운티를 오가는 메트로 노스 통근자들을 운행합니다.

서비스 연결 중

뉴욕 지하철인접한 그랜드 센트럴 - 42번가 은 다음과 같은 노선을 [11]운행합니다.

MTA 지역 버스 운영 버스는 그랜드 [1][15]센트럴 근처에 정차합니다.

이전 서비스

그랜드 센트럴 터미널의 20세기 유한공사, 1952년 경

터미널과 이전 터미널은 1871년 첫 번째 역 건물이 완공된 이후 1991년 암트랙이 터미널 운영을 중단할 때까지 도시간 서비스를 위해 설계되었다.환승으로 승객들은 캐나다, 엠파이어빌더, 샌프란시스코 제피르, 사우스웨스트 리미티드, 크레센트, 암트랙 산하 선셋 리미티드 등 미국의 모든 주요 노선에 연결할 수 있었다.목적지는 샌프란시스코, 로스앤젤레스, 밴쿠버, 뉴올리언스, 시카고,[16] 몬트리올이었다.또 다른 주목할 만한 이전 열차는 뉴욕 센트럴의 20세기 리미티드 열차로 1902년부터 1967년 사이에 시카고의 라살레 스트리트 역까지 운행되었으며 그 당시 [17][18]가장 유명한 열차 중 하나였다.

1971년부터 1991년까지, 주내 엠파이어 코리더를 사용하여 나이아가라 폭포까지 가는 모든 암트랙 열차는 그랜드 센트럴에서 종료되었고, 주내 노스이스트 코리더 열차는 펜 역을 [19]사용했습니다.그랜드 센트럴의 주목할 만한 암트랙 서비스로는 레이크 쇼어, 엠파이어 서비스, 애디론닥, 나이아가라 레인보우, 메이플 리프, 엠파이어 스테이트 [20][21][22]익스프레스 있습니다.

계획된 서비스

메트로폴리탄 교통 당국은 롱아일랜드 철도 도로 통근 열차를 이스트 사이드 액세스 [23]프로젝트의 일환으로 그랜드 센트럴 아래에 있는 새로운 그랜드 센트럴 매디슨 역에 투입할 계획입니다.이 프로젝트는 LIRR의 모든 지점과 거의 모든 [25]역에 연결되는 철도 [24]본선과 터미널을 연결할 것이다.2021년 10월 현재,[26][27] 2022년 12월에 서비스가 시작될 예정이다.

내부

그랜드 센트럴 터미널은 승객을 위한 두 개의 주요 층으로 설계되고 지어졌습니다. 하나는 시외 열차용이고 다른 하나는 통근 열차용입니다.뉴욕 센트럴 부사장 윌리엄 J. 윌거스가 고안한 이 구성은 도시간 승객과 통근 열차 승객을 분리하여 역을 드나드는 사람들의 흐름을 원활하게 했다.1991년 [28]시외 서비스가 종료된 후, 위층은 메인 콩코스, 아래층은 다이닝 [28][29]콩코스라는 이름으로 바뀌었다.

그랜드 센트럴의 인테리어의 원래 계획은 리드와 스템이 디자인했고, 일부 작업은 워렌과 웨트모어[30][31]휘트니 워렌이 맡았다.

메인 콩코스

중앙홀의 한낮 보행자 통행

메인 콩쿠르는 Grand Central의 상부 플랫폼 층, 역 건물의 지리적 중심에 있습니다.35,000평방피트(3,300m2) 규모의[32] 중앙홀은 터미널의 상부 선로 대부분으로 직접 연결되지만 일부는 [33]중앙홀 근처의 통로에서 접근합니다.메인 콩쿠르는 보통 붐비는 사람들로 가득 차서 회의 [34]장소로 자주 사용됩니다.중앙홀의 중앙에는 그랜드 센트럴에서 가장 눈에 띄는 아이콘 [35]중 하나인 4면 황동시계가 꼭대기에 있는 안내 부스가 있다.터미널의 주요 출발 표시판은 공간의 남쪽 끝에 있습니다.보드는 [36][37][38]1967년 처음 설치된 이후 여러 번 교체되었습니다.

A diagram of the terminal's main level rooms
터미널의 주요 층 평면도

통로 및 경사면

그레이바 패스

역의 인테리어를 설계하면서, 리드 앤 스템은 기차에서 내리는 승객들이 메인 콩쿠르로 들어가 거기에서 [39]분기하는 다양한 통로를 통해 나갈 수 있는 순환 시스템을 만들었다.이 중에는 남쪽에서 42번가까지 이어지는 남북 42번가 통로와 셔틀 통로가 있으며, [33][40]43번가까지 동쪽으로 약 240피트(73m) 떨어진 렉싱턴 애비뉴까지 이어지는 세 개의 동서 통로가 있습니다.터미널의 북쪽에는 45번가와 [41]매디슨가로 이어지는 남북 45번가 통로, 45번가에서 [33]48번가까지의 모든 거리로 통하는 그랜드 센트럴 노스의 터널 네트워크를 포함한 여러 통로가 있습니다.

동서로 통하는 통로는 각각 다른 건물을 통과한다.가장 북쪽에 있는 것은 [42]1926년에 그레이바 빌딩의 1층에 지어진 그레이바 [33]통로입니다.벽과 7개의 큰 가로 아치는 아슐라 트라베르틴으로 만들어졌으며 바닥은 테라조이다.천장은 7개의 사타구니 금고로 구성되어 있으며, 각 금고에는 청동 샹들리에가 장식되어 있습니다.그랜드 센트럴에서 바라본 첫 번째 두 개의 금고는 적운으로 그려졌고, 세 번째 금고는 미국의 [43][44]교통수단을 묘사한 에드워드 트럼블의 1927년 벽화를 포함하고 있다.

A long hall with food vendors on either side
그랜드 센트럴 마켓의 내부와 그랜드 하얏트 뉴욕그레이바 빌딩 사이의 렉싱턴 애비뉴 정면

중앙 통로에는 식품 [33][45]가게들이 밀집해 있는 그랜드 센트럴 마켓이 있다.이 부지는 원래 1913년 [46]터미널의 첫 번째 서비스 도킹 스테이션이 된 43번가의 일부였다.1975년, 그린위치 저축은행 지점[47][48]이 공간에 지어졌고, 1998년에 시장으로 전환되었고,[49] 건물에 새로운 석회암 파사드를 설치하는 작업이 수반되었다.발코니가 시장과 43번가를 내려다보는 건물 2층에는 레스토랑이 들어섰지만 대신 [40][50]창고로 사용되고 있다.

세 곳 중 가장 남쪽에 있는 렉싱턴 항로는 원래 코모도어 호텔의 이름을 따서 코모도어 항로로 알려져 있었는데,[40] 이 항로는 이곳을 통과했다.호텔이 그랜드 하얏트로 개명되었을 때, 통로도 마찬가지로 개명되었다.[49]통로는 1990년대 터미널 개보수 과정에서 현재의 이름을 얻었다.

터미널의 서쪽에 있는 셔틀 패스는 메인 중앙홀과 그랜드 센트럴의 지하철역을 연결합니다.터미널은 원래 두 개의 평행 통로로 구성되었으며, 나중에 하나의 넓은 [46]통로로 단순화되었습니다.

오이스터 바의 경사로가 1913년에 표시되었다.1998년 육교의 하부 벽이라는 한 가지 변경으로 완전히 복원되었다.

경사로에는 Vanderbilt Avenue 경사로와 Oister Bar 경사로가 포함됩니다.Vanderbilt Avenue 또는 Kitty Kelly 램프는 Vanderbilt Avenue와 42번가의 코너에서 Shuttle Passage로 연결됩니다.이 경사로는 1998년에 복원되었다. 원래와 현재는 2층 높이였다.대부분의 공간은 Kitty Kelly 여성 신발 가게가 되었고, 후에 [51]Federal Express로 운영되었습니다.

오이스터 바 경사로가 메인 콩코스부터 오이스터 바 및 다이닝 [33]콩코스까지 이어집니다.84피트(26m)[52] 천장 아래 동쪽에서 서쪽으로 총 302피트(92m)에 걸쳐 있다.램프는 1927년부터 1998년 터미널이 복구될 때까지 부분적으로 주층 매표소로 덮여 있었다.보행자 고가도로가 경사로를 가로지르며, Vanderbilt Hall에서 메인 콩코스까지 이어집니다.다리는 1998년 이후 눈에 띄어 작은 변화 하나로 원래의 모습을 되찾았다.다리는 현재 낮은 난간을 가지고 있으며, 두 [51]층 사이의 시야를 가린 8피트 높이의 단단한 벽을 대체하고 있다.다리 밑면은 과스타비노 [53]타일로 덮여 있다.다리의 아치는 속삭이는 갤러리를 만든다: 한쪽 구석에 서 있는 사람은 대각선 반대쪽 [54][55]구석에 있는 다른 사람이 부드럽게 말하는 것을 들을 수 있다.

그랜드 센트럴 노스

인터랙티브 맵: 그랜드 센트럴 노스 터널 및 입구
북서항로
동북항로
45번가 교차로
47번가 교차로
본사 및 열차창고

Grand Central North는 사람들이 역 건물(42번가와 44번가 사이에 위치)과 45번가, 46번가,[56] 47번가, 48번가 사이를 걸을 수 있는 4개의 터널의 네트워크입니다.1,000피트(300m)의 북서항로와 1,200피트(370m)의 북동항로는 상층 선로와 평행하게 달리며, 두 개의 짧은 교차항로는 [57][58]선로에 수직으로 나 있다.47번가 교차로는 상행선과 하행선로 사이를 가로수 30피트(9.1m) 아래에서 달리며, 상행선로에 접근할 수 있습니다.45번가 교차로는 지하 50피트(15m) 아래에 있다.수하물과 [58]우편물을 운송하기 위해 만들어진 복도에서 변환된 이 복도는 낮은 수준의 트랙에 대한 접근을 제공합니다.교차로는 37개의 계단, 6개의 엘리베이터,[59] 5개의 에스컬레이터를 통해 승강장과 연결되어 있습니다.

그 터널의 일층의 출입구, 각각은 별도 유리 structure,[58]으로 둘러싸인 동 47th번가와 매디슨 애비뉴(북서 항로), 동 48th번가와 파크 애비뉴(북동 항로)의 230파크 애비뉴(헬슬리는 건물)의 45및 제46차 거리 사이의 동쪽, 서쪽 면에 동북쪽 모퉁이, a의 북동쪽 구석에 앉는다.알몬드(주차장과 렉싱턴 [60]거리 사이에 있는 47번가 남쪽에서요보행자는 또한 매디슨과 밴더빌트 거리 사이의 이스트 47번가 북쪽에서 47번가 통로로 엘리베이터를 탈 수 있습니다. 이 입구는 이전 270번가([61]Park Avenue)와 인접해 있습니다.

이러한 터널에 대한 제안은 적어도 1970년대부터 논의되어 왔다.MTA는 1983년 [62]예비계획을 승인하고 1991년 [63]최종 승인해 1994년 [57]착공했다.노스 엔드 액세스 프로젝트로 불리는 이 프로젝트는 6천450만 [63]달러를 들여 1997년에 완공될 예정이었지만, 건물의 초기 설계도의 불완전성과 이스트 45번가 [57]지하수의 미발견으로 인해 지연되었다.이 통로는 1999년 8월 18일 최종 7500만 달러의 [57]비용을 들여 개통되었다.

그 프로젝트는 기존의 통로를 유리로 된 테라조 벽으로 둘러싸는 것을 수반했다.북동항로의 벽은 청록색 액센트로 되어 있고 북서항로의 벽은 붉은 액센트로 되어 있습니다.천장의 높이는 [64]8~10피트(2.4~3.0m)입니다.크로스 패스의 천장은 메인 콩쿠르와 같은 색인 청록색이며 메인 콩쿠르의 별자리와 비슷하게 배치된 오목한 조명이 있습니다.원래 그랜드 센트럴 노스에는 화장실이나 [59]에어컨이 없었다.[57]구절에는 브루클린 출신예술가 엘렌 드리스콜의 MTA Arts & Design 모자이크 설치가 포함되어 있습니다.

그랜드 센트럴 노스 입구는 원래 오전 6시 30분부터 오후 9시 30분까지 열려 있었다.월요일부터 금요일까지.주말과 공휴일에는 47번가와 48번가 입구가 오전 9시부터 오후 9시 30분까지 열려 있었고, 헴슬리 빌딩으로 가는 두 개의 입구는 [59]닫혀 있었다.평일에는 약 3만 명이 이용했지만 주말에는 [65]약 6천 명만이 이용했다.2005-2008년 재무계획의 일환으로 MTA는 낮은 [65][66]사용량과 비용절감의 필요성을 들어 주말에 통로를 폐쇄할 것을 제안했다.2006년 여름부터 그랜드 센트럴 노스는 [67]주말마다 문을 닫았다.

메인 플로어의 기타 공간

밴더빌트 홀

Old image of the ornate Vanderbilt Hall
밴더빌트 홀, 1913년
2012년 토너먼트 오브 챔피언 스쿼시 챔피언십

Vanderbilt Hall은 터미널의 남쪽에 있는 이벤트 공간으로, 로 향하는 정문과 북쪽으로 향하는 메인 콩코스 사이에 있습니다.서쪽에는 푸드홀이 [33]있다.이 공간은 각각 132개의 전구가 4층으로 [68]되어 있는 보-아츠 샹들리에에 의해 조명된다.

이전에는 터미널의 주 대기실이었으며, 특히 도시간 여행자들이 이용했습니다.그 공간은 양면 오크 벤치를 특징으로 하며 700명을 [69]수용할 수 있다.1991년 그랜드 센트럴에서 도시간 서비스가 중단되자 수백 명의 노숙자들이 이 방을 사용하기 시작했다.터미널 관리자는 먼저 방의 벤치를 제거한 후 공간을 완전히 [N 4]닫는 것으로 대응했습니다.1998년,[40] 이 홀은 리노베이션 되어 역을 건설하고 소유했던 가족의 이름을 따서 밴더빌트 홀(Vanderbilt Hall)로 개칭되었다.그것은 매년 열리는 크리스마스 [71]마켓뿐만 아니라 특별 전시회와 [72]개인 행사에도 사용된다.2016년부터 2020년까지 홀의 서쪽 절반에는 5개의 파빌리온으로 구성된 고급 북유럽 테마 푸드코트인 그레이트 노던 푸드홀이 있었다.푸드홀은 이 공간의 첫 장기 임차인이었다. 터미널의 랜드마크적인 상태 때문에 영구적인 설치를 [73][74]할 수 없다.2022년, 시티 와이너리는 [75][76]이 공간을 임대했다.

1999년부터, 밴더빌트 홀은 매년 토너먼트 오브 챔피언스 스쿼시 [77]대회를 개최해 왔습니다.매년 1월, 대회 관계자들은 21x32피트(6.4x9.8m) 크기의 독립된 유리 코트를 건설한다.마치 원형극장처럼 관중들은 [78]코트의 삼면에 앉아 있다.

밴더빌트 홀의 남쪽에는 42번가의 [79][80]정문으로 연결되는 재클린 케네디 오나시스 포이어가 있습니다.이전에는 남성 흡연실과 여성 대기실이 각각 [73]밴더빌트 홀의 서쪽과 동쪽에 위치해 있었다.2016년 남자화장실은 노르딕을 테마로 한 85석 규모의 고급 레스토랑이자 푸드홀을 [73]운영했던 노마 공동 창업자 클라우스 [81]마이어가 운영하는 미슐랭 스타 레스토랑인 아게른으로 개조됐다.두 장소 모두 COVID-19 [74]대유행 기간인 2020년에 영구 폐쇄되었다.

빌트모어룸

The large newsstand in the Biltmore Room
빌트모어룸의 뉴스 가판대, 2017년

빌트모어룸은 메인 콩코스 북서쪽 64x80피트(20x24m)의 대리석[82] 홀로서 39~[33]42번 선로의 입구 역할을 합니다.1915년 뉴욕[83] 빌트모어 [82]호텔 바로 아래에 완공된 이 호텔은 원래 공식적으로 들어오는 기차 방, 구어체로 "키싱 룸"[83]으로 알려진 시외 열차의 대기실 역할을 했다.

금세기 중반에 역의 승객 수가 감소하면서 그 방은 방치되었다.1982년과 1983년에 빌트모어 호텔을 뱅크 오브 아메리카 플라자로 개조하는 공사 중에 방이 파손되었다.1985년, Giorgio Cavaglieri는 그 당시 대리석과 임시조명에 금이 간 이 방을 복원하기 위해 고용되었다.그 시대에는 빌트모어 [84]룸 내에 일련의 사물함이 여전히 있었다.나중에, 그 방은 신문 가판대, 꽃꽂이, 구두닦이 부스를 열었다.[83][85]2015년, MTA는 이스트 사이드 액세스 [86]프로젝트의 일환으로 빌트모어 룸을 롱 아일랜드 철도 도로 승객들을 위한 도착 구역으로 개조하는 계약을 체결했습니다.프로젝트의 일환으로 객실의 부스와 스탠드는 에스컬레이터 한 쌍과 LIRR [83][85]중앙홀로 가는 엘리베이터로 교체되고 있습니다.

객실의 칠판에는 1967년까지 뉴욕 센트럴 열차의 도착과 출발 시간이 표시되었으며,[87] 그 때 메인 [82]콩쿠르에 기계 보드가 설치되었다.

역장실

출입구 및 프론트 데스크
승차권 대기 구역

36번 선로 근처에 위치한 역장 사무실에는 그랜드 센트럴의 유일한 전용 대기실이 있습니다.그 공간에는 벤치, 화장실, 그리고 꽃무늬 혼합 벽화가 세 개의 벽에 있다.그 방의 벤치는 이전에는 현재 밴더빌트 홀이라고 알려진 옛 대기실에 있었다.2008년부터 이 지역은 무료 와이파이를 [88]제공하고 있다.

구극장

Central Cellars 내부, 극장 투영 창은 왼쪽 상단에 있습니다.

그레이바 패스의 소매 지역 중 하나는 현재 와인&리커 상점 Central Cellars가 차지하고 있으며, 이전에는 그랜드 센트럴 극장 또는 터미널 뉴스릴 [89][90]극장이었다.1937년 25센트 관람료로 문을 연 이 극장은 오전 9시부터 [92][93]오후 11시까지 단편영화, 만화, 뉴스릴[91] 상영했다.토니 사그에 의해 디자인된, 242개의 경기장 스타일의 좌석과 안락의자가 있는 입석 섹션이 있었다.입구 [94]근처에 작은 바가 있었다.극장 내부는 메아리를 없애기 위해 심플한 소나무 벽과 함께 여행객들의 편의를 위해 백랍, 벽난로, 조명이 켜진 시계 등을 배치했다."약속 라운지"라고 불리는 로비의 벽은 세계 지도들로 덮여 있었고, 천장에는 사르그가 [89]그린 천문 벽화가 그려져 있었다.뉴욕타임즈는 극장과 교외 콩코스 사이에 엘리베이터를 건설하고 [93]청각장애인을 위한 에어컨과 장치를 설치하는 데 12만5천 달러가 들었다고 보도했다.

이 극장은[95] 1968년까지 뉴스릴 상영을 중단했지만 1979년 경까지 영업을 계속했고,[92] 그 후 소매 공간을 확보하기 위해 철거되었다.2000년대 초 리노베이션으로 가짜 천장이 제거되면서 극장의 투사창과 천문 벽화가 드러났는데, 이 벽화는 메인 [91]콩코스 천장과 색상과 스타일이 비슷하다는 것이 증명되었다.

다이닝 콩코스

A long hallway with track entrances and food vendors
다이닝 콩코스 식품 노점 및 선로 입구
여러 공공 좌석 구역 중 하나

저층 트랙에 대한 접근은 메인 콩코스 아래에 위치한 다이닝 콩코스에서 제공하며 수많은 계단, 램프 및 에스컬레이터로 연결됩니다.수십 년 동안 통근 열차를 [29]취급했기 때문에 교외 콩코스라고 불렸다.오늘날에는 중앙 좌석과 휴게실이 있고, 식당과 음식 [33]판매상들에 둘러싸여 있습니다.중앙홀의 공용 좌석은 풀만 [40]열차와 비슷하게 설계되었다.노숙자들이 많이 찾는 지역이고, 그 결과 2010년대 중반 MTA는 식당 [96]손님들을 위한 전용 좌석을 갖춘 두 개의 구역을 만들었습니다.

터미널의 1990년대 후반 개보수 작업은 중앙홀에 가판대와 레스토랑을 추가하고 중앙홀 [40]층과 연결하기 위해 에스컬레이터를 설치했습니다.MTA는 또한 220만 달러를 들여 데이비드 록웰베이어 블라인더 벨이 만든 원형 테라조 디자인을 중앙홀의 원래 테라조 [97]층 위에 각각 45피트 직경 2개를 설치했다.2015년부터 이스트 사이드 [98]액세스의 일부로 건설되는 새로운 LIRR 터미널로 가는 계단과 에스컬레이터 공사를 위해 다이닝 콩코스 일부가 폐쇄되었습니다.

작은 사각 프레임 시계가 트랙 108 및 109 근처의 천장에 설치되어 있습니다.그것은 셀프 와인딩 시계 회사에 의해 알려지지 않은 시간에 제조되었고, 터미널에 다른 여러 개를 만들었습니다.시계는 2011년까지 19번 트랙에 있는 게이트 안에 걸려있었고, 이후 이동하여 상위 플랫폼 [99]개선 시 추가된 조명에 의해 차단되지 않았습니다.

유실물국

MTA 경찰 및 유실물 보관소

메트로 노스 유실물 보관소는 다이닝 콩코스 동쪽 끝에 있는 100번 선로 근처에 있습니다.들어오는 항목은 기능 및 날짜에 따라 정렬됩니다.[100][101] 예를 들어 모자, 장갑, 벨트 및 넥타이를 위한 별도의 통이 있습니다.분류 시스템은 1990년대에 [102]전산화되었다.유실물은 기증되거나 경매에 [55][103]부쳐지기 전까지 최대 90일간 보관된다.

1920년 초, 이 국은 [104]연간 15,000에서 18,000개의 품목을 받았다.2002년까지 사무국은 매년 [102]"코트와 재킷 3,000개, 휴대폰 2,500개, 열쇠 2,000개, 지갑, 지갑, 신분증 1,500개, 우산 1,100개"를 모으고 있었다.2007년에는 연간 20,000개의 아이템을 수집했으며, 그 중 60%가 최종적으로 [103]청구되었습니다.2013년, 교통국은 80%의 수익률을 기록했으며, 이는 운송 [105][55]기관으로는 세계에서 가장 높은 수익률입니다.

FBI가 수집한 더 특이한 물건들 중에는 가짜 치아, 의족 신체 부위, 법적 서류, 다이아몬드 주머니, 살아있는 동물들, 그리고 10만 달러짜리 [101][103]바이올린 등이 있다.한 여성이 불성실한 남편의 유골을 3주 [55][103]후에 수거하기 전에 일부러 지하철에 두고 내렸다는 이야기가 있다.1996년에 유실물 중 일부가 미술 [106]전시회에 전시되었다.

A diagram of the terminal's dining level rooms
다이닝 레벨의 평면도

기타 식품 서비스 및 소매 공간

Restaurant entrance with a vaulted tile ceiling
오이스터 바 입구
Interior of the Campbell Bar
캠벨바

그랜드 센트럴 터미널에는 그랜드 센트럴 오이스터&레스토랑과 같은 레스토랑과 다이닝 콩코스 주변에 다양한 패스트푸드 아웃렛이 있습니다.델리스, 베이커리, 미식가 및 신선식품 시장, 뉴욕 교통 [107][108]박물관의 별관도 있습니다.40개 이상의 소매점에는 스타벅스 커피숍, 라이트 에이드 약국, 애플 [33][109]스토어를 포함한 신문 가판대와 체인점이 포함됩니다.터미널에서 가장 오래된 업소인 오이스터 바는 다이닝 콩코스 옆과 밴더빌트 [33][73]홀 아래에 있습니다.

우아하게 복원된 칵테일 라운지 캠벨은 43번가/밴더빌트 애비뉴 입구 바로 남쪽에 있습니다.통근자와 관광객들이 거리나 발코니 [33]층에서 접근합니다. 공간은 한때 1920년대 재벌 존 W.[110][111] 캠벨의 사무실이었는데, 그는 13세기 피렌체 궁전의 갤러리가 있는 홀과 비슷하게 장식했다.1999년, 그것은 바인 캠벨 아파트로 문을 열었고,[112] 새로운 주인은 2017년에 캠벨을 개조하고 이름을 바꾸었다.

밴더빌트 테니스 클럽 및 이전 스튜디오

Tennis players using the terminal's court
밴더빌트 테니스 클럽의 코트

1939년부터 1964년까지 CBS 텔레비전은 터미널 건물의 대부분을 차지했으며, 특히 Vanderbilt [113][114]Hall 위의 3층 공간에 있었다."The Annex"[114]라고 불리는 CBS 사무실에는 두 개의 "프로그램 제어" 시설(43개 및 44개); 네트워크 마스터 제어;[113][114][115] 지역 방송국 WCBS-TV를 위한 시설; 그리고 2차 세계대전 이후 두 개의 70만 평방 피트 (65,0002 m)의 제작 스튜디오(41개 및 [116]42개)가 있었다.225피트 × 60피트 × 40피트(69m × 18m × 12m)[117]로 측정된 총 공간.방송은 CBS 사장인 윌리엄 S. [115][116]페일리의 명령에 따라 크라이슬러 빌딩 꼭대기에 설치된 안테나에서 전송되었고 메인 [116]콩코스에서도 대형 스크린으로 방송되었다.1958년 CBS는 그랜드 센트럴에 세계 최초의 주요 비디오테이프 운영 시설을 열었다.7층 예행연습실에 위치한 이 시설은 14개의 암펙스 VR-1000 비디오테이프 [113][114]녹화기를 사용했다.

그랜드 센트럴에서 1962년 존 글렌의 머큐리-아틀라스 6호 우주 비행과 다른 사건들을 다룬 더글러스 에드워즈가 수년간 방송했습니다.에드워드 R. 머로우의 '지금 보자'는 조지 클루니의 영화 '굿나잇'과 '굿럭'에서 재현된 조셉 매카시 상원의원에 대한 그의 유명한 방송들을 포함하여, 비록 이 영화가 CBS 뉴스와 회사 사무실이 같은 건물에 있었다는 것을 잘못 암시하고 있지만, 그 기원은 거기서 비롯되었다.오랜 기간 방영된 패널 쇼인 '내 라인'은 그랜드 센트럴에서 처음 방송되었고, 더 골드버그스와 마마도 마찬가지였다.CBS는 결국 57번가[113][114][116]있는 CBS 방송 센터로 운영을 옮겼다.

1966년에 비어있던 스튜디오 공간은 바로 아래의 [113][114][118][119]홀에서 이름을 딴 스포츠 클럽인 Vanderbilt Athletic Club으로 바뀌었다.1956년 헝가리 [120]혁명의 와중에 헝가리를 탈출한 운동선수이자 올림픽 감독인 게자 가즈다그에 의해 설립된 두 개의 테니스 코트는 한때 경기 비용이 가장 많이 드는 곳으로 여겨졌는데, 경기 불황으로 인해 구단은 시간당 요금을 40달러로 [121]낮출 수밖에 없었다.클럽 시설에는 65x30피트(19.8m×9.1m) 나일론 스키 슬로프, 헬스클럽 시설과 사우나, 골프, 펜싱, 체조, 발레 [122][123]연습을 위한 공간이 포함되었습니다.가즈다그의 사업은 1976년 임대차 [124]분쟁으로 그랜드 센트럴에서 퇴출되었다.1984년 부동산 거물 도널드 트럼프가 이 클럽을 인수했는데, 그는 터미널 [125]외관을 개조하다가 이 클럽을 발견했다.2009년 MTA는 이 공간에 새로운 차장 라운지를 계획했고, 그 해 트럼프의 임대 계약을 해지했다.그것은 공간을 3층으로 나누었고, 원래 3층에 라운지가 있었다.2010년 새로운 4층에 테니스 코트 1개가 추가되었고, 새로운 5층에 2개의 연습 골목이 추가되었다.트럼프는 이 새로운 공간을 내놓기에는 너무 좁다고 생각했고, 그래서 현재의 밴더빌트 테니스 클럽은 [114]트럼프와 독립적으로 운영된다.

지하 공간

그랜드 센트럴 터미널의 48에이커 지하실은 [126]이 도시에서 가장 큰 건물 중 하나입니다.지하 공간에는 트랙의 제3[127][128]레일에 전력을 공급하는 AC-DC 컨버터가 있는 M42와 소매 저장 공간이자 오늘날의 직원 휴게실 [129]및 기숙사였던 Carey's Hole이 있습니다.

전력 및 난방 플랜트

M42 지하 로터리 컨버터 유물

그랜드 센트럴 터미널에는 M42로 알려진 지하 서브 지하가 있습니다.변전소는 제3궤조 전력용으로 1만6500kW(2만2100hp)를 공급하는 변전소 1T와 조명 및 [127]전력용으로 8000kW(1만1000hp)를 공급하는 변전소 1L로 나뉜다.당시 세계에서 가장 큰 변전소였던 이 변전소는 3백만 달러를 들여 그레이바 빌딩 지하 약 300피트(3,000m)에 건설되어 1930년 [127][130]2월 16일에 문을 열었습니다.그것은 250x50피트(76x15m)[127][128]의 4층 공간을 차지하고 있다.

캐리 홀

캐리의 이발소 아래 공간을 보여주는 1913년 지도

지하실의 또 다른 부분은 캐리의 구멍으로 알려져 있다.2층짜리 구간은 셔틀 통로와 인접 공간 바로 아래에 있다.1913년, 터미널이 문을 열었을 때, J. P. 캐리는 터미널 대기실(현재의 밴더빌트 홀)에 인접하고 한 층 아래에 이발소를 열었다.캐리의 사업은 세탁 서비스, 신발 가게, 잡화 가게까지 확장되었다.1921년에는 패커드 자동차를 이용한 리무진 서비스도 운영했고 1930년대에는 공항이 문을 열면서 일반 자동차와 버스 서비스를 추가했다.캐리는 철도 직원들과 정비 직원들이 "Carey's Hole"이라고 부르기 시작한 터미널의 미완성된 지하 구역에 상품을 보관했다.현재는 철도 [129]직원 휴게실, 기숙사 등 다양한 용도로 사용되면서 그 명칭이 그대로 유지되고 있다.

플랫폼 및 트랙

A diagram of the upper-level tracks and streets above
A diagram of the lower-level tracks and streets above
c. 1909년 풍선 루프를 보여주는 상부 간선 선로() 및 하부 교외 선로(아래)의 레이아웃

이 터미널은 44개의 플랫폼 번호를 지원하는 28개의 플랫폼을 가지고 있어 모든 [131]기차역 중에서 가장 많은 플랫폼을 가지고 있어 기네스 세계 기록을 보유하고 있습니다.한쪽 승강장을 [132]제외하고 모두 섬식 승강장입니다.홀수 트랙은 보통 플랫폼의 동쪽에 있고 짝수 트랙은 서쪽에 있습니다.2016년 현재, 67개의 선로가 있으며, 이 중 43개가 일반 승객용으로 사용되고 있으며,[133][134] 메트로-노스 노선을 운행하고 있다.개통 당시, 열차 창고는 중복 선로와 보관 [134]선로를 포함한 123개의 선로를 포함하고 있었으며, 총 길이는 19.5마일(31.4km)[135]이었다.

출발하는 열차의 가속과 도착 [136]열차의 속도를 줄이기 위해 북쪽으로 향하는 역을 빠져나갈 때 선로가 기울어져 있습니다.레일야드의 크기 때문에 43번가부터 59번가까지의 파크 애비뉴와 그 이면도로는 고가교 위에 솟아 있고 주변 블록은 다양한 [137]건물로 덮여 있었다.

가장 혼잡할 때, [105]이 터미널은 58초마다 도착하는 기차에 의해 운행합니다.

트랙 분배

상부 메트로-노스 구간에는 42개의 번호가 매겨진 선로가 있다.29개의 서비스 승객용 플랫폼이 있으며, 11~[135][138]42번, 동~서쪽으로 번호가 매겨져 있습니다.트랙 12, 22 및 31은 존재하지 않으며 [141]삭제된 것으로 보입니다.상부 플랫폼의 동쪽에는 East Yard가 있습니다.동쪽에서 [134][138]서쪽으로 1~10번으로 번호가 매겨진 10개의 저장 트랙이 있습니다.풍선 루프는 역의 가장 서쪽의 38-42번 선로에서 다른 선로를 돌고 역의 [138]가장 동쪽의 1-3번 선로로 돌아갑니다. 따라서 열차가 더 쉽게 방향을 [142][143]바꿀 수 있습니다.

North of the East Yard is the Lex Yard, a secondary storage yard under the Waldorf Astoria Hotel.[138] The yard formerly served the power plant for Grand Central Terminal.[144] Its twelve tracks are numbered 51 through 65 from east to west (track numbers 57, 58, and 62 do not exist). Two private loading platforms, which cannot be used for passenger service, sit between tracks 53 and 54 and between tracks 61 and 63.[138] Track 61 is known for being a private track for United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt; part of the original design of the Waldorf Astoria,[145] it was mentioned in The New York Times in 1929 and first used in 1938 by John J. Pershing, a top U.S. general during World War I.[146] Roosevelt would travel into the city using his personal train, pull into Track 61, and take a specially designed elevator to the surface.[147] It has been used occasionally since Roosevelt's death.[148][149] The upper level also contains 22 more storage sidings.[135][138]

Baggage car mistakenly identified as Franklin D. Roosevelt's personal car, on display at the Danbury Railway Museum

Track 63 held MNCW #002, a baggage car, for about 20 to 30 years. The railcar's location near Roosevelt's Track 61 led former tour guide Dan Brucker and others to falsely claim that this was the president's personal train car used for transporting his limousine. The baggage car was moved to the Danbury Railway Museum in 2019.[150][151]

The lower Metro-North level has 27 tracks numbered 100 to 126, east to west.[134][138][152] Two were originally intended for mail trains and two were for baggage handling.[28][29] Today, only Tracks 102–112 and 114–115 are used for passenger service. The lower-level balloon loop, whose curve was much sharper than that of the upper-level loop and could only handle electric multiple units used on commuter lines[153] was removed at an unknown date.[134] Tracks 116–125 were demolished to make room for the Long Island Rail Road (LIRR) concourse being built under the Metro-North station as part of the East Side Access project.[154]

The upper and lower levels have different track layouts and, as such, are supported by different sets of columns. The upper level is supported by ultra-strong columns, some of which can carry over 7 million foot-pounds force (9,500,000 J).[155]

The LIRR terminal being built as part of East Side Access will add four platforms and eight tracks numbered 201–204 and 301–304 in two 100-foot-deep (30 m) double-decked caverns below the Metro-North station.[156] The new LIRR station will have four tracks and two platforms in each of the two caverns, with each cavern containing two tracks and one platform on each level. A mezzanine will sit on a center level between the LIRR's two track levels.[157][158]

Office spaces and control center

Upper floors of the terminal primarily hold MTA offices, including the fifth-floor office of the terminal's director, overlooking the Main Concourse.[159] The seventh floor contains Metro-North's situation room for handling emergencies, as well as the offices of the Fleet Department.[54]

Grand Central Terminal has a single Operations Control Center, where controllers monitor the track interlockings with computers. Completed in 1993,[160] the center is operated by a crew of about 24 people.[161] The terminal was originally built with five signal control centers, labeled A, B, C, F, and U, that collectively controlled all of the track interlockings around the terminal. Each switch was electrically controlled by a lever in one of the signal towers, where lights illuminated on track maps to show which switches were in use.[153][162] As trains passed a given tower, the signal controllers reported the train's engine and timetable numbers, direction, track number, and the exact time.[163]

Tower U controlled the interlocking between 48th and 58th streets; Tower C, the storage spurs; and Tower F, the turning loops. A four-story underground tower at 49th Street housed the largest of the signal towers: Tower A, which handled the upper-level interlockings via 400 levers, and Tower B, which handled the lower-level interlockings with 362 levers.[164][165][166][153][167] The towers housed offices for the stationmaster, yardmaster, car-maintenance crew, electrical crew, and track-maintenance crew. There were also break rooms for conductors, train engineers, and engine men.[162][166] After Tower B was destroyed in a fire in 1986, the signal towers were consolidated into the modern control center.[168]

Hospital

Hospital room in the terminal, 1915

During the terminal's construction, an "accident room" was set up to treat worker injuries in a wrecking car in the terminal's rail yard. Later on, a small hospital was established in the temporary station building on Lexington Avenue to care for injured workers. The arrangement was satisfactory, leading to the creation of a permanent hospital, the Grand Central Emergency Hospital, in Grand Central Terminal in 1911. The hospital was used for every employee injury as well as for passengers. In 1915, it had two physicians who treated a monthly average of 125 new cases per month and 450 dressings.[169] The space had four rooms: Room A (the waiting room), Room B (the operating room), Room C (a private office), and Room D (for resting patients).[170] The hospital was open at least until 1963; a Journal News article that year noted that the hospital treated minor to moderate ailments and was open every day between 8 a.m. and 5 p.m.[171]

Libraries

Located on an upper floor above the Apple Store, the Williamson Library is a meeting space and research center for the New York Railroad Enthusiasts.[172][173] Upon its founding in 1937, the association was granted use of the space in perpetuity by Frederick Ely Williamson, once president of the New York Central Railroad as well as a rail enthusiast and member of the association.[172] Today, it contains about 3,000 books, newspapers, films, photographs, and other documents about railroads, along with artifacts, including part of a 20th Century Limited red carpet.[173] The library is only accessible through secure areas, making it little known to the public and not included in tours of the terminal's hidden attributes.[173] The association holds monthly meetings in the space, open to new visitors for free, and allows research visits by appointment.[174][175]

Another library, the Frank Julian Sprague Memorial Library of the Electric Railroaders Association, was created in the terminal in 1979. The library has about 500,000 publications and slides, focusing on electric rail and trolley lines.[175] A large amount of these works were donated to the New York Transit Museum in 2013.[176]

Architecture

A large clock and stone sculptural group adorning the building's facade
Glory of Commerce, a sculptural group by Jules-Félix Coutan
View of the station house looking northwest; the Main Concourse roof is visible in the building's center

Grand Central Terminal was designed in the Beaux-Arts style by Reed and Stem, which was responsible for the overall design of the terminal,[39] and Warren and Wetmore, which mainly made cosmetic alterations to the exterior and interior.[177][178][179] Various elements inside the terminal were designed by French architects and artists Jules-Félix Coutan, Sylvain Salières, and Paul César Helleu.[179] Grand Central has both monumental spaces and meticulously crafted detail, especially on its facade.[180] The facade is based on an overall exterior design by Whitney Warren.[181]

The terminal is widely recognized and favorably viewed by the American public. In America's Favorite Architecture, a 2006-07 public survey by the American Institute of Architects, respondents ranked it their 13th-favorite work of architecture in the country, and their fourth-favorite in the city and state after the Empire State Building, Chrysler Building, and St. Patrick's Cathedral.[182] In 2013, historian David Cannadine described it as one of the most majestic buildings of the twentieth century.[183] The terminal is also recognized by the American Society of Civil Engineers as a Historic Civil Engineering Landmark, added in 2013.[184]

As proposed in 1904, Grand Central Terminal was bounded by Vanderbilt Avenue to the west, Lexington Avenue to the east, 42nd Street to the south, and 45th Street to the north. It included a post office on its east side.[29] The east side of the station house proper is an alley called Depew Place, which was built along with the Grand Central Depot annex in the 1880s and mostly decommissioned in the 1900s when the new terminal was built.[185][186]

The station house measures 800 feet (240 m) along Vanderbilt Avenue (120 feet longer than originally planned), 300 feet (91 m) on 42nd Street, and 105 feet (32 m) tall.[29][187]

Structure and materials

The station and its rail yard have steel frames. The building also uses large steel columns designed to hold the weight of a 20-story office building, which was to be built when additional room was required.[188][189]

The facade and structure of the terminal building primarily use granite. Because granite emits radiation,[190] people who work full-time in the station receive an average dose of 525 mrem/year, more than permitted in nuclear power facilities.[191][192] The base of the exterior is Stony Creek granite, while the upper portion is of Indiana limestone, from Bedford, Indiana.[193]

The interiors use several varieties of stone, including imitation Caen stone for the Main Concourse; cream-colored Botticino marble for the interior decorations; and pink Tennessee marble for the floors of the Main Concourse, Biltmore Room,[43] and Vanderbilt Hall,[73] as well as the two staircases in the Main Concourse.[35][39][194] Real Caen stone was judged too expensive, so the builders mixed plaster, sand, lime, and Portland cement.[35] Most of the remaining masonry is made from concrete.[193] Guastavino tiling, a fireproof tile-and-cement vault pattern patented by Rafael Guastavino, is used in various spaces.[31][53]

Facade

The south facade of Grand Central Terminal, as seen from 42nd Street
The south facade features a set of three arched windows, with the Glory of Commerce sculpture at the top-center and the Vanderbilt statue at the bottom-center.

In designing the facade of Grand Central, the architects wanted to make the building seem like a gateway to the city.[195] The south facade, facing 42nd Street, is the front side of the terminal building, and contains large arched windows.[196] The central window resembles a triumphal arch.[195][197] There are two pairs of columns on either side of the central window. The columns are of the Corinthian order, and are partially attached to the granite walls behind them, though they are detached from one another.[196] The facade was also designed to complement that of the New York Public Library Main Branch, another Beaux-Arts edifice located on nearby Fifth Avenue.[197]

The facade includes several large works of art. At the top of the south facade is a 13-foot-wide (4.0 m) clock.[198] The clock is surrounded by the Glory of Commerce sculptural group, a 48-foot-wide (15 m) work by Jules-Félix Coutan, which includes representations of Minerva, Hercules, and Mercury.[181][199] At its unveiling in 1914, the work was considered the largest sculptural group in the world.[199] Below these works, facing the Park Avenue Viaduct, is an 1869 statue of Cornelius Vanderbilt, longtime owner of New York Central. Sculpted by Ernst Plassmann,[200] the 8.5-foot (2.6 m) bronze is the last remnant[201] of a 150-foot bronze relief installed at the Hudson River Railroad depot at St. John's Park;[202] it was moved to Grand Central Terminal in 1929.[203]

Interior

Main Concourse

The Main Concourse, on the terminal's upper platform level, is located in the geographical center of the station building. The cavernous concourse measures 275 ft (84 m) long by 120 ft (37 m) wide by 125 ft (38 m) high;[54][204][205]: 74 a total of about 35,000 square feet (3,300 m2).[32] Its vastness was meant to evoke the terminal's "grand" status.[30]

Iconography

Frieze displaying the terminal's original logo

Many parts of the terminal are adorned with sculpted oak leaves and acorns, nuts of the oak tree. Cornelius Vanderbilt chose the acorn as the symbol of the Vanderbilt family, and adopted the saying "Great oaks from little acorns grow" as the family motto.[73][204] Among these decorations is a brass acorn finial atop the four-sided clock in the center of the Main Concourse.[105][91] Other acorn or oak leaf decorations include carved wreaths under the Main Concourse's west stairs; sculptures above the lunettes in the Main Concourse; metalwork above the elevators; reliefs above the train gates; and the electric chandeliers in the Main Waiting Room and Main Concourse.[206] These decorations were designed by Salières.[206]

The overlapping letters "G", "C", and "T" are sculpted into multiple places in the terminal, including in friezes atop several windows above the terminal's ticket office. The symbol was designed with the "T" resembling an upside-down anchor, intended as a reference to Cornelius Vanderbilt's commercial beginnings in shipping and ferry businesses.[207] In 2017, the MTA based its new logo for the terminal on the engraved design; MTA officials said its black and gold colors have long been associated with the terminal. The spur of the letter "G" has a depiction of a railroad spike.[208] The 2017 logo succeeded one created by the firm Pentagram for the terminal's centennial in 2013. It depicted the Main Concourse's ball clock set to 7:13, or 19:13 using a 24-hour clock, referencing the terminal's completion in 1913. Both logos omit the word "terminal" in its name, in recognition to how most people refer to the building.[209]

Influence

Among the buildings modeled on Grand Central's design is the Poughkeepsie station, a Metro-North and Amtrak station in Poughkeepsie, New York. It was also designed by Warren and Wetmore and opened in 1918.[210][211] Additionally, Union Station in Utica, New York was partially designed after Grand Central.[212]

Related structures

Park Avenue Viaduct

Illustration showing the viaduct as it approaches and wraps around Grand Central, 1944

The Park Avenue Viaduct is an elevated road that carries Park Avenue around the terminal building and the MetLife Building and through the Helmsley Building — three buildings that lie across the line of the avenue. The viaduct rises from street level on 40th Street south of Grand Central, splits into eastern (northbound) and western (southbound) legs above the terminal building's main entrance,[213] and continues north around the station building, directly above portions of its main level. The legs of the viaduct pass around the MetLife Building, into the Helmsley Building, and return to street level at 46th Street.[214]

The viaduct was built to facilitate traffic along 42nd Street[215] and along Park Avenue, which at the time was New York City's only discontinuous major north–south avenue.[216] When the western leg of the viaduct was completed in 1919,[217] it served both directions of traffic, and also served as a second level for picking up and dropping off passengers. After an eastern leg for northbound traffic was added in 1928, the western leg was used for southbound traffic only.[215] A sidewalk, accessible from the Grand Hyatt hotel, runs along the section of the viaduct that is parallel to 42nd Street.[218]

Post office and baggage buildings

Grand Central Terminal has a post office at 450 Lexington Avenue, originally built from 1906 to 1909,[10][28] though with a high-rise tower built atop it in 1992.[219] The architecture of the original post office building matches that of the terminal, as the structures were designed by the same architects.[220] The post office building expanded into a second building, also built by Warren & Wetmore, and directly north of the original structure, in 1915.[220][221] The building, then known as the Railroad Mail Service Building and today known as 237 Park Avenue, has been extensively renovated since its opening.[222] From the beginning, Grand Central's post office buildings were designed to handle massive volumes of mail, though they were not as large as the James A. Farley Building, the post office that was built with the original Penn Station.[223]

The terminal complex also originally included a six-story building for baggage handling just north of the main station building. Departing passengers unloaded their luggage from taxis or personal vehicles on the Park Avenue Viaduct, and elevators brought it to the baggage passageways (now part of Grand Central North), where trucks brought the luggage to the respective platforms. The process was reversed for arriving passengers.[28][106] Biltmore Hotel guests arriving at Grand Central could get baggage delivered to their rooms.[28] The baggage building was later converted to an office building, and was demolished in 1961[224][225] to make way for the MetLife Building.[28]

Subway station

People standing around Grand Central's Shuttle Passage
Passageway to the subway; the ramp at right leads to street level

The terminal's subway station, Grand Central–42nd Street, serves three lines: the IRT Lexington Avenue Line (serving the 4, 5, 6, and <6> trains), the IRT Flushing Line (serving the 7 and <7> trains), and the IRT 42nd Street Shuttle to Times Square.[11] Originally built by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT),[226][227] the lines are operated by the MTA as part of the New York City Subway.[228][229]

The Main Concourse is connected to the subway platforms' mezzanine via the Shuttle Passage.[33][228] The platforms can also be reached from the 42nd Street Passage via stairs, escalators, and an elevator to the fare control area for the Lexington Avenue and Flushing Lines.[229]

The 42nd Street Shuttle platforms, located just below ground level, opened in 1904 as an express stop on the original IRT subway.[226] The Lexington Avenue Line's platforms, which were opened in 1918 when the original IRT subway platforms were converted to shuttle use,[230] run underneath the southeastern corner of the station building at a 45-degree angle, to the east of and at a lower level than the shuttle platforms.[231] The Flushing Line platform opened in 1915;[232] it is deeper than the Lexington Avenue Line's platforms because it is part of the Steinway Tunnel, a former streetcar tunnel that descends under the East River to the east of Grand Central.[227][232] There was also a fourth line connected to Grand Central Terminal: a spur of the IRT Third Avenue elevated,[227] which stopped at Grand Central starting in 1878;[233] it was made obsolete by the subway's opening, and closed in 1923.[234]

During the terminal's construction, there were proposals to allow commuter trains to pass through Grand Central and continue into the subway tracks. However, these plans were deemed impractical because commuter trains would have been too large to fit within the subway tunnels.[227]

History

Three buildings serving essentially the same function have stood on the current Grand Central Terminal's site.[235]

Predecessors

An ornate railroad terminal
Grand Central Depot

Grand Central Terminal arose from a need to build a central station for the Hudson River Railroad, the New York and Harlem Railroad, and the New York and New Haven Railroad in modern-day Midtown Manhattan.[235][236][237] The Harlem Railroad originally ran as a steam railroad on street level along Fourth Avenue (now Park Avenue),[238][239][240][241] while the New Haven Railroad ran along the Harlem's tracks in Manhattan per a trackage agreement.[238][239][240] The business magnate Cornelius Vanderbilt bought the Hudson River and New York Central Railroads in 1867, and merged them two years later.[240][241][242] Vanderbilt developed a proposal to unite the three separate railroads at a single central station, replacing the separate and adjacent stations that created chaos in baggage transfer.[235]

Vanderbilt commissioned John B. Snook to design his new station, dubbed Grand Central Depot, on the site of the 42nd Street depot.[243][244] Snook's final design was in the Second Empire style.[239][245] Construction started on September 1, 1869, and the depot was completed by October 1871.[239] Due to frequent accidents between pedestrians and trains running on street level, Vanderbilt proposed the Fourth Avenue Improvement Project in 1872.[239] The improvements were completed in 1874, allowing trains approaching Grand Central Depot from the north to descend into the Park Avenue Tunnel at 96th Street and continue underground into the new depot.[239] Traffic at Grand Central Depot grew quickly, filling its 12 tracks to capacity by the mid-1890s, not the late 1890s or early 1900s as expected.[246] In 1885, a seven-track annex with five platforms was added to the east side of the existing terminal.[136][246][247]

Postcard of Grand Central Station, c. 1902
Grand Central Station, c. 1902

Grand Central Depot had reached its capacity again by the late 1890s,[248] and it carried 11.5 million passengers a year by 1897.[249] As a result, the railroads renovated the head house extensively based on plans by railroad architect Bradford Gilbert.[248][250] The reconstructed building was renamed Grand Central Station.[54][204] The new waiting room opened in October 1900.[8]

As train traffic increased in the late 1890s and early 1900s, so did the problems of smoke and soot produced by steam locomotives in the Park Avenue Tunnel, the only approach to the station.[136][245][251][252] This contributed to a crash on January 8, 1902, when a southbound train overran signals in the smoky Park Avenue Tunnel and collided with another southbound train,[252][253][254] killing 15 people and injuring more than 30 others.[255][256][257] Shortly afterward, the New York state legislature passed a law to ban all steam trains in Manhattan by 1908.[251][254][258][259] William J. Wilgus, the New York Central's vice president, later wrote a letter to New York Central president William H. Newman. Wilgus proposed to electrify and place the tracks to Grand Central in tunnels, as well as constructing a new railway terminal with two levels of tracks and making other infrastructure improvements.[204][258] In March 1903, Wilgus presented a more detailed proposal to the New York Central board.[136][252][253][260] The railroad's board of directors approved the $35 million project in June 1903; ultimately, almost all of Wilgus's proposal would be implemented.[253][260]

Replacement

Sketch of a large Beaux-Arts building
Proposal of the associated architects of Grand Central during its construction, 1905

The entire building was to be torn down in phases and replaced by the current Grand Central Terminal. It was to be the biggest terminal in the world, both in the size of the building and in the number of tracks.[54][204] The Grand Central Terminal project was divided into eight phases, though the construction of the terminal itself comprised only two of these phases.[N 5]

The current building was intended to compete with the since-demolished Pennsylvania Station, a majestic electric-train hub being built on Manhattan's west side for arch-rival Pennsylvania Railroad by McKim, Mead & White.[262] In 1903, New York Central invited four architecture firms to a design competition to decide who would design the new terminal.[263] Reed and Stem were ultimately selected,[177] as were Warren and Wetmore, who were not part of the original competition.[177][259][264][265][266] Reed and Stem were responsible for the overall design of the station, while Warren and Wetmore worked on designing the station's Beaux-Arts exterior.[259][266][267] However, the team had a tense relationship due to constant design disputes.[265]

Terminal and baggage building construction c. 1912

Construction on Grand Central Terminal started on June 19, 1903.[264] Wilgus proposed to demolish, excavate, and build the terminal in three sections or "bites",[268] to prevent railroad service from being interrupted during construction.[269] About 3.2 million cubic yards (2,400,000 m3) of the ground were excavated at depths of up to 10 floors, with 1,000 cubic yards (760 m3) of debris being removed from the site daily. Over 10,000 workers were assigned to the project.[167][270][271] The total cost of improvements, including electrification and the development of Park Avenue, was estimated at $180 million in 1910.[187] Electric trains on the Hudson Line started running to Grand Central on September 30, 1906,[272] and the segments of all three lines running into Grand Central had been electrified by 1907.[271]

After the last train left Grand Central Station at midnight on June 5, 1910, workers promptly began demolishing the old station.[9] The last remaining tracks from the former Grand Central Station were decommissioned on June 21, 1912.[268] The new terminal was opened on February 2, 1913.[273][274]

Heyday

The terminal spurred development in the surrounding area, particularly in Terminal City, a commercial and office district created above where the tracks were covered.[275][276][277] The development of Terminal City also included the construction of the Park Avenue Viaduct, surrounding the station, in the 1920s.[278][279][280] The new electric service led to increased development in New York City's suburbs, and passenger traffic on the commuter lines into Grand Central more than doubled in the seven years following the terminal's completion.[281] Passenger traffic grew so rapidly that by 1918, New York Central proposed expanding Grand Central Terminal.[282]

In 1923, the Grand Central Art Galleries opened in the terminal. A year after it opened, the galleries established the Grand Central School of Art, which occupied 7,000 square feet (650 m2) on the seventh floor of the east wing of the terminal.[283][284] The Grand Central School of Art remained in the east wing until 1944,[285] and it moved to the Biltmore Hotel in 1958.[286][N 6]

Decline

The MetLife Building, towering above Grand Central
The MetLife Building was completed in 1963 above part of Grand Central Terminal.

In 1947, over 65 million people traveled through Grand Central, an all-time high.[167] The station's decline came soon afterward with the beginning of the Jet Age and the construction of the Interstate Highway System. There were multiple proposals to alter the terminal, including several replacing the station building with a skyscraper; none of the plans were carried out.[288] Though the main building site was not redeveloped, the Pan Am Building (now the MetLife Building) was erected just to the north, opening in 1963.[289]

In 1968, New York Central, facing bankruptcy, merged with the Pennsylvania Railroad to form the Penn Central Railroad. The new corporation proposed to demolish Grand Central Terminal and replace it with a skyscraper, as the Pennsylvania Railroad had done with the original Penn Station in 1963.[290] However, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, which had designated Grand Central a city landmark in 1967, refused to consider the plans.[291][292] The resulting lawsuit went to the Supreme Court of the United States, which ruled in favor of the city.[293] After Penn Central went into bankruptcy in 1970, it retained title to Grand Central Terminal.[294] When Penn Central reorganized as American Premier Underwriters (APU) in 1994, it retained ownership of Penn Central. In turn, APU was absorbed by American Financial Group.[295]

A 1986 image of the Main Concourse with large and bright advertisements throughout
The Main Concourse in 1986, featuring the KodakColorama, the illuminated clock, and two banks

Grand Central and the surrounding neighborhood became dilapidated during the 1970s, and the interior of Grand Central was dominated by huge advertisements, which included the Kodak Colorama photos and the Westclox "Big Ben" clock.[296] In 1975, Donald Trump bought the Commodore Hotel to the east of the terminal for $10 million and then worked out a deal with Jay Pritzker to transform it into one of the first Grand Hyatt hotels.[297] Grand Central Terminal was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 and declared a National Historic Landmark in the following year.[298][299][300] This period was marked by a bombing on September 11, 1976, when a group of Croatian nationalists planted a bomb in a coin locker at Grand Central Terminal and hijacked a plane; the bomb was not disarmed properly, and the explosion injured three NYPD officers and killed one bomb squad specialist.[301][302]

The terminal was used for intercity transit until 1991. Amtrak, the national rail system formed in 1971, ran its last train from Grand Central on April 6, 1991, upon the completion of the Empire Connection on Manhattan's West Side. The connection allowed trains using the Empire Corridor from Albany, Toronto, and Montreal to use Penn Station.[303] However, some Amtrak trains used Grand Central during the summers of 2017 and 2018 due to maintenance at Penn Station.[304][305]

Renovation and subsequent expansions

In 1988, the MTA commissioned a study of the Grand Central Terminal, which concluded that parts of the terminal could be turned into a retail area.[306] The agency announced an $113.8 million renovation of the terminal in 1995.[49] During this renovation, all advertisements were removed and the station was restored.[296] The most striking effect was the restoration of the Main Concourse ceiling, revealing the painted skyscape and constellations.[307][308] The renovations included the construction of the East Stairs, a curved monumental staircase on the east side of the station building that matched the West Stairs.[309] An official re-dedication ceremony was held on October 1, 1998, marking the completion of the interior renovations.[310][311]

In December 2006, American Financial sold Grand Central Terminal to Midtown TDR Ventures, LLC, an investment group controlled by Argent Ventures, which renegotiated the lease with the MTA until 2274.[312]

Hundreds of people gathered in the Main Concourse for a celebratory event
Centennial celebration performance, 2013

On February 1, 2013, numerous displays, performances, and events were held to celebrate the terminal's centennial.[313][314] The MTA awarded contracts to replace the display boards and public announcement systems and add security cameras at Grand Central Terminal in December 2017.[315] The MTA also proposed to repair the Grand Central Terminal train shed's concrete and steel as part of the 2020–2024 MTA Capital Program.[316] In February 2019, it was announced that the Grand Hyatt New York hotel that abuts Grand Central Terminal to the east would be torn down and replaced with a larger mixed-use structure over the next several years.[317][318]

A large tunnel under construction
East Side Access progress in 2014

The East Side Access project, underway since 2007, is planned to bring Long Island Rail Road trains into the terminal when completed. LIRR trains will reach Grand Central from Harold Interlocking in Sunnyside, Queens, via the existing 63rd Street Tunnel and new tunnels under construction on both the Manhattan and Queens sides. LIRR trains will arrive and depart from a bi-level, eight-track tunnel with four platforms more than 90 feet (27 m) below the Metro-North tracks.[319] The project includes a new 350,000-square-foot retail and dining concourse[320] and new entrances at 45th, 46th, and 48th streets.[321] Cost estimates have jumped from $4.4 billion in 2004, to $6.4 billion in 2006, then to $11.1 billion. The new stations and tunnels are to begin service in December 2022.[322][319]

In November 2018, the MTA proposed to buy the station and the Hudson and Harlem Lines for up to $35.065 million, using the only purchase window specified in the lease: April 2017 to October 2019.[294][323] The MTA approved the proposal on November 15, 2018,[324][325][326] and the agency took ownership of the terminal and rail lines in February 2020.[327] In September 2020, the skyscraper One Vanderbilt opened, along with a train hall at its base, a pedestrian plaza connecting it to the terminal, and an underground passage to the complex's subway station. The plaza was built on a section of Vanderbilt Avenue, permanently closing the section to automobile traffic for the first time.[328]

Innovations

Passenger improvements

A vaulted ceiling by the terminal's ramps
Incline between concourses, showing the "whispering gallery" outside the Oyster Bar

At the time of its completion, Grand Central Terminal offered several innovations in transit-hub design. One was the use of ramps, rather than staircases, to conduct passengers and luggage through the facility. Two ramps connected the lower-level suburban concourse to the main concourse; several more led from the main concourse to entrances on 42nd Street. These ramps allowed all travelers to easily move between Grand Central's two underground levels.[31][197][329] There were also 15 passenger elevators and six freight-and-passenger elevators scattered around the station.[197] The separation of commuter and intercity trains, as well as incoming and outgoing trains, ensured that most passengers on a given ramp would be traveling in the same direction.[330] At its opening in 1913, the terminal was theoretically able to accommodate 100 million passengers a year.[164]

The Park Avenue Viaduct, which wrapped around the terminal, allowed Park Avenue traffic to bypass the building without being diverted onto nearby streets,[215] and reconnected the only north–south avenue in midtown Manhattan that had an interruption in it.[216] The station building was also designed to accommodate the re-connection of both segments of 43rd Street by going through the concourse, if the City of New York had demanded it.[54][204]

Designers of the new terminal tried to make it as comfortable as possible. Amenities included an oak-floored waiting room for women, attended to by maids; a shoeshine room, also for women; a room with telephones; a beauty salon with gender-separated portions; a dressing room, with maids available for a fee; and a men's barbershop, containing a public area with barbers from many cultures, as well as a rentable private space.[54][204][274] Grand Central was designed with two concourses, one on each level. The "outbound" concourse would have a 15,000-person capacity while the "inbound" concourse would have an 8,000-person capacity. A waiting room adjoining each concourse could fit another 5,000 people.[187] Brochures advertised the new Grand Central Terminal as a tourist-friendly space where "[t]imid travelers may ask questions with no fear of being rebuffed by hurrying trainmen, or imposed upon by hotel runners, chauffeurs or others in blue uniforms"; a safe and welcoming place for people of all cultures, where "special accommodations are to be provided for immigrants and gangs of laborers"; and a general tourist attraction "where one delights to loiter, admiring its beauty and symmetrical lines—a poem in stone".[54][204] The waiting room by the Main Concourse, now Vanderbilt Hall, also had an advantage over many, including Penn Station's: Grand Central's waiting room was a tranquil place to wait, with all ticket booths, information desks, baggage areas, and meeting areas instead removed to the Main Concourse.[331]

A cross-cut drawing of Grand Central, showing its rooms, passages, tunnels, and tracks
Cutaway drawing from 1939, illustrating the use of ramps, express and suburban tracks, and the viaduct

Every train at Grand Central Terminal departs one minute later than its posted departure time. The extra minute is intended to encourage passengers rushing to catch trains at the last minute to slow down. According to The Atlantic, Grand Central Terminal has the lowest rate of slips, trips, and falls on its marble floors, compared to all other stations in the U.S. with similar flooring.[332]

All of the terminal's light fixtures are bare light bulbs. At the time of the terminal's construction, electricity was still a relatively new invention, and the inclusion of electric light bulbs showcased this innovation.[105][68] In 2009, the incandescent light bulbs were replaced with energy- and money-saving fluorescent lamp fixtures.[333]

When Grand Central Terminal opened, it hired two types of porters, marked with different-colored caps, to assist passengers.[334] Porters with red caps served as bellhops, rolling luggage around Grand Central Terminal, and were rarely paid tips.[334][335] There were more than 500 red-capped porters at one point.[334] Porters with green caps, a position introduced in 1922,[336] provided information services, sending out or receiving telegrams or phone messages for a fee.[334][337][338] They later started dropping off and picking up packages as well. There were only twelve green-capped porters, as well as two messengers who brought messages to an exchange on the west side of the terminal.[334]

Track improvements

Balloon loop visible behind Track 42

Grand Central Terminal was built to handle 200 trains per hour, though actual traffic never came close to that.[167] It had 46 tracks and 30 platforms, more than twice Penn Station's 21 tracks and 11 platforms.[54][189][204] Its 70-acre (28 ha) rail yard could hold 1,149 cars, far more than the 366 in its predecessor station, and it dwarfed Penn Station's 28-acre (11 ha) yard.[167]

As constructed, the upper level was for intercity trains, and the lower level for commuter trains. This allowed commuter and intercity passengers to board and exit trains without interfering with each other.[28][29]

Balloon loops surrounding the station eliminated the need for complicated switching moves to bring the trains to the coach yards for service.[29][143][339][340] At the time, passenger cars did not run on their own power, but were pulled by locomotives, and it was believed dangerous to perform locomotive shunting moves underground. Trains would drop passengers off at one side of the station, perhaps be stored or serviced in the rail yard, then use the turning loops and pick up passengers on the other side.[340] The loops extended under Vanderbilt Avenue to the west and Lexington Avenue to the east.[341]

Terminal City

The Beaux-Arts skyscraper in front of the more modern MetLife Building
The Helmsley Building, in front of the MetLife Building, was built as part of Terminal City, a commercial and office district created above the tracks

Burying the terminal's tracks and platforms also allowed the railroads to sell above-ground air rights for real-estate development.[275][276] Grand Central's construction thus produced several blocks of prime real estate in Manhattan, stretching from 42nd to 51st Streets between Madison and Lexington avenues.[275][276] By the time the terminal opened in 1913, the blocks surrounding it were each valued at $2 million to $3 million.[164] Terminal City soon became Manhattan's most desirable commercial and office district. From 1904 to 1926, land values along Park Avenue doubled, and land values in the Terminal City area increased 244%.[342]

The district came to include office buildings such as the Chrysler Building, Chanin Building, Bowery Savings Bank Building, and Pershing Square Building; luxury apartment houses along Park Avenue; an array of high-end hotels that included the Commodore, Biltmore, Roosevelt, Marguery, Chatham, Barclay, Park Lane, and Waldorf Astoria;[277][342] the Grand Central Palace; and the Yale Club of New York City.[343][342] The structures immediately around Grand Central Terminal were developed shortly after the terminal's opening, while the structures along Park Avenue were constructed through the 1920s and 1930s.[344]

The Graybar Building, completed in 1927, was one of the last projects of Terminal City. The building incorporates many of Grand Central's train platforms, as well as the Graybar Passage, a hallway with vendors and train gates stretching from the terminal to Lexington Avenue.[345] In 1929, New York Central built its headquarters in a 34-story building, later renamed the Helmsley Building, which straddled Park Avenue north of the terminal.[346] Development slowed drastically during the Great Depression,[342] and part of Terminal City was gradually demolished or reconstructed with steel-and-glass designs after World War II.[277][347]

The area shares similar boundaries as the Grand Central Business Improvement District, a neighborhood with businesses collectively funding improvements and maintenance in the area. The district is well-funded; in 1990 it had the largest budget of any business improvement district in the United States.[348] The district's organization and operation is run by the Grand Central Partnership, which has given free tours of the station building.[349][350] The partnership has also funded some restoration projects around the terminal, including installation of lamps to illuminate its facade and purchase of a streetlamp that used to stand on the Park Avenue Viaduct.[351]

Emergency services

Three parked MTA Police vehicles
MTA Police T3 scooters and GEM electric vehicles for patrol
The fire department's Taylor-Dunn [de] personnel carrier and rescue truck

The terminal is served by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority Police Department, whose Fifth District is headquartered[352] in a station on the Dining Concourse.[33] The police force use specialized vehicles to traverse the interior of the terminal and other large stations; these vehicles include three-wheeled electric scooters from T3 Motion and utility vehicles by Global Electric Motorcars.[353]

Various actions by MTA officers in the terminal have received media attention over the years. In 1988, seven officers were suspended for behaving inappropriately, including harassing a homeless man and patrolling unclothed.[354] In the early 2000s, officers arrested two transgender people — Dean Spade in 2002 and Helena Stone in 2006 — who were attempting to use restrooms aligning with their gender identities. Lawsuits forced the MTA to drop the charges and to thenceforth allow use of restrooms according to gender identity.[355][356] In 2017, an officer assaulted and arrested a conductor who was removing a passenger from a train in the terminal.[357]

Fire and medical emergency services are provided by the Grand Central Fire Brigade, a volunteer entity formed in 1987. One of six such units in the Metro-North system, the brigade is made up of Metro-North employees, most of which are blue-collar workers: plumbers, electricians, machinists, and custodians. Every member is a volunteer, except for the fire chief. All receive at least 150 hours of training; EMS-certified members get an additional 170 hours every three years. The brigade handles an average of two emergencies a day, mostly medical in nature. The brigade regularly trains the NYPD, FDNY, and MTA Police to navigate the terminal and its miles of tunnels, and trains other Metro-North employees in first aid and CPR. It also conducts fire drills and stations fire guards for special events in the terminal.[358][359]

The brigade's fleet, stored in a bay next to Track 14, includes three electric carts equipped with sirens and red lights: a white-painted ambulance no wider than a hospital bed that carries a stretcher, oxygen tanks, defibrillators, and other medical equipment; a red pumper that carries 200 gallons of water and 300 feet of fire hose; and a red rescue truck with air packs, forcible entry tools, and turnout gear.[358][359][360]

Art installations and performances

Among the permanent works of public art in Grand Central are the celestial ceiling in the Main Concourse,[181][199] the Glory of Commerce work, the statue of Cornelius Vanderbilt in front of the building's south facade,[202][361] and the two cast-iron eagle statues adorning the terminal's facades.[362] Temporary works, exhibitions, and events are regularly mounted in Vanderbilt Hall,[363] while the Dining Concourse features temporary exhibits in a series of lightboxes.[364] The terminal is also known for its performance and installation art,[365][366] including flash mobs and other spontaneous events.[367]

Visitors

Grand Central Terminal is one of the world's ten most visited tourist attractions,[4] with 21.6 million visitors in 2018, excluding train and subway passengers.[3] The high visitor traffic makes it one of the most-photographed places in New York City and the United States. A 2009 Cornell University study mapping out geotagged photos worldwide indicated the station was the fourth most photographed place in New York City.[368] The Metropolitan Transportation Authority has partnerships with the Municipal Art Society for daily docent-led tours of the station, and with audio tour producer Orpheo USA for half- and full-hour tours with headsets. The audio tour is also available as a smartphone app. The tours debuted in 2013, in conjunction with the terminal's centennial celebration.[369]

Transit passenger traffic makes the terminal the second-busiest train station in North America, after New York Penn Station.

In popular culture

Grand Central Terminal has been the subject, inspiration, or setting for literature, television and radio episodes, and films.[54][370]

Film and television

Platform at Track 34, commonly used in films

Many film and television productions have included scenes shot in the terminal. The MTA hosts about 25 large-scale and hundreds of smaller or amateur productions every year.[371] Kyle McCarthy, who handles production at Grand Central, said, "Grand Central is one of the quintessential New York places. Whether filmmakers need an establishing shot of arriving in New York or transportation scenes, the restored landmark building is visually appealing and authentic."[372] Especially during World War II, Grand Central has been a backdrop for romantic reunions between couples. After the terminal declined in the 1950s, it was more frequently used as a dark, dangerous place, even a metaphor for chaos and disorientation,[370] featuring chase scenes, shootouts, homeless people, and the mentally ill. In the 1990 film The Freshman, for example, Matthew Broderick's character stumbles over an unconscious man and watches fearfully as petty crimes take place around him.[373]

Almost every scene in the terminal's train shed was shot on Track 34, one of the few platforms without columns.[105][374]

The first filmed scene in which Grand Central Terminal appears may be the 1909 short comedy Mr. Jones Has a Card Party.[375] The terminal's first cinematic appearance was in the 1930 musical film Puttin' On the Ritz,[374] and its first Technicolor appearance was in the 1953 film The Band Wagon.[105] Some films from the 20th century, including Grand Central Murder, The Thin Man Goes Home, Hello, Dolly!, and Beneath the Planet of the Apes used reconstructions of Grand Central, built in Hollywood, to stand in for the terminal.[370][376] Additionally, the terminal was drawn and animated for use in the animated films Madagascar (2005)[377] and Wreck-It Ralph (2012).[378]

Other films in which the terminal appears include:[54][370][371][375][377][379]

Notable documentaries about the terminal include Grand Central, a 1982 film narrated by James Earl Jones and featuring Philip Johnson and Ed Koch.[381]

The stage of Saturday Night Live, set up with musical instruments
Saturday Night Live stage replica at a Museum of Broadcast Communications exhibition, 2018

On October 19, 2017, several of these films were screened in the terminal for an event created by the MTA, Rooftop Films, and the Museum of the Moving Image. The event featured a cinematic history lecture by architect and author James Sanders.[382]

Grand Central Terminal's architecture, including its Main Concourse clock, are depicted on the stage of Saturday Night Live, an NBC television show.[375] The soundstage reconstruction of the terminal in Studio 8H was first installed in 2003.[383][384]

Other

Literature featuring the terminal includes Report on Grand Central Terminal, written in 1948 by nuclear physicist Leo Szilard; The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger; The House of Mirth by Edith Wharton; Grand Central Murder by Sue MacVeigh, which was made into the eponymous film in 1942; A Stranger Is Watching by Mary Higgins Clark;[375] and the 1946 children's classic The Taxi That Hurried by Lucy Sprague Mitchell.[54] The infrastructure in Grand Central inspired the novel The Invention of Hugo Cabret, and in turn, the film Hugo.[385] The dangerous life of homeless men and women in Grand Central and its tunnels and passageways inspired Lee Stringer's Grand Central Winter: Stories from the Street and Tina S.' collaboration with journalist Jamie Pastor Bolnick in the autobiography Living at the Edge of the World: A Teenager's Survival in the Tunnels of Grand Central Station.[386][387]

Grand Central Station, an NBC radio drama set at the terminal, ran from 1937 to 1953.[375] Among the video games that feature the terminal are Marvel's Spider-Man, True Crime: New York City, and Tom Clancy's The Division.[237]

See also

References

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ Grand Central Terminal meets Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) requirements. It does not meet the qualifications of an ADA Full Access station.[1]
  2. ^ a b A railroad "terminal" such as Grand Central Terminal, the former Reading Terminal in Philadelphia, and the Los Angeles Union Passenger Terminal is a facility at the end of a rail line, which trains enter and depart in the same direction. A railroad station, such as Pennsylvania Station on the West Side, 30th Street Station in Philadelphia, and Union Station in Washington, D.C., is a facility along one or more contiguous rail lines, which trains can enter and depart in different directions.[7]
  3. ^ The 24 non-passenger tracks include 11 sidings that are not adjacent to any platform, and 13 tracks that are adjacent to platforms but not used in passenger service.
  4. ^ Several of the hall's benches were moved to a smaller waiting room in the Station Master's Office. In 2018, two of the benches were sent on a long-term loan to Springfield, Massachusetts's Union Station.[70]
  5. ^ The projects included:[261]
    1. excavation of Grand Central Yard
    2. construction of Grand Central's station building
    3. electrification of the Harlem, Hudson, and New Haven divisions
    4. lowering the Port Morris Branch tracks in the Bronx
    5. building tunnels along the Hudson Division around the Harlem River Ship Canal in Marble Hill, Manhattan (ultimately never built, as the Harlem River Ship Canal was relocated)
    6. eliminating grade crossings
    7. adding tracks on the Harlem and New Haven divisions
  6. ^ They remained at the Biltmore for 23 years until 1981, and then moved to 24 West 57th Street, and ceased operations by 1994.[287]

Citations

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General references

Further reading

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External video
video icon "Every Detail of Grand Central Terminal Explained" on YouTube, Architectural Digest, 2018
video icon "Train Station Tour: Grand Central Terminal" on YouTube, The Transport Net, 2016
video icon "Grand Central Terminal LED Stars" on YouTube, Metropolitan Transportation Authority, 2010