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리버풀

Liverpool
리버풀
Top: Pier Head and the Mersey Ferry Middle: St George's Hall, the Metropolitan Cathedral and the Anglican Cathedral Bottom: the Georgian Quarter and Prince's Dock
Coat of arms of Liverpool
닉네임:
  • 북웨일스의[1] 수도
  • 팝의 세계[2] 수도
  • 하나의[3] 도시에서의 세계
좌우명:
Deus Nobis Haec Otia Fecit ('신이 우리에게 이 쉬운 것을 허락했다')[4]
Location within Merseyside
Liverpool is located in England
Liverpool
리버풀
영국 내 소재지
Liverpool is located in the United Kingdom
Liverpool
리버풀
영국 내 소재지
Liverpool is located in Europe
Liverpool
리버풀
유럽 내 소재지
좌표:53°24°27°N 02°59′31″w/53.40750°N 2.99194°W/ 53.40750, -2.99194좌표: 53°24°27°N 02°59 31 31 ww / 53.40750 ° N 2.99194 ° W / 53.40750, -2.99194
주권국영국
나라잉글랜드
지역노스웨스트잉글랜드
도시 지역리버풀
메트로폴리탄 카운티 및 의례 카운티머지사이드
역사군랭커셔
설립.1207
도시 현황1880
관리본부리버풀 시청
정부
• 종류메트로폴리탄 자치구
• 본체리버풀 시의회
리더십시장 및 내각
이그제큐티브노동력
시장조앤 앤더슨
시장님메리 라스무센
• 최고 경영자토니 리브스
지역
시구정촌43.2 평방 밀리 (162.8 km2)
• 도시형
77.1 평방 밀리(199.6 km2)
• 등급203번째
승진
230피트(70m)
인구.
(2019년 중반)
시구정촌498,042
• 등급10번째
• 밀도11,528 mi (4,424/km2)
도시형
864,194 (6위)
• 도시 밀도11,210 mi (4,329/km2)
메트로
2,241,000 (5위)
• 민족성
(2011년 인구조사)[5]
민족
반의어리버푸들리안
스카우저
시간대UTC+0(그리니치 표준시)
• 여름 (DST)UTC+1(영국 여름 시간)
우편 번호 영역
다이얼 코드0151
ISO 3166 코드GB-LIV
GSS 코드E08000012
너트 3 코드UKD72
ONS 코드00바이
OS 그리드 참조SJ3490
자동차 도로M62
주요 철도역리버풀 센트럴(B)
리버풀 라임 스트리트(A/D)
리버풀 무어필드(D)
리버풀 제임스 스트리트(E)
국제공항리버풀레논(LPL)
GDP515억파운드[6]
– 1인당25,170파운드[6]
참의원90
MP마리아 이글(노동자)
존슨(노동자)
Dan Carden (노동자)
Paula Barker(노동자)
Ian Byrne (노동자)
웹 사이트www.liverpool.gov.uk
공식 명칭리버풀 – 해양 상업도시
기준문화: (ii), (ii), (iv)
지정2004년(18차 세션)
참조 번호1150
지역유럽과 북미
상장폐지2021 (44세션)

리버풀은 영국 머지사이드 주에 있는 도시이자 대도시 자치구입니다.2019년 인구 498,042명으로 영국의 10번째로 인구[7][8] 많은 지역이며, 대도시 면적[9]224만명으로 영국에서 5번째로 크다.

머시 강 하구 동쪽에 있는 리버풀은 역사적으로 [10][11]랭커셔 카운티의 웨스트 더비 고대 100개 안에 있었다.이곳은 1207년에 자치구가 되었고, 1880년에 도시가 되었고, 1889년에 새로 만들어진 랭커셔 카운티의회로부터 독립된 자치구가 되었다.주요 항구로서의 그것의 성장은 산업 혁명 내내 도시의 확장과 병행되었다.일반 화물, 화물, 석탄과 목화 같은 원자재와 함께, 상인들은 노예 무역에 관여했다.19세기에 리버풀은 북미로 이주한 영국과 아일랜드인들의 주요 출항지였다.이곳은 또한 Cunard와 White Star Lines의 본거지였으며, 원양선 RMS 타이타닉, RMS 루시타니아, RMS메리RMS 올림픽호의 등록항이었다.

2019년, 리버풀은 영국에서 다섯 번째로 많이 방문한 [12]도시였습니다.문화, 건축, 교통 연계로 잘 알려져 있습니다.그 도시는 예술, 특히 음악과 밀접하게 연관되어 있다; 역사상 가장 영향력 있는 밴드로 널리 여겨지는 비틀즈의 인기는 그 도시가 [13]관광지가 되도록 이끌었다.리버풀은 수많은 주목할 만한 음악가들과 음반사들의 본고장입니다. 리버풀 출신의 음악가들은 56개의 히트 싱글을 발표했는데,[14][15] 이는 세계 어느 도시보다 많은 숫자입니다.이 도시는 또한 수많은 배우, 예술가, 운동선수, 코미디언, 언론인, 소설가, 시인들을 배출하는 것으로 오랜 명성을 가지고 있다.리버풀에는 영국에서 두 번째로 많은 수의 미술관, 국립 박물관, 목록에 있는 건물, 그리고 공원이 있습니다; 수도 런던만이 [16]더 많은 것을 가지고 있습니다.이전 리버풀 해양 상업도시에는 피어 헤드, 앨버트 독, 윌리엄 브라운 스트리트 [17]등이 있다.스포츠에서, 이 도시는 프리미어 리그 축구 인 리버풀 FC와 에버튼 FC의 연고지로 가장 잘 알려져 있으며, 두 라이벌 간의 경기는 머지사이드 더비로 알려져 있다.매년 열리는 그랜드 내셔널 경마는 에인트리 경마장에서 열린다.

2004년부터 2021년까지 리버풀 시내 중심부의 몇몇 지역은 세계문화유산으로 지정되었다. 리버풀의 방대한 공원과 공터는 영국의 역사공원 등록부와 특별역사관심정원에 의해 "이 나라에서 가장 중요한 것"[18]으로 묘사되었다.항구 도시로서의 지위는 역사적으로 아일랜드, 노르웨이, 웨일즈 등 다양한 문화권에서 다양한 인구를 끌어모았습니다.이곳은 영국에서 가장 오래된 흑인 공동체유럽에서 가장 오래된 중국인 공동체의 본거지이기도 하다.리버풀의 원주민들과 몇몇 오랜 거주자들은 공식적으로 리버푸들리안이라고 불리지만, 종종 스카우스를 언급하여 스카우저라고 불리는데, 이것은 또한 그 지역의 억양과 사투리의 가장 흔한 이름이기도 하다.이 도시는 2007년에 800주년을 맞이하여 노르웨이 스타방거시와 [19]공유한 2008년 유럽문화수도로 명명되었으며, 유럽문화수도로서의 위상이 경제 부흥의 [20]발판을 마련했다.

그 이름은 두껍거나 진흙탕인 물을 뜻하는 올드 잉글리시 라이퍼와 웅덩이 또는 개울을 뜻하는 에서 유래했으며, 1190년경에 류얼풀[21][22]처음 기록되었다.캠브리지 영어 지명 사전에 따르면, "원래의 언급은 두 개의 물이 [23]빠진 웅덩이나 조수가 채워진 개울에 대한 것이었다."1418년의 법적 기록에서 레이르폴로 나타나는 장소는 [24]리버풀을 가리키는 것일 수도 있다.이 이름의 다른 기원은 "엘버풀(elverpool)"을 포함하며, 이는 머시 [25]에 많은 장어가 살고 있다는 것을 의미한다."리버푸들리안"이라는 형용사는 [22]1833년에 처음 기록되었다.

리버풀이라는 이름의 옛 영어 유래는 논란의 여지가 없지만, 리버풀이라는 이름이 웨일즈에서 유래했다는 주장도 있지만, 근거가 없다.리버풀의 웨일스 이름은 Lerpwl로, 영국의 지역 이름인 Leerpool에서 유래했습니다.이것은 중간음 [v](다른 영어 이름 및 단어에서 볼 수 있음)가 상실되면서 "Leverpool" 형식을 축소시킨 것이다.Daventry (Northamptonshire)> Danetry, Never-Do-Well > Neer-Do-Well.

19세기에 일부 웨일스 출판물은 "Lle'r Pwl"이라는 이름을 사용했는데, 이는 아마도 "Lle'r Pwl"이 원형이라는 믿음에서 Lerpwl을 재해석한 것이다.

오늘날에도 널리 알려진 또 다른 이름은 19세기 동전인 Lynlleifiad이다."lyn"은 수영장이지만 "lleifiad"는 명확한 의미가 없습니다."북웨일스 지명"[26]에서 웨일스의 과학적 지명의 선구자인 G. 멜빌 리처드 교수(1910~1973)는 "lleifiad"가 "Liver"와 동등한 웨일스어로 사용된다는 것을 언급하는 것 외에는 그것을 설명하려 하지 않는다.

학습된 라틴어 라마의 웨일스어(*llaf)를 차용하여 "lleifiad"를 부여하는 파생형식은 가능하지만 입증되지는 않았다.

★★★

리버풀은 1680년의 가장 오래된 리버풀의 모습이다.
리버풀의 원래 7개 거리 지도(북쪽에서 왼쪽으로).
의 라임 .

1207년 특허받은 존 서한[27]리버풀 자치구의 설립을 알렸다.16세기 중반까지 인구는 여전히 500명 정도였다.리버풀의 원래 거리 계획은 존 왕에 의해 디자인되었고, 자치구가 된 과 거의 동시에 만들어졌다고 한다.원래의 7개의 거리는 H자 모양으로 배치되었다: 뱅크 스트리트(현재의 워터 스트리트), 캐슬 스트리트, 채플 스트리트, 데일 스트리트, 저글러 스트리트(현재의 하이 스트리트), 무어 스트리트(현재의 티테바른 스트리트), 화이트아크레 스트리트(현재의 올드 홀 스트리트).

17세기에 무역과 인구증가에는 느린 진전이 있었다.1644년 [28]잠시 포위된 것을 포함해 영국 남북전쟁 기간 동안 마을을 장악하기 위한 전투가 벌어졌다.최초의 노예선 리버풀 머천트가 아프리카로 [29]출항한 해인 1699년에 리버풀은 의회법에 의해 교구로 지정되었지만, 리버풀 평의회를 개혁한 1695년의 법률은 그 이후의 발전에 [30]더 중요했다.로마 시대부터, 디 강 근처의 체스터 도시는 아일랜드 의 이 지역의 주요 항구였습니다.하지만, 디호가 침전하기 시작하면서, 체스터에서 해상 무역은 점점 더 어려워졌고, 인근 머시 을 따라 리버풀로 이동했다.

설탕을 포함한 서인도 제도로부터의 무역이 아일랜드와 유럽의 무역을 능가하고 디 강이 계속 침전되면서 리버풀은 빠른 속도로 성장하기 시작했다.최초의 상업용 습식 도킹 스테이션은 [31][32]1715년 리버풀에 지어졌다.비록 윌리엄 래스본, 윌리엄 로스코, 에드워드 러쉬튼을 포함한 몇몇 유명한 지역 사람들이 지역 폐지 운동[citation needed]최전선에 있었지만, 노예 무역과 담배로 인한 상당한 수익은 마을이 번영하고 빠르게 성장하는데 도움을 주었다.

19세기 초, 리버풀을 통해 많은 양의 무역이 이루어졌고, 주요 건물의 건설은 이 부를 반영했다.1830년, 리버풀과 맨체스터는 리버풀과 맨체스터 철도를 통해 도시 간 철도를 연결하는 최초의 도시가 되었다.인구는 특히 아일랜드 이민자들이 대 기근의 결과로 수십만 명이 도착하기 시작한 1840년대 동안 계속해서 빠르게 증가했다.

레티시아 엘리자베스 랜던은 시의 세계적인 상거래를 축하하는 시 "리버풀"(1832)에서 당시 진행 중인 [33]맥그리거 레어드 니제르 강 탐험에 대해 구체적으로 언급하고 있다.

영국은 미국 남부에서 수입된 면화의 주요 시장이었으며, 이는 미국의 섬유 산업을 먹여 살렸다.미국 남북전쟁 당시 리버풀은 이 도시의 경제에서 중요한 위치를 차지했던 것으로 볼 때, 역사가 스벤 베커트의 말을 빌리자면, "남부 연방을 제외한 세계에서 가장 친연방적인 곳"[34]이었다.

1830년 리버풀과 맨체스터 철도의 첫 번째 상용 철도 노선입니다.

19세기 동안 리버풀의 부는 [35]런던을 넘어섰고 리버풀의 세관은 영국 [36]재무부에 가장 큰 기여를 했다.리버풀은 영국 도시 중 유일하게 화이트홀 [37]사무소를 가지고 있었다.

19세기 초, 리버풀은 남극 봉인 산업에서 중요한 역할을 했는데, 사우스 셰틀랜드 제도리버풀 해변이 도시[38]이름을 따서 붙여진 것을 인정했습니다.

1851년 초에 그 도시는 "유럽의 뉴욕"[39]으로 묘사되었다.19세기 후반과 20세기 초반, 리버풀은 유럽 전역에서 온 이민자들을 끌어들이고 있었다.이것은 새로운 민족과 종교 집단을 위한 다양한 종교 건물을 도시에 건설하는 결과를 낳았고, 그 중 많은 것들이 오늘날에도 여전히 사용되고 있다.도이치 키르체 리버풀, 성 니콜라스 그리스 정교회, 구스타프 아돌프 교회, 프린스 로드 시나고그는 각각 1800년대에 리버풀의 성장하는 독일, 그리스, 북유럽, 유대인 공동체를 위해 설립되었다.리버풀에서 가장 오래 살아남은 교회 중 하나인 성 베드로 로마 가톨릭 교회는 말년에 예배 장소로 폴란드 사회에 봉사했다.

제1차 세계대전 이후의 전후는 사회 불안으로 특징지어졌는데, 사회는 참전용사들을 경제에 통합시키려고 노력했을 뿐만 아니라 젊은이들의 막대한 전쟁 손실에 시달렸다.노조 조직과 파업은 런던 경찰 파업여러 곳에서 일어났다.영국과 함께 복무했던 아프리카와 인도에서 온 수많은 식민지 군인들과 선원들은 리버풀과 다른 항구 도시들에 정착했다.1919년 6월 그들은 인종 폭동으로 백인들의 공격을 받았다. 항구에는 스웨덴 이민자들이 있었고, 두 그룹 모두 리버풀 출신 원주민들과 일자리와 주거를 놓고 경쟁해야 했다.이 기간 동안 카디프, 뉴포트, 배리에서도 인종 폭동이 일어났고 글래스고, 사우스실즈, 런던, 헐,[40] 샐포드에서도 사건이 있었다.

리버풀은 불운한 원양 정기선 타이타닉호의 등록항이었다.그 배는 1912년 4월 첫 항해에서 침몰했고, 1,517명의 목숨을 잃었다.타이타닉호의 엔진룸 영웅 기념관은 이 도시의 해안가에 위치해 있다.

1919년 주택법은 1920년대와 1930년대에 리버풀 전역에 대규모 의회 주택이 건설되는 결과를 낳았다.이것은 대부분 주관적이긴 하지만, 이것이 그들의 생활 수준을 향상시킬 것이라는 믿음에 따라 수천 가구가 도심에서 새로운 교외 주택 단지로 이주했다.이 시대에는 수많은 민가도 지어졌다.1930년대 초반의 대공황 동안, 그 도시의 실업률은 약 30%로 최고조에 달했다.

리버풀은 1930년부터 영국 최초의 지방 공항이 있던 곳이다.제2차 세계대전 동안 히틀러처칠은 리버풀의 전략적 중요성을 인식했다.그 도시는 독일군의 폭격을 받아 런던 [41]다음으로 큰 피해를 입었다.중요한 대서양 전투는 계획되었고, 싸웠고,[42] 리버풀에서 승리했다.

루프트바페머지사이드 지역에 80차례의 공습을 가해 2,500명이 사망하고 수도권의 거의 절반이 피해를 입었다.전쟁 후 대규모 주택 단지와 영국에서 가장 큰 부두 프로젝트인 시포스 독을 포함한 상당한 재건 작업이 이루어졌다.도시 중심부의 즉각적인 재건 중 많은 부분이 매우 인기가 없었다.그것은 1950년대와 1960년대 이후의 도시 계획 갱신만큼이나 결함이 많았다.독일군의 폭격에서 살아남은 도시의 역사적인 부분은 도시 재생 기간 동안 광범위한 파괴를 겪었다.1952년 이래로 리버풀은 독일 쾰른과 자매결연을 맺었는데, 이 도시 역시 전쟁 중에 심한 공중폭격을 겪었다.

20세기 첫 20년 동안 서인도계 흑인 공동체가 이 도시에 존재해 왔다.대부분의 영국 도시들과 산업화된 도시들처럼, 리버풀은 제1차 세계대전 이후 이 지역에서 복무했던 식민지 군인들과 선원들과 함께 시작된 상당한 수의 영연방 이민자들의 본거지가 되었다.제2차 세계대전 이후 더 많은 이민자들이 도착했는데, 대부분이 주택 가격이 저렴한 톡스테스와 같은 구시가지에 정착했다.리버풀의 흑인 인구는 2011년에 [43]1.90%로 기록되었다.

교외의 공공 주택 건설은 제2차 세계대전 이후 확장되었다.구시가지 중 일부는 새 집을 짓기 위해 재개발되었다.

1960년대에 리버풀은 "머지비트" 사운드의 중심이었고, 이는 비틀즈와 동료 리버풀리안 록 밴드들과 동의어가 되었다.미국의 리듬 앤 블루스와 록 음악의 영향을 받은 그들은 또한 수년 동안 미국 음악에 강한 영향을 미쳤고 국제적으로도 인기가 있었다.비틀즈는 1960년대 초에 국제적으로 알려졌고 수년간 함께 공연을 했다; 그들은 대중 역사상 가장 상업적으로 성공했고 음악적으로 영향력 있는 밴드였다.그들의 공동 설립자이자 가수이자 작곡가인 존 레논은 1980년 뉴욕에서 살해되었다.리버풀 공항은 2002년에 그의 이름을 따서 개명되었는데,[44][45] 이는 개인을 기리는 최초의 영국 공항이다.

이전에는 랭커셔의 일부였고 1889년부터 자치구가 있던 리버풀은 1974년에 새로 만들어진 대도시 자치주 머지사이드 내의 광역 자치구가 되었다.

1970년대 중반 이후 리버풀의 부두와 전통 제조업은 해운과 중공업의 구조조정으로 쇠퇴하면서 대규모 일자리를 잃었다.컨테이너화의 출현은 도시의 부두들이 대부분 구식이 되었고, 부두 노동자들은 일자리를 잃었다는 것을 의미했다.1980년대 초 리버풀의 실업률은 1982년 1월까지 17%로 영국에서 [46]가장 높았다.이는 50년 [47]전 대공황 당시 이 도시에 영향을 미쳤던 실업률의 절반 수준이었다.이 기간 동안, 리버풀은 [48]런던의 중앙 정부에 대한 격렬한 좌파 반대파의 중심지가 되었다.

20세기 후반, 리버풀의 경제는 회복되기 시작했다.1990년대 중반부터 그 도시는 전국 평균보다 높은 성장률을 누려왔다.

매튜 스트리트는 비틀즈와 관련된 많은 관광 명소 중 하나이며, 매년 열리는 유럽 최대의 무료 음악 축제의 장소입니다.

20세기 말, 리버풀은 오늘날에도 계속되고 있는 과정인 재생에 집중하고 있었다.

2002년 엘리자베스 2세의 황금 주년을 기념하기 위해, 자연보호 자선 단체인 Plantlife는 카운티 꽃을 고르는 대회를 조직했습니다; 바다 홀리가 리버풀의 마지막 선택이었습니다.

1960년대 록 그룹인 비틀즈의 인기와 도시의 세계적인 미술관, 박물관, 랜드마크를 이용하여 관광업은 리버풀 경제에서 중요한 요소가 되었다.

2004년 부동산 개발업체인 GrosvenorParadise Street에 기반을 둔 9억 2천만 파운드의 개발 사업인 Paradise Project를 시작했습니다.이것은 전후 재건 이후 리버풀의 도심에 가장 중요한 변화를 가져왔다.'리버풀 원'으로 이름을 바꾼 이 센터는 2008년 5월에 문을 열었다.

2007년, 그 도시는 리버풀 자치구의 설립 800주년을 기념했고, 많은 행사들이 계획되었다.리버풀은 2008년 유럽 공동 문화 수도로 지정되었습니다.2008년 9월에 있었던 주요 기념행사에는 높이 20미터, 무게 37톤의 거대한 기계 거미인 라 프린세(La Princese)의 발기가 포함되었으며, 리버풀의 "8개의 다리" 즉 명예, 역사, 음악, 머시, 항구, 통치, 햇빛, 문화를 상징합니다.La Princese는 축제 기간 동안 도시의 거리를 배회했고, 퀸즈웨이 터널로 들어가는 것으로 끝을 맺었습니다.

수십억 파운드의 리버풀 원 개발로 인해, 재생은 2010년대 초반까지 지속되어 왔습니다.가장 중요한 재개발 프로젝트로는 상업지구, 킹스 독, 섬, 라임 스트리트 게이트웨이, 발틱 삼각지대, 로프워크, 엣지 레인 게이트웨이의 새 건물이 있습니다.모든 프로젝트는 리버풀 워터스 계획에 의해 가려질 수 있다.이 계획은 건설될 경우 55억 파운드의 비용이 들며 영국 역사상 가장 큰 규모의 프로젝트 중 하나가 될 것이다.리버풀 워터스는 유럽에서 가장 큰 초고층 빌딩 클러스터 중 하나를 포함하도록 계획된 혼합 용도 개발입니다.이 프로젝트는 리버풀의 세계문화유산에 악영향을 미칠 것이라고 주장하는 유네스코와 같은 단체들의 격렬한 반대에도 불구하고 2012년에 개요 계획 허가를 받았다.

2014년 6월 데이비드 [49]캐머런 총리는 리버풀에서 2014년 [50]세계 최대 비즈니스 행사이자 1951년 영국 페스티벌 이후 영국에서 가장 큰 규모의 국제 비즈니스 페스티벌을 출범시켰다.2021년 7월, 리버풀은 세계문화유산의 지위를 잃었고, 유네스코는 브램리-무어 도크 스타디움과 리버풀 워터스 프로젝트를 [51][52]세계문화유산과 일치하지 않는다고 언급했다.

발명과 혁신

리버풀 열대 의과대학, 세계 최초의 그런 학교

리버풀은 발명과 혁신의 중심지였다.철도, 대서양 횡단 증기선, 시영 전차,[53] 그리고 전기[54] 열차는 모두 리버풀에서 대중 교통 수단으로 개척되었습니다.1829년과 1836년에 세계 최초의 철도 터널이 리버풀 아래에 건설되었다.1950년부터 1951년까지 세계 최초의 정기 여객 헬리콥터 서비스가 리버풀과 [55]카디프 사이를 운행했다.

번째 [56]시각장애인 학교, 기계학 연구소,[57][58][59] 여자 고등학교, 의회 의사당,[60] 소년[61] 법정은 모두 리버풀에 설립되었습니다.RSPCA,[62] NSPCC,[63] 연령 관심사,[64] 관련성, 시민 자문국[65] 같은 자선 단체들은 모두 도시에서 일하면서 발전했다.

첫번째 구명 보트 역, 공중 목욕탕과 건강(윌리엄 헨리 덩컨)에 wash-house,[66]위생 act,[67]의료 장교, 지역 간호사, 빈민 clearance,[68]한 ambulance,[69]열대 의학의 X- 선 의료 diagnosis,[70]학교(리버풀 학교 열대 의학), 자치구 fire-engine,[71]자유 학교 meal,[72]motorised.암 연구 centre,[73]고동물병 연구 센터는[74] 모두 리버풀에서 유래했다.최초의 영국 노벨상은 1902년 세계 [75]최초의 열대 의과대학 교수인 로널드 로스에게 수여되었다.리버풀에서 정형외과 수술은 휴 오웬 [76]토마스가, 현대 의학 마취는 토마스 세실 그레이가 개척했다.

세계 최초의 통합 하수 시스템은 1847년 영국 최초의 자치구 [77][78]엔지니어로 임명된 제임스 뉴랜드에 의해 리버풀에 건설되었습니다.리버풀은 또한 영국 최초의 보험업자 협회와[79] 최초의 회계사 협회를 설립했습니다.서방 최초의 [80]금융 파생상품(면화 선물)은 1700년대 후반 리버풀 면화 거래소에서 거래됐다.

예술 분야에서 리버풀은 최초의 대출 도서관(라이시움), 아테나이움 사회(리버풀 아테나이움), 아트 센터(블루코트 [81]챔버스), 공공 예술 보존 센터(국립 보존 센터)[82]의 본거지였다.이곳은 또한 영국에서 가장 오래 살아남은 클래식 오케스트라 (로열 리버풀 필하모닉 오케스트라)[83]와 레퍼토리 극장 (리버풀 플레이하우스)[84]의 본거지이기도 하다.

오리엘 챔버스, 세계 최초의 '현대' 건물

1864년, 피터 엘리스는 세계 최초의 철골조 커튼월 사무실 건물인 오리엘 챔버스를 지었는데, 이것은 초고층 빌딩의 원형이었다.영국의 첫 번째 전용 백화점은 1867년 소매업자 J.R.[85] 제프리(J.R. Jeffrey)를 위해 완공된 콤프턴 하우스였다.그것은 [86]그 당시 세계에서 가장 큰 가게였다.

1862년과 1867년 사이에 리버풀은 매년 그랜드 올림픽 축제를 열었다.John Hulley와 Charles Melly가 고안한 이 게임들은 자연에서 완전히 아마추어이고 [87][88]전망에서 국제적이었던 최초의 게임이었다.1896년 아테네에서 열린 최초의 근대 올림픽 프로그램은 리버풀 [89]올림픽과 거의 동일했다.1865년 헐리는 영국 올림픽 협회의 전신인 리버풀에 National Olympian Association을 공동 설립했습니다.그 설립 조항은 국제 올림픽 헌장의 골격을 제공했다.

선주 알프레드 루이스 존스 경은 [90]1884년 리버풀의 부두를 통해 바나나를 영국에 소개했다.1886년에 개통된 머시 철도는 세계 최초의 조수[91] 하구 터널과 세계 최초의 심층 지하역(리버풀 제임스 스트리트 역)을 통합했습니다.

1889년, 자치구 엔지니어알렉산더 브로디는 축구 골망을 발명했다.그는 또한 조립식 주택 사용의 선구자였으며 리버풀과 버켄헤드를 연결하는 퀸스웨이 터널뿐만 아니라 영국의 첫 번째 순환 도로(A5058)와 시외 고속도로(East Lancashire Road)의 건설을 감독했습니다.건설 당시 "세계 8대 불가사의"로 묘사된 이 터널은 24년 동안 세계에서 가장 긴 해저 터널이었다.

1897년, 루미에르 형제는 세계 최초의 고가 전철인 리버풀 오버헤드 철도에서 찍은 세계 최초의 트래킹 [93]샷을 포함한 리버풀을 [92]촬영했다.오버헤드 철도는 세계 최초로 전기 다중 유닛을 사용하고 자동 신호 전달을 사용하며 에스컬레이터를 설치한 철도이다.

리버풀의 발명가 프랭크 혼비는 장난감 개발과 제조의 선구자였으며, 20세기에 가장 인기 있었던 장난감 세 가지를 생산했습니다.메카노, 혼비 모델 레일웨이, 딩키 토이즈.1933년 필립 엘러비 클리어터에 의해 리버풀에서 설립된 영국 행성간 학회는 우주 비행 촉진을 위해 헌신하는 세계에서 가장 오래된 조직이다.영국의 행성간 학회 저널은 세계에서 [94]가장 오래 지속된 우주 간행물입니다.

1999년, 리버풀은 "각계각층의 아들과 딸들이 이룬 중요한 공헌"[95]을 인정받아 영국 헤리티지로부터 청색 명패를 수여받은 첫 번째 도시였다.

★★★

지방 정부의 목적상 리버풀 시는 대도시 자치구로 분류된다.메트로폴리탄 자치구는 머지사이드 카운티와 리버풀 시티 지역 내에 위치해 있습니다.이들 각 지역은 서로 다른 수준의 지방 통치가 적용되는 행정 구역으로 취급된다.

리버풀 시 의회는 리버풀 시만을 위한 관리 기관이며 영국 통일 기관의 표준 기능을 수행합니다.리버풀지역 연합 당국은 리버풀 시 지역의 5개 주변 자치구와 함께 도시의 교통, 경제 개발 및 재생과 같은 주요 전략적 힘을 보유한다.연합 당국은 국가 정부에 의해 위임된 지역 [96]고유의 영역에 대한 권한을 가지고 있습니다.

그럼에도 불구하고, 이 두 가지 구조 이외에 지방 거버넌스에는 몇 가지 예외가 있다.리버풀은 1974년에서 1986년 사이에 머지사이드 카운티의회에 의해 관리되었고, 이 시기까지 거슬러 올라가는 조직의 일부 잔여 측면은 남아 있다.1986년에 카운티 의회가 해체되었을 때, 대부분의 시민 기능은 리버풀 시의회로 이관되었다.그러나 경찰소방구조대와 같은 몇몇 당국은 카운티 차원에서 계속 운영되고 있다.따라서 머지사이드 카운티는 소수의 제한된 서비스만을 위한 행정 구역으로 계속 존재하며,[97] 리버풀 시 지역 연합 당국의 역량과 능력은 시간이 지남에 따라 발전하고 있습니다.

이 도시는 또한 웨스트민스터 의회에 4명의 의원을 선출한다.

리버풀 시는 각각 고유한 기능과 [98][99]권한을 가진 세 개의 독립된 시장에 의해 통치됩니다.

선출된

(故) 그루지야 리버풀 시청

리버풀 시장은 리버풀 시의회를 이끌기 위해 4년마다 대중들에 의해 직접 선출된다.이 인사는 시의회의 정책을 지휘하고 교육 및 주택과 같은 주요 의회 기능을 수행할 각료들을 임명하는 역할을 한다.시의회 전체 지역 사회를 대표하는 90명의 선출된 시의원들은 시장의 결정, 예산, 그리고 시의 정책 틀을 면밀히 검토할 책임이 있다.시장의 책임은 국내 및 국제적으로 도시를 강력하게 대변하고, 선도하고, 투자자의 신뢰를 쌓고, 자원을 경제적 [100]우선 순위에 할당하는 것입니다.시장은 또한 시장 내각의 자리를 통해 정부 장관 및 총리와 직접 대화를 주고받는다.논의에는 지역 문제에 대한 정부의 의사결정자들을 압박하고 잉글랜드와 웨일즈에서 [101]직접 선출된 다른 시장들과 관계를 구축하는 것이 포함된다.현재 시장은 Joanne Anderson이다.

이 역할은 세 시장 중 가장 나이가 많고 대부분 의례적이다.시장은 리버풀 시의회 내의 평의원에 의해서만 선출되며, 일반 대중은 선출되지 않으며, 임기는 1년입니다.시장은 '최초의 시민'으로 불리며 시의 대표로 선출된다.그들은 행사장에서 도시를 대표하고, 더 넓은 세계에 도시를 홍보하고, 종교의식에 참석합니다.그들은 또한 전체 평의회 회의를 주재하는 중요한 임무를 가지고 있고 [102]임기 내내 지원할 많은 자선 단체를 선택할 수 있다.

리버풀 시는 리버풀 시 지역을 구성하는 6개 지방 자치구 중 하나입니다.리버풀지역의 메트로 시장은 4년마다 이들 6개 자치구의 주민들에 의해 직접 관리되며 리버풀지역 연합 기관을 감독합니다.연합 당국은 도시 지역의 지방 통치를 위한 최상위 행정 기관으로 교통, 투자, 경제 개발, 고용 및 기술, 관광, 문화, 주거 및 물리적 인프라와 같은 문제에 대한 주요 전략적 결정을 내리는 임무를 맡고 있다.현재 메트로 시장은 스티브 로데람이다.

지방 선거의 경우 도시는 30개의 지방 의회 [103]구역으로 나뉘며, 이 구역은 알파벳순으로 다음과 같다.

  1. 베일
  2. ★★★
  3. 무어
  1. 이 있는
  2. ★★★
  3. (스펙가스톤)
  4. 더비
  5. ★★

2011년 5월 지방선거에서 노동당은 12년 만에 재집권한 데 이어 2010년 [104]5월 이전 선거에서도 리버풀 시의회 장악을 강화했다.노동당은 선거 기간 동안 11석을 얻어 총 62석을 차지했는데, 이는 자민당이 22석을 차지한 것과 비교된다.나머지 의석 중 자유당이 3석을 차지했고 녹색당이 2석을 차지했다.영국의 3대 정당 중 하나인 보수당은 리버풀 [104][105]시의회에 대표권이 없었다.

2008년 2월 리버풀 시의회는 전국에서 가장 성적이 나쁜 시의회로 보고되었으며, 단지 별 1개(부적정하다고 분류됨)만을 받았습니다.낮은 등급의 주된 원인은 문화자본 자금에 2000만 파운드의 부족분이 축적되는 등 납세자의 돈을 제대로 [106]처리하지 못한 데 기인했다.

리버풀은 19세기에서 20세기 초반까지 토리주의의 도시 거점이었던 반면, 보수당에 대한 지지는 최근 영국의 어느 지역에서도 가장 낮았고, 특히 1979년 총선 승리 이후 마가렛 대처 총리통화주의적 경제 정책이 큰 불안을 야기한 이후부터 더욱 그러하다.수년 [107]동안 감소하기 시작한 도시의 고용리버풀은 노동당의 주요 거점들 중 하나이다; 그러나 그 도시는 노동당 정부에서도 힘든 시기를 겪어왔다; 특히 리버풀은 영국의 나머지 지역들과 함께 공공 부문 파업을 겪었지만 또한 헤빈의 특히 굴욕적인 불행을 겪었다.무덤 파는 사람들이 파업에 들어가면서 죽은 사람들은 [108]묻히지 않은 채 남겨두죠

리버풀에는 웨스트민스터에서 시의원을 선출하는 4개의 선거구(리버풀 리버사이드, 리버풀 월튼, 리버풀 웨버트리, 리버풀 웨스트 [109]더비)가 있다.지난 총선에서 노동당은 [110]각각 킴 존슨, 댄 카든, 폴라 바커, 이안 번에서 승리했다.2010년 선거 전, 리버풀 가스턴 선거구는 대부분노즐리 사우스 선거구와 합쳐져 가스턴 선거구와 헤일우드 선거구가 되었다.2019년 선거에서 이 의석은 노동당의 [110]마리아 이글이 차지했다.

★★

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리버풀 만, 리버풀 및 더 넓은 머지사이드 지역을 보여주는 위성 이미지

리버풀은 "영국 도시 [111]중 가장 화려한 무대"를 가진 것으로 묘사되어 왔다.53°24 of0 ofN 2°5930resW / 53.40000°N 2.98333°W / 53.40000; -2.98333 (53.4, -2.98)런던 북서쪽 176마일(283km)에 위치한 리버풀시는 사암을 가로질러 지어졌다.웨스트 랭커셔 해안 평원의 n 경계.

머시 하구는 리버풀과 위럴 반도를 가른다.리버풀의 경계는 북쪽으로 세프톤 남부의 부틀, 크로스비, 매그헐, 동쪽으로 노즐리의 커크비, 후이튼, 프레스콧, 헤일우드와 인접해 있다.

★★★★★

리버풀은 영국 제도의 대부분과 마찬가지로 온화한 해양 기후(쾨펜: Cfb)를 경험하며, 여름은 비교적 온화하고 겨울은 선선하며 비는 연중 고르게 퍼집니다.비드스턴에서는 1867년부터 강우량과 기온 기록이 남아 있지만, 대기압에 대한 기록은 적어도 [112]1846년까지 거슬러 올라간다.Bidston은 2002년에 문을 닫았으나 기상청Crossby에 기상대를 가지고 있다.1867년 기록이 시작된 이래, 리버풀 공항은 [113]2006년 7월 19일 35.0°C(95.0°F)의 온도를 기록했지만, 2010년 12월 21일 -17.6°C(0.3°F)에서 1990년 8월 2일 34.5°C(94.1°F)까지 다양했다.

기록상 가장 낮은 일조 시간은 1927년 12월 16.5시간이었고 가장 많은 일조 시간은 2013년 [114][115]7월 314.5시간이었다.

토네이도 활동이나 깔때기 구름 형성은 리버풀 지역에서 매우 드물고 형성되는 토네이도는 보통 약하다.머지사이드에서 최근 토네이도나 깔때기 구름이 1998년과 2014년에 [116][117]목격되었다.

1981-2010년 동안 크로스비는 연평균 32.8일의 서리를 기록했는데, 이는 영국에 [118]비해 낮은 수치다.폭설은 드물지만 겨울에는 꽤 흔하다.눈은 보통 11월과 3월 사이에 내리지만 때때로 더 일찍, 더 늦게 내릴 수 있다.최근 가장 이른 폭설은 2008년 10월[119] 1일이었고 가장 늦은 폭설은 2012년 [120]5월 15일에 있었다.역사적으로 가장 이른 폭설은 1908년[121] 9월 10일, 가장 늦은 [122]폭설은 1975년 6월 2일이었다.

리버풀에서는 강우량이 적은 편이지만, 강수량이 가장 많은 달은 1956년 8월이며, 강수량은 221.2mm(8.71인치)를 기록했고, 가장 건조한 달은 1932년 2월로 0.9mm(0.035인치)[123]이다.기록상 가장 건조한 해는 1991년으로 480.5mm(18.92인치)의 비가 내렸고, 가장 습한 해는 1872년으로 1,159.9mm(45.67인치)[124]였다.

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14.9
(58.8)
16.7
(62.1)
16.6
61.9)
14.5
(58.1)
11.4
(52.5)
8.1
(46.6)
5.6
(42.1)
10.5
(50.9)
최저 ° 평 평 ° ° 、 c c 、 °C ( °F ) 2.8
(37.0)
2.7
(36.9)
3.9
(39.0)
5.6
(42.1)
8.3
(46.9)
11.3
52.3)
13.5
(56.3)
13.5
(56.3)
11.2
(52.2)
8.5
47.3)
5.7
(42.3)
3.1
(37.6)
7.5
(45.5)
낮 °C(°F) 낮을 기록하십시오. - 1-13.1
(8.4)
−11.3
(11.7)
- 2~7.2
(.0)
- ~5.6
(21.9)
- ~1.7
(28.9)
3.4
(38.1)
6.6
43.9)
3.1
(37.6)
1.7
(35.1)
- 9~2.9
(26.8)
- 5~7.5
18.5)
- 6-17.6
(0.3)
- 6-17.6
(0.3)
평균 강수량 mm(인치) 69.4
(2.73)
57.1
252.25)
53.3
(2.10)
49.8
(1.96)
52.5
(2.07)
64.4
(2.54)
65.5
582.58)
72.1
(2.84)
76.6
(3.02)
89.7
(3.53)
82.2
(3.24)
91.9
(3.62)
824.3
(32.45)
평균강수일수( 1 1.0mm) 13.8 11.5 11.3 10.0 9.8 10.4 11.0 12.2 11.8 14.4 15.5 15.4 146.9
★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★▼ 6 5 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 22
평균 상대습도(%) 85.1 83.5 80.7 77.9 76.6 78.9 79.0 80.1 81.9 84.6 85.1 85.6 80.8
월평균 일조시간 56.0 70.3 105.1 154.2 207.0 191.5 197.0 175.2 132.7 97.3 65.8 46.8 1,499.1
일평균 일광시간 8.2 9.9 11.9 14.1 15.9 16.9 16.4 14.7 12.7 10.5 8.6 7.6 12.3
평균 자외선 지수 0 1 2 4 5 6 6 5 4 2 1 0 3
출처 1: Met[125] Office
출처 2: 국립해양학센터[126] WeatherAtlas[127] CEDA 아카이브[128]
  1. ^ 기상대는 리버풀 도심에서 7마일(11km) 떨어진 곳에 있습니다.
  2. ^ 1971-2000년 동안 Bidston 천문대에서 일조 시간이 기록되었다.
  3. ^ 부터 2002년7월부터 1월부터 할 수 없는 1992년 1월부터 5월까지)가 보고되었다.1992년 7월부터 5월까지의 .
  4. ^ 1867년부터 2002년까지 위랄에 있는 비드스톤 천문대에서 극단이 기록되었다.2002년 이후 세프톤의 크로스비에서는 극단적인 상황이 기록되었다.

★★★

및 ★★★★

다음과 같다.

리버풀

2010년 리버풀 시의회와 프라이머리 케어 트러스트([129]Primary Care Trust)는 머시 포레스트에 의뢰하여 리버풀 시의 "녹색 인프라 전략"을 완성했습니다.

리버풀은 그린벨트 지역의 핵심 도시 요소이며, 도시 스프롤을 줄이고, 컨벤션 지역의 마을이 더 이상 수렴되는 것을 방지하며, 외곽 지역의 정체성을 보호하고, 브라운필드 재사용을 장려하고, 인근 시골 지역을 보존하기 위한 것이다.이는 지정된 구역 내에서 부적절한 개발을 제한하고 허가된 건물에 [130]더 엄격한 조건을 부과함으로써 달성된다.

이미 고도로 건설되었기 때문에, 도시는 파자커리, 크록스테스 홀, 컨트리 파크와 크레이븐 우드, 우드필드 파크와 네델리의 인근 골프장, 세인트 앰브로스 초등학교에 의해 Spke 지역의 동쪽의 작은 그린필드 구역, 그리고 구 전체에 걸쳐 그린필드 보호 구역의 제한된 부분을 포함합니다.오글렛의 작은 마을과 리버풀 [131]공항 남쪽의 주변 지역

그린벨트는 1983년 머지사이드 카운티의회(Merseyside County[132] Councy Council)에 의해 처음 조성되었으며, 도시의 크기는 530 헥타르(5.3 km2; 2.0 평방 mi)[133]에 달한다.

★★★

★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★」

2011년 영국 인구 조사에서 리버풀의 인구는 466,415명으로 2001년 인구 [134]조사 때의 439,473명에 비해 6.1% 증가했다.중앙 리버풀 지방 자치체의 인구는 교외화와 이 [135]지역에 새로운 도시가 건설되기 전인 1931년 인구조사에서 846,101명으로 1930년대에 정점을 찍었다.런던과 맨체스터포함한 많은 영국의 도시들과 마찬가지로, 리버풀 시의회 구역으로 둘러싸인 도심은 1931년 인구 조사 이후 마이너스 인구 증가를 경험했다.인구 손실의 상당 부분은 제2차 세계 대전 이후 도입된 인근 지역에 대한 대규모 재정착 프로그램의 결과로 커크비, 스켈머스데일, 런콘과 같은 위성 도시들이 이에 상응하는 인구 증가를 보였다(커크비는 1960년대 [136]영국에서 가장 빠르게 성장하는 도시였다).

리버풀의 인구는 30세 미만 인구의 42.5%로 영국 평균 37.7%[137]에 비해 전체적으로 젊은 편이다.2014년 7월 현재 인구의 66%가 근로 [137]연령이다.

리버풀 인구의 75%(추정)가 아일랜드 혈통을 가지고 있다.그러므로 그 도시는 [138]글래스고와 함께 가장 강력한 아일랜드 유산을 가진 영국의 도시라는 주장을 가지고 있다.

리버풀은 머지사이드에서 인구, GDP, 면적 면에서 가장 큰 지방 자치체이다.리버풀은 일반적으로 대도시 면적을 정의하기 위해 넓은 머지사이드 지역과 함께 분류되며, 몇 가지 방법론이 있다.리버풀은 통계 목적으로 ONS에 의해 독립형 NUTS3 지역으로 정의되며, 이스트 머지사이드(Knowsley, St Helens 및 Halton), 세프톤 및 위랄과 함께 NUTS2 지역 "머지사이드"의 일부를 구성한다.이 지역의 인구는 2014년 추계 기준으로 1,513,306명이다.

"리버풀 도시 지역(Liverpool Urban Area)"은 국립통계국(ONS)이 머시 강의 동쪽에 있는 도시 주변의 도시 지역을 가리키는 데 사용하는 용어이다.인접한 빌딩 지역은 리버풀 시의회가 관리하는 지역을 넘어 인접한 지방 당국 지역, 특히 세프톤노즐리의 일부까지 확장됩니다.ONS에 의해 정의된 대로 이 지역은 HaydockSt.까지 동쪽으로 확장됩니다. 헬렌스.수도권과는 달리 도시지역에는 위럴이나 그 인접지역이 [139]포함되지 않는다.2011년 현재 이 지역의 인구는 864,211명이다.

"리버풀 시티 지역"은 머시 파트너십에 의해 정의된 리버풀 시티 지역 연합 당국의 산하에 있는 머지사이드 지역 당국 간의 경제 협력 관계입니다.이 지역은 머지사이드와 할튼 구에 걸쳐 있으며 추정 인구는 150만 명에서 200만 명 사이이다.[140]

2006년 ESPON(현재의 영토 개발통합을 위한 유럽 관측 네트워크)은 "리버풀/버켄헤드 메트로폴리탄 지역"을 인접한 도시 지역, 노동력 풀 및 통근자 "작업 지역"으로 구성된 기능 도시 지역으로 정의하는 연구를 발표했다.분석 결과, 머지사이드 대도시 지역은 그레이터맨체스터의 할턴구, 위건구, 체스터시, 그리고 옴스커크워링턴을 포함한 랭커셔와 체셔의 여러 도시들과 함께 그룹화되었고, 다핵 대도시 지역은 224만1천명의 [141]인구를 가지고 있는 것으로 추정되었다.

리버풀과 맨체스터는 때때로 하나의 큰 다핵 대도시 지역,[142][143][144]거대 도시라고 여겨진다.

2011년 인구조사에 따르면 리버풀 인구의 84.8%가 백인 영국인, 1.4%가 백인 아일랜드인, 2.6%가 백인 기타인, 4.1%가 아시아인 또는 아시아인(영국 인디언, 1.7%가 영국인 포함), 2.6%가 흑인 또는 흑인(영국 중국인 포함)이었다.혼혈인. 응답자의 1.8%가 다른 민족 [5]출신이었다.

2014년 [145][146]조사에 따르면 리버풀에서 가장 인기 있는 성씨 10곳은 다음과 같다.

Jones ( 존스 (웰시)– 23,012
Smith 。 스미스 (어어)– 16,276
윌리엄스. 13,997명
. 10,420
휴즈 - - 9,787
로버츠 9, (Welsh 9,571
. (영어)– 8,219
존슨 。 존슨(Johnson/Johnson)– 6,715
( 6, 。 브영 ( 영영 / 코틀틀틀––––)– 6,603
머피( 머95아아아아아,,,,, ( )– 6,495

리버풀은 적어도 1730년대 영국에서 가장 오래된 흑인 공동체의 본거지이다.어떤 리버푸들리안들은 10대 [147]전으로 거슬러 올라가면 그들의 흑인 혈통을 추적할 수 있다.초기 흑인 정착민들은 1722년 이후에 들어온 노예들이 자유인으로 [148]간주되었기 때문에, 교육을 받기 위해 보내진 선원, 상인들의 자녀들, 그리고 해방된 노예들을 포함했다.20세기 이후, 리버풀은 또한 아프리카계 이민자들과 그 다음 세대로 구성된 아프리카계 카리브,[5] 가나,[149] 소말리아인[150] 공동체로도 유명하다.

이 도시는 또한 유럽에서 가장 오래된 중국인 공동체의 본거지이기도 합니다; 도시의 차이나타운의 첫 번째 거주자는 19세기에 [151]선원으로서 도착했습니다.리버풀 차이나타운에 세워진 전통 중국 관문은 중국 밖 최대 관문이다.리버풀은 또한 오랜 필리핀 공동체를 가지고 있다.영국 최고의 히트를 기록한 최초의 여성 리버풀 출신의 가수 리타 로자는 필리핀 혈통을 가지고 있었다.

그 도시는 또한 많은 아일랜드 인구와 역사적으로 많은 웨일스 인구로 [152]알려져 있다.1813년 리버풀 인구의 10%가 웨일스인이었고, 이 도시는 "북웨일스의 [152]수도"로 알려지게 되었다.19세기 중반 아일랜드 대기근의 시작 이후, 10년 동안 2백만 명에 이르는 아일랜드 사람들이 리버풀로 여행했고, 그 후 많은 사람들이 [153]미국으로 떠났다.1851년까지 리버풀 인구의 20% 이상이 [154]아일랜드인이었다.2001년 인구조사에서 인구의 1.17%가 웨일스 태생이고 0.75%가 아일랜드 공화국에서 태어났으며 0.54%가 북아일랜드 [155]태생이지만 더 많은 리버푸들리아인이 웨일스 또는 아일랜드[156] 출신이다.

다른 동시대 민족으로는 인도,[5] 라틴 아메리카,[157] 말레이시아,[158] 예멘[159] 커뮤니티가 있으며, 각각 수천 개에 이른다.

★★

리버풀을 지나는 수천 명의 이민자들과 선원들은 오늘날에도 여전히 분명한 종교적 다양성을 만들어냈다.이것은 두 개의 기독교 대성당을 포함한 똑같이 다양한 종교 [160]건물의 컬렉션에 반영되어 있다.

리버풀은 영국의 '가장 가톨릭적인 도시'로 알려져 있으며,[161] 영국의 다른 지역보다 가톨릭 인구가 훨씬 많다.이것은 주로 아일랜드인들이 도시로 이주한 역사적인 이유와 그 이후 [162]그 후손들 때문이다.

리버풀의 교구 교회는 영국 성공회 성모 마리아와 성 니콜라스로, 속칭 "선원 교회"로 알려져 있으며, 1257년부터 해안 근처에 존재해왔다.그것은 정기적으로 가톨릭 미사를 주최한다.다른 주목할 만한 교회로는 그리스 정교회 성 니콜라스구스타프 아돌프 교회가 있다.

항구 도시로서의 리버풀의 부는 20세기에 두 개의 거대한 대성당을 건설할 수 있게 했다.영국 성공회 대성당은 자일스 길버트 스콧 경이 설계하고 매년 열리는 리버풀 셰익스피어 축제를 주최하는 으로 세계에서 가장 긴 항해, 가장 큰 오르간, 무겁고 높은 종소리를 가지고 있다.리버풀 사이언스 파크 에 있는 플레전트 산에 있는 로마 가톨릭 메트로폴리탄 대성당은 처음에는 훨씬 더 커질 계획이었다.에드윈 루틴 경의 원래 디자인 중 지하실만 완성되었다.그 성당은 결국 프레드릭 기버드 경에 의해 더 단순한 설계로 지어졌다.이것은 루틴스의 원래 디자인보다 작은 규모이지만, 여전히 세계에서 가장 큰 스테인드 글라스 패널을 포함하고 있습니다.두 성당 사이를 지나는 길은 희망거리라고 불리는데, 이는 신도들을 기쁘게 하는 우연의 일치이다.이 성당은 모양 때문에 [163][nb 1]속칭 '패디의 위그웜'으로 불린다.

리버풀 톡스테스 지역에 있는 알라흐마 모스크

리버풀에는 여러 개의 유대교 회당이 있는데, 그 중 무어 부흥왕자 로드 시나고그가 건축학적으로 가장 주목할 만한 1등급 1은 무어 부흥왕자 로드 시나고그입니다.프린스 로드는 영국의 무어 부흥 회당 중 가장 웅장하고 [164]리버풀에서 가장 훌륭한 건물 중 하나로 널리 알려져 있습니다.리버풀에는 두 개의 정통 유대교 회당이 있으며, 하나는 도시의 앨러튼 구역에, 다른 하나는 중요한 유대인 공동체가 살고 있는 칠드월 구역에 있다.L17 Greenbank Park 지역에 있는 세 번째 정교회당은 최근 문을 닫았고 1930년대 건축물로 등재되어 있습니다.루바비치 차바드 집과 개혁적인 유대교 회당도 있다.리버풀에는 18세기 중반부터 유대인 공동체가 있었다.리버풀의 유대인 인구는 약 5,000명이다.[165]리버풀 탈무디칼 칼리지는 1914년부터 1990년까지 존재했으며, 그 후 Childwall Synogue로 수업이 옮겨졌다.

리버풀은 또한 엣지 힐엣지 레인만디르를 둔 힌두교 공동체를 가지고 있다.리버풀에 있는 힌두 문화 기구의 슈리 라다 크리슈나 사원이 [166]그곳에 있습니다.리버풀은 또한 바베르리에[167] 구루 나나크 시크 구르드와라[168]같은 지역에 바하이 센터를 가지고 있다.

이 도시에는 1887년 이슬람교로 개종한 변호사 윌리엄 압둘라 퀼리암에 의해 설립된 영국에서 가장 오래된 모스크가 있었고 웨스트 더비 [169]로드의 계단식 주택에 리버풀 이슬람 연구소를 세웠다.이 건물은 1908년까지 예배당으로 사용되었고, 그 후 시의회에 매각되어 [170]사무실로 개조되었다.이슬람 사원이 한때 [171]서 있던 건물을 박물관으로 개조하는 계획이 받아들여졌다.리버풀에는 3개의 모스크가 있다: 가장 크고 주요한 모스크는 도시의 Toxteth 지역에 있는 Al-Rahma 모스크와 도시의 Mossley Hill 구역에 최근 문을 열었다.세 번째 모스크도 최근 톡스테스에 문을 열었고 그랜비 거리에 있다.

의절과 정체성

리버풀의 원주민들은 리버푸들리안이라고 불리며, 구어체로 "스카우저"라고 불리며,[172] 찌개의 일종인 "스카우저"를 가리킨다."스카우스"라는 단어는 또한 리버풀 억양과 사투리와 동의어가 되었다.많은 사람들이 실제로 [173]리버풀의 도시 경계 내에서 태어나거나 살지 않고 리버푸들리안이나 스카우저라고 "자기 정체"한다.

경제.

Apartment buildings within Liverpool's new commercial district

The Economy of Liverpool is one of the largest within the United Kingdom, sitting at the centre of one of the two core economies within the North West of England.[174] In 2006, the city's GVA was £7,626 million, providing a per capita figure of £17,489, which was above the North West average.[175] Liverpool's economy has seen strong growth since the mid-1990s, with its GVA increasing 71.8% between 1995 and 2006 and employment increasing 12% between 1998 and 2006.[175] GDP per capita was estimated to stand at $32,121 in 2014, and total GDP at $65.8 billion.[176]

In common with much of the rest of the UK today, Liverpool's economy is dominated by service sector industries, both public and private. In 2007, over 60% of all employment in the city was in the public administration, education, health, banking, finance and insurance sectors.[175] Over recent years there has also been significant growth in the knowledge economy of Liverpool with the establishment of the Liverpool Knowledge Quarter in sectors such as media and life sciences.[177] Liverpool's rich architectural base has also helped the city become the second most filmed city in the UK outside London,[178] including doubling for Chicago, London, Moscow, New York, Paris and Rome.[179][180]

Liverpool One has helped move the city into the top five retail destinations in the UK

Another important component of Liverpool's economy are the tourism and leisure sectors. Liverpool is the sixth most visited UK city[181] and one of the 100 most visited cities in the world by international tourists.[182] In 2008, during the city's European Capital of Culture celebrations, overnight visitors brought £188m into the local economy,[181] while tourism as a whole is worth approximately £1.3bn a year to Liverpool.[180] The city's new cruise liner terminal, which is situated close to the Pier Head, also makes Liverpool One of the few places in the world where cruise ships are able to berth right in the centre of the city.[183] Other recent developments in Liverpool such as the Echo Arena and Liverpool One have made Liverpool an important leisure centre with the latter helping to lift Liverpool into the top five retail destinations in the UK.[184]

The Range Rover Evoque is manufactured at Jaguar Land Rover's plant at Halewood.

Historically, the economy of Liverpool was centred on the city's port and manufacturing base, although a smaller proportion of total employment is today derived from the port.[175] Nonetheless the city remains one of the most important ports in the United Kingdom, handling over 32.2m tonnes of cargo in 2008.[185] A new multimillion-pound expansion to the Port of Liverpool, Liverpool2, is scheduled to be operational from the end of 2015, and is projected to greatly increase the volume of cargo which Liverpool is able to handle.[186] Liverpool is also home to the UK headquarters of many shipping lines including Japanese firm NYK and Danish firm Maersk Line, whilst shipping firm Atlantic Container Line has recently invested significant amounts in expanding its Liverpool operations, with a new headquarters currently under construction.[187][188][189] Future plans to redevelop the city's northern dock system, in a project known as Liverpool Waters, could see £5.5bn invested in the city over the next 50 years, creating 17,000 new jobs.[190]

Car manufacturing also takes place in the city at the Jaguar Land Rover Halewood plant where the Range Rover Evoque model is assembled. In 2016 it was reported that The Beatles contribute £82 million a year to Liverpool's economy and are a direct result of 2,335 jobs.[191][192][193][194][195]

Landmarks and recent development projects

Liverpool's history means that there are a considerable variety of architectural styles found within the city, ranging from 16th century Tudor buildings to modern-day contemporary architecture.[196] The majority of buildings in the city date from the late-18th century onwards, the period during which the city grew into one of the foremost powers in the British Empire.[197] There are over 2,500 listed buildings in Liverpool, of which 27 are Grade I listed[198] and 85 are Grade II* listed.[199] The city also has a greater number of public sculptures than any other location in the United Kingdom aside from Westminster[200] and more Georgian houses than the city of Bath.[201] This richness of architecture has subsequently seen Liverpool described by English Heritage, as England's finest Victorian city.[202]

The value of Liverpool's architecture and design was recognised in 2004, when several areas throughout the city were declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Known as the Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City, the sites were added in recognition of the city's role in the development of international trade and docking technology.[203] However this status was revoked in July 2021, when UNESCO resolved that recent and proposed developments, such as the Bramley-Moore Dock stadium and Liverpool Waters projects, had resulted in the "serious deterioration" of the area's significance.[204]

Waterfront and docks

The Albert Dock contains the UK's largest collection of Grade I listed buildings as well as being the most visited multi-use attraction outside London

As a major British port, the docks in Liverpool have historically been central to the city's development. Several major docking firsts have occurred in the city including the construction of the world's first enclosed wet dock (the Old Dock) in 1715 and the first ever hydraulic lifting cranes.[205] The best-known dock in Liverpool is the Royal Albert Dock, Liverpool, which was constructed in 1846 and today comprises the largest single collection of Grade I listed buildings anywhere in Britain.[206] Built under the guidance of Jesse Hartley, it was considered to be one of the most advanced docks anywhere in the world upon completion and is often attributed with helping the city to become one of the most important ports in the world. The Albert Dock houses restaurants, bars, shops, two hotels as well as the Merseyside Maritime Museum, International Slavery Museum, Tate Liverpool and The Beatles Story. North of the city centre is Stanley Dock, home to the Stanley Dock Tobacco Warehouse, which was at the time of its construction in 1901, the world's largest building in terms of area[207] and today stands as the world's largest brick-work building.[208]

One of the most famous locations in Liverpool is the Pier Head, renowned for the trio of buildings – the Royal Liver Building, the Cunard Building and the Port of Liverpool Building – which sit upon it. Collectively referred to as the Three Graces, these buildings stand as a testament to the great wealth in the city during the late 19th and early 20th century. Built-in a variety of architectural styles, they are recognised as being the symbol of Maritime Liverpool and are regarded by many as contributing to one of the most impressive waterfronts in the world.[209][210][211][212]

Bluecoat Chambers, the oldest building in Liverpool city centre

In recent years, several areas along Liverpool's waterfront have undergone significant redevelopment. Amongst the notable recent developments are the Museum of Liverpool, the construction of the Liverpool Arena and BT Convention Centre on Kings Dock, Alexandra Tower and 1 Princes Dock on Prince's Dock and Liverpool Marina around Coburg and Brunswick Docks. The Wheel of Liverpool opened on 25 March 2010.[213][214]

However, plans to redevelop parts of the Liverpool have been marred by controversy. In December 2016, a newly formed company called North Point Global Ltd. was given the rights to develop part of the docks under the "New Chinatown" banner. Though heavily advertised in Liverpool, Hong Kong and Chinese cities with glossy advertisements and videos, the "New Chinatown" development failed to materialise.[215] In January 2018, the Liverpool Echo and Asia Times revealed that the site remained sans any construction, North Point Global as well as its subcontractor "Bilt" had both declared bankruptcy, and the small investors (mostly middle class couples) who had already paid money for the apartments had lost most of their savings in them.[216] Five similar development projects, mostly targeting individual Chinese and Hong Kong based citizens, were suspended due to financial misappropriations.[217]

Commercial district and cultural quarter

Victoria Street like many streets in the city centre is lined with dozens of listed buildings

Liverpool's historic position as one of the most important trading ports in the world has meant that over time many grand buildings have been constructed in the city as headquarters for shipping firms, insurance companies, banks and other large firms. The great wealth this brought, then allowed for the development of grand civic buildings, which were designed to allow the local administrators to 'run the city with pride'.[218]

The commercial district is centred on the Castle Street, Dale Street and Old Hall Street areas of the city, with many of the area's roads still following their medieval layout. Having developed over a period of three centuries the area is regarded as one of the most important architectural locations in the city, as recognised by its inclusion in Liverpool's former World Heritage site.[219]

The oldest building in the area is the Grade I listed Liverpool Town Hall, which is located at the top of Castle Street and dates from 1754. Often regarded as the city's finest piece of Georgian architecture, the building is known as one of the most extravagantly decorated civic buildings anywhere in Britain.[220][221] Also on Castle Street is the Grade I listed Bank of England Building, constructed between 1845 and 1848, as one of only three provincial branches of the national bank.[220] Amongst the other buildings in the area are the Tower Buildings, Albion House (the former White Star Line headquarters), the Municipal Buildings and Oriel Chambers,[222] which is considered to be one of the earliest Modernist style buildings ever built.[223]

The area around William Brown Street is referred to as the city's 'Cultural Quarter', owing to the presence of numerous civic buildings, including the William Brown Library, Walker Art Gallery, Picton Reading Rooms and World Museum Liverpool. The area is dominated by neo-classical architecture, of which the most prominent, St George's Hall,[224] is widely regarded as the best example of a neo-classical building anywhere in Europe.[225] A Grade I listed building, it was constructed between 1840 and 1855 to serve a variety of civic functions in the city and its doors are inscribed with "S.P.Q.L." (Latin senatus populusque Liverpudliensis), meaning "the senate and people of Liverpool". William Brown Street is also home to numerous public monuments and sculptures, including Wellington's Column and the Steble Fountain. Many others are located around the area, particularly in St John's Gardens, which was specifically developed for this purpose.[226] The William Brown Street area has been likened to a modern recreation of the Roman Forum.[227]

Other notable landmarks

Speke HallTudormanor house is one of Liverpool's oldest buildings
West Tower has been the city's tallest building since completion in 2008

While the majority of Liverpool's architecture dates from the mid-18th century onwards, there are several buildings that pre-date this time. One of the oldest surviving buildings is Speke Hall, a Tudor manor house located in the south of the city, which was completed in 1598.[228] The building is one of the few remaining timber framed Tudor houses left in the north of England and is particularly noted for its Victorian interiors, which was added in the mid-19th century.[229] In addition to Speke Hall, many of the city's other oldest surviving buildings are also former manor houses including Croxteth Hall and Woolton Hall, which were completed in 1702 and 1704 respectively.[230] The oldest building within the city centre is the Grade I listed Bluecoat Chambers,[231] which was built between 1717 and 1718. Constructed in British Queen Anne style,[232][233] the building was influenced in part by the work of Christopher Wren[234] and was originally the home of the Bluecoat School (who later moved to a larger site in Wavertree in the south of the city). Since 1908 it has acted as a centre for arts in Liverpool.[232]

Liverpool Cathedral is regarded as one of the greatest buildings of the twentieth century and is one of the largest church buildings in the world

Liverpool is noted for having two Cathedrals, each of which imposes over the landscape around it.[235] The Anglican Cathedral, which was constructed between 1904 and 1978, is the largest Cathedral in Britain[236] and the fifth largest in the world. Designed and built in Gothic style, it is regarded as one of the greatest buildings to have been constructed during the 20th century[237] and was described by former British Poet Laureate, John Betjeman, as 'one of the great buildings of the world'.[238] The Roman Catholic Metropolitan Cathedral was constructed between 1962 and 1967 and is known as one of the first Cathedrals to break the traditional longitudinal design.[239]

In recent years, many parts of Liverpool's city centre have undergone significant redevelopment and regeneration after years of decline. The largest of these developments has been Liverpool One, which has seen almost £1 billion invested in the redevelopment of 42 acres (17 hectares) of land, providing new retail, commercial, residential and leisure space.[240] Around the north of the city centre several new skyscrapers have also been constructed including the RIBA award-winning Unity Buildings and West Tower, which at 140m is Liverpool's tallest building. Many redevelopment schemes are also in progress including Central Village / Circus,[241] the Lime Street gateway,[242] and the highly ambitious Liverpool Waters.[243]

There are many other notable buildings in Liverpool, including the art deco former terminal building of Speke Airport, the University of Liverpool's Victoria Building, (which provided the inspiration for the term Red Brick University), and the Adelphi Hotel, which was in that past considered to be one of the finest hotels anywhere in the world.[244]

Parks and gardens

The English Heritage National Register of Historic Parks describes Merseyside's Victorian Parks as collectively the "most important in the country".[245] The city of Liverpool has ten listed parks and cemeteries, including two Grade I and five Grade II*, more than any other English city apart from London.[246]

Transport

The Wallasey entrance to the Kingsway Tunnel. Liverpool's skyline is visible in the background

Transport in Liverpool is primarily centred on the city's road and rail networks, both of which are extensive and provide links across the United Kingdom. Liverpool has an extensive local public transport network, which is managed by Merseytravel, and includes buses, trains and ferries. Additionally, the city also has an international airport and a major port, both of which provides links to locations outside the country.

National and international travel

Roads

As a major city, Liverpool has direct road links with many other areas within England. To the east, the M62 motorway connects Liverpool with Hull and along the route provides links to several large cities, including Manchester, Leeds and Bradford. The M62 also provides a connection to both the M6 and M1 motorways, providing indirect links to more distant areas including Birmingham, London, Nottingham, Preston and Sheffield.[247] To the west of the city, the Kingsway and Queensway Tunnels connect Liverpool with the Wirral Peninsula, including Birkenhead, and Wallasey. The A41 road and M53 motorway, which both begin in Birkenhead, link to Cheshire and Shropshire and via the A55, to North Wales.[248] To the south, Liverpool is connected to Widnes and Warrington via the A562 and across the River Mersey to Runcorn, via the Silver Jubilee and Mersey Gateway bridges.

Railway

Liverpool is served by two separate rail networks. The local rail network is managed and run by Merseyrail and provides links throughout Merseyside and beyond (see Local travel below), while the national network, which is managed by Network Rail, provides Liverpool with connections to major towns and cities across England. The city's primary main line station is Lime Street station, which is the terminus for several lines into the city, with numerous destinations including London (in 2 hours 8 minutes with Pendolino trains), Birmingham, Newcastle upon Tyne, Manchester, Preston, Leeds, Scarborough, Sheffield, Nottingham and Norwich. In the south of the city, Liverpool South Parkway provides a connection to the city's airport.

Port

The Port of Liverpool is one of Britain's largest ports, providing passenger ferry services across the Irish Sea to Belfast, Dublin and the Isle of Man. Services are provided by several companies, including the Isle of Man Steam Packet Company, P&O Ferries and Stena Line. In 2007, a new cruise terminal was opened in Liverpool, located alongside the Pier Head in the city centre. November 2016 saw the official opening of Liverpool2, an extension to the port that allows post-Panamax vessels to dock in Liverpool.[249]

Leeds and Liverpool Canal runs into Liverpool city centre via Liverpool Canal Link at Pier Head since 2009.[250]

Liverpool Cruise Terminal in the city centre provides long-distance passenger cruises, Fred. Olsen Cruise Lines MS Black Watch and Cruise & Maritime Voyages MS Magellan using the terminal to depart to Iceland, France, Spain and Norway.[251]

Airport

Liverpool John Lennon Airport, which is located in the south of the city, provides Liverpool with direct air connections across the United Kingdom and Europe. In 2008, the airport handled over 5.3 million passengers[252] and today offers services to 68 destinations,[253] including Berlin, Rome, Milan, Paris, Barcelona and Zürich. The airport is primarily served by low-cost airlines, notably Ryanair and Easyjet, although it does provide additional charter services in the summer.

Local travel

Trains

The Merseyrail network has extensive underground sections within the city centre. Liverpool Central is the UK's busiest underground station outside London

Liverpool's local rail network is one of the busiest and most extensive in the country. The network consists of three lines: the Northern Line, which runs to Southport, Ormskirk, Kirkby and Hunts Cross; the Wirral Line, which runs through the Mersey Railway Tunnel and has branches to New Brighton, West Kirby, Chester and Ellesmere Port; and the City Line, which begins at Lime Street, providing links to St Helens, Wigan, Preston, Warrington and Manchester.

The network is predominantly electric. Electrification of the City Line was completed in 2015. The two lines operated by Merseyrail are the busiest British urban commuter networks outside London, covering 75 miles (120 kilometres) of track, with an average of 110,000 passenger journeys per weekday.[254][255] Services are operated by the Merseyrail franchise and managed by Merseytravel. Local services on the City Line are operated by Northern rather than Merseyrail, although the line itself remains part of the Merseyrail network. Within the city centre the majority of the network is underground, with four city centre stations and over 6+12 miles (10.5 kilometres) of tunnels.[254]

Buses

MV Royal Iris of the Mersey is one of three ferries that provide cross river services between Liverpool and the Wirral

Local bus services within and around Liverpool are managed by Merseytravel[256] and are run by several different companies, including Arriva and Stagecoach. The two principal termini for local buses are Queen Square bus station (located near Lime Street railway station) for services north and east of the city, and Liverpool One bus station (located near the Albert Dock) for services to the south and east. Cross-river services to the Wirral use roadside terminus points in Castle Street and Sir Thomas Street. A night bus service also operates on Saturdays providing services from the city centre across Liverpool and Merseyside.[257] City Sights[258] and City explorer by Maghull coaches offer a tour bus service. National Express also operates.[259][260]

Mersey Ferry

The cross-river ferry service in Liverpool, known as the Mersey Ferry, is managed and operated by Merseytravel, with services operating between the Pier Head in Liverpool and both Woodside in Birkenhead and Seacombe in Wallasey. Services operate at intervals ranging from 20 minutes, at peak times, to every hour during the middle of the day and at weekends.[261] Despite remaining an important transport link between the city and the Wirral Peninsula, the Mersey Ferry has become an increasingly popular tourist attraction within the city, with daytime River Explorer Cruises providing passengers with an historical overview of the River Mersey and surrounding areas.[262]

Cycling

In May 2014, the CityBike hire scheme was launched in the city. The scheme provides access to over 1,000 bikes stationed at over 140 docking stations across the city.[263] National Cycle Route 56, National Cycle Route 62 and National Cycle Route 810 run through Liverpool.

Culture

As with other large cities, Liverpool is an important cultural centre within the United Kingdom, incorporating music, performing arts, museums and art galleries, literature and nightlife amongst others. In 2008, the cultural heritage of the city was celebrated with the city holding the title of European Capital of Culture, during which time a wide range of cultural celebrations took place in the city, including Go Superlambananas! and La Princesse. Liverpool has also held Europe's largest music and poetry event, the Welsh national Eisteddfod, three times, despite being in England, in 1884, 1900, and 1929.

Music

The Beatles statue in their home city Liverpool. The group are the most commercially successful and critically acclaimed band in popular music.[264]

Liverpool is internationally known for music and is recognised by Guinness World Records as the World Capital City of Pop.[265] Musicians from the city have produced 56 No. 1 singles, more than any other city in the world.[14][15] Both the most successful male band and girl group in global music history have contained Liverpudlian members. Liverpool is most famous as the birthplace of the Beatles and during the 1960s was at the forefront of the Beat Music movement, which would eventually lead to the British Invasion. Many notable musicians of the time originated in the city including Billy J. Kramer, Cilla Black, Gerry and the Pacemakers and The Searchers. The influence of musicians from Liverpool, coupled with other cultural exploits of the time, such as the Liverpool poets, prompted American poet Allen Ginsberg to proclaim that the city was "the centre of consciousness of the human universe".[266] Other musicians from Liverpool include Billy Fury, A Flock of Seagulls, Echo & the Bunnymen, Frankie Goes to Hollywood, Frankie Vaughan, Anathema, Ladytron, The Zutons, Cast, Atomic Kitten and Rebecca Ferguson. The La's 1990 hit single "There She Goes" was described by Rolling Stone as a "founding piece of Britpop's foundation."[267]

The city is also home to the oldest surviving professional symphony orchestra in the UK, the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra, which is based in the Philharmonic Hall.[268] The chief conductor of the orchestra is Vasily Petrenko.[269] Sir Edward Elgar dedicated his Pomp and Circumstance March No. 1 to the Liverpool Orchestral Society, and the piece had its first performance in the city in 1901.[270] Among Liverpool's curiosities, the Austrian émigré Fritz Spiegl is notable. He not only became a world expert on the etymology of Scouse, but composed the music to Z-cars and the Radio 4 UK Theme.

The Mathew Street Festival is an annual street festival that is one of the most important musical events in Liverpool's calendar. It is Europe's largest free music event and takes place every August.[271] Other well established festivals in the city include Africa Oyé and Brazilica which are the UK's largest free African and Brazilian music festivals respectively.[272][273] The dance music festival Creamfields was established by the Liverpool-based Cream clubbing brand which started life as a weekly event at Nation nightclub. There are numerous music venues located across the city, however the Echo Arena is by far the largest. Opened in 2008 the 11,000-seat arena hosted the MTV Europe Music Awards the same year and since then has held host to world-renowned acts such as Andrea Bocelli, Beyoncé, Elton John, Kanye West, Kasabian, The Killers, Lady Gaga, Oasis, Pink, Rihanna, UB40.

Visual arts

William Brown Street, also known as the Cultural Quarter was a World Heritage Site consisting of the World Museum, Central Library, Picton Reading Room and Walker Art Gallery

Liverpool has more galleries and national museums than any other city in the United Kingdom apart from London.[16] National Museums Liverpool is the only English national collection based wholly outside London.[274] The Tate Liverpool gallery houses the modern art collection of the Tate in the North of England and was, until the opening of Tate Modern, the largest exhibition space dedicated to modern art in the United Kingdom. The FACT centre hosts touring multimedia exhibitions, while the Walker Art Gallery houses one of the most impressive permanent collections of Pre-Raphaelite art in the world.[275] Sudley House contains another major collection of pre-20th-century art.[276] Liverpool University's Victoria Building was re-opened as a public art gallery and museum to display the University's artwork and historical collections which include the largest display of art by Audubon outside the US.[277] A number of artists have also come from the city, including painter George Stubbs who was born in Liverpool in 1724.

The Liverpool Biennial festival of arts runs from mid-September to late November and comprises three main sections; the International, The Independents and New Contemporaries although fringe events are timed to coincide.[278] It was during the 2004 festival that Yoko Ono's work "My mother is beautiful" caused widespread public protest when photographs of a naked woman's pubic area were exhibited on the main shopping street.

Nelson Monument at Exchange Flags. The other British hero of the Napoleonic Wars is commemorated in Wellington's Column

Literature

Felicia Hemans (née Browne) was born in Dale Street, Liverpool, in 1793, although she later moved to Flintshire, in Wales. Felicia was born in Liverpool, a granddaughter of the Venetian consul in that city. Her father's business soon brought the family to Denbighshire in North Wales, where she spent her youth. They made their home near Abergele and St. Asaph (Flintshire), and it is clear that she came to regard herself as Welsh by adoption, later referring to Wales as "Land of my childhood, my home and my dead". Her first poems, dedicated to the Prince of Wales, were published in Liverpool in 1808, when she was only fourteen, arousing the interest of Percy Bysshe Shelley, who briefly corresponded with her. [279]

A number of notable authors have visited Liverpool, including Daniel Defoe, Washington Irving, Thomas De Quincey, Herman Melville, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Charles Dickens, Gerard Manley Hopkins and Hugh Walpole. Daniel Defoe, after visiting the city, described it, as "one of the wonders of Britain in his 'Tour through England and Wales'".[280]

Herman Melville's novel Redburn deals with the first seagoing voyage of 19 years old Wellingborough Redburn between New York and Liverpool in 1839. Largely autobiographical, the middle sections of the book are set in Liverpool and describe the young merchantman's wanderings, and his reflections.[279] Hawthorne was stationed in Liverpool as United States consul between 1853 and 1856.[281] Charles Dickens visited the city on numerous occasions to give public readings.[282] Hopkins served as priest at St Francis Xavier Church, Langdale St., Liverpool, between 1879 and 81.[283] Although he is not known to have ever visited Liverpool, Jung famously had a vivid dream of the city which he analysed in one of his works.[284]

Of all the poets who are connected with Liverpool, perhaps the greatest is Constantine P. Cavafy, a twentieth-century Greek cultural icon, although he was born in Alexandria. From a wealthy family, his father had business interests in Egypt, London and Liverpool. After his father's death, Cavafy's mother brought him in 1872 at the age of nine to Liverpool, where he spent part of his childhood being educated. He lived first in Balmoral Road, then when the family firm crashed, he lived in poorer circumstances in Huskisson Street. After his father died in 1870, Cavafy and his family settled for a while in Liverpool. In 1876, his family faced financial problems due to the Long Depression of 1873, so, by 1877, they had to move back to Alexandria.[279]

Her Benny, a novel telling the tragic story of Liverpool street urchins in the 1870s, written by Methodist preacher Silas K. Hocking, was a best-seller and the first book to sell a million copies in the author's lifetime.[285] The prolific writer of adventure novels, Harold Edward Bindloss (1866–1945), was born in Liverpool.

The writer, docker and political activist George Garrett was born in Secombe, on the Wirral Peninsula in 1896 and was brought up in Liverpool's South end, around Park Road, the son of a fierce Liverpool–Irish Catholic mother and a staunch 'Orange' stevedore father. In the 1920s and 1930s, his organisation within the Seamen's Vigilance Committees, unemployed demonstrations, and hunger marches from Liverpool became part of a wider cultural force. He spoke at reconciliation meetings in sectarian Liverpool, and helped found the Unity Theatre in the 1930s as part of the Popular Front against the rise of fascism, particularly its echoes in the Spanish Civil War. Garrett died in 1966.[286]

The novelist and playwright James Hanley (1897–1985) was born in Kirkdale, Liverpool, in 1897 (not Dublin, nor 1901 as he generally implied) to a working-class family.[287] Hanley grew up close to the docks and much of his early writing is about seamen. The Furys (1935) is first in a sequence of five loosely autobiographical novels about working-class life in Liverpool. James Hanley's brother, novelist Gerald Hanley (1916–92) was also born in Liverpool (not County Cork, Ireland, as he claimed).[288] While he published a number of novels he also wrote radio plays for the BBC as well as some film scripts, most notably The Blue Max (1966).[289] He was also one of several scriptwriters for a life of Gandhi (1964).[290] Novelist Beryl Bainbridge (1932–2010) was born in Liverpool and raised in nearby Formby. She was primarily known for her works of psychological fiction, often set among the English working classes. Bainbridge won the Whitbread Awards prize for best novel in 1977 and 1996 and was nominated five times for the Booker Prize. The Times newspaper named Bainbridge among their list of "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945".[291]

J. G. Farrell was born in Liverpool in 1935 but left at the outbreak of war in 1939.[292] A novelist of Irish descent, Farrell gained prominence for his historical fiction, most notably his Empire Trilogy (Troubles, The Siege of Krishnapur and The Singapore Grip), dealing with the political and human consequences of British colonial rule. However, his career ended when he drowned in Ireland in 1979 at the age of 44.

Helen Forrester was the pen name of June Bhatia (née Huband) (1919–2011),[293][294] who was known for her books about her early childhood in Liverpool during the Great Depression, including Twopence to Cross the Mersey (1974), as well as several works of fiction. During the late 1960s the city became well known for the Liverpool poets, who include Roger McGough and the late Adrian Henri. An anthology of poems, The Mersey Sound, written by Henri, McGough and Brian Patten, has sold well since it was first being published in 1967.

Liverpool has produced several noted writers of horror fiction, often set on Merseyside – Ramsey Campbell, Clive Barker and Peter Atkins among them. A collection of Liverpudlian horror fiction, Spook City was edited by a Liverpool expatriate, Angus Mackenzie, and introduced by Doug Bradley, also from Liverpool.[295] Bradley is famed for portraying Barker's creation Pinhead in the Hellraiser series of films.

Performing arts

The Empire Theatre has the largest two-tier auditorium in the UK

Liverpool also has a long history of performing arts, reflected in several annual theatre festivals such as the Liverpool Shakespeare Festival, which takes place inside Liverpool Cathedral and in the adjacent historic St James' Gardens every summer; the Everyword Festival of new theatre writing, the only one of its kind in the country;[296] Physical Fest, an international festival of physical theatre;[297] the annual festivals organised by Liverpool John Moores University's drama department and the Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts; and other festivals by the large number of theatres in the city, such as the Empire, Epstein, Everyman,[298][299] Playhouse,[300][301] Royal Court, and Unity theatres.

Notable actors and actresses from Liverpool include Arthur Askey, Tom Baker, Kim Cattrall, Jodie Comer, Stephen Graham, Rex Harrison, Jason Isaacs, Tina Malone, the McGann brothers (Joe, Mark, Paul, and Stephen), David Morrissey, Elizabeth Morton, Peter Serafinowicz, Elisabeth Sladen, Alison Steadman, and Rita Tushingham. Actors and actresses from elsewhere in the world have strong ties to the city, such as Canadian actor Mike Myers (whose parents were both from Liverpool) and American actress Halle Berry (whose mother was from Liverpool).

Nightlife

Liverpool has a thriving and varied nightlife, with the majority of the city's late-night bars, pubs, nightclubs, live music venues and comedy clubs being located in a number of distinct districts. A 2011 TripAdvisor poll voted Liverpool as having the best nightlife of any UK city, ahead of Manchester, Leeds and even London.[302] Concert Square, St. Peter's Square and the adjoining Seel, Duke and Hardman Streets are home to some of Liverpool's largest and most famed nightclubs including Alma de Cuba, Blue Angel, Korova, The Krazyhouse (Now Electrik Warehouse), The Magnet, Nation (home of the Cream brand, and Medication, the UK's largest and longest-running weekly student event), Popworld as well as numerous other smaller establishments and chain bars. Another popular nightlife destination in the city centre is Mathew Street and the Gay Quarter, located close to the city's commercial district, this area is famed for The Cavern Club alongside numerous gay bars including Garlands and G-Bar. The Albert Dock and Lark Lane in Aigburth also contain an abundance of bars and late-night venues.[citation needed]

Education

In Liverpool primary and secondary education is available in various forms supported by the state including secular, Church of England, Jewish, and Roman Catholic. Islamic education is available at primary level, but there is no secondary provision. One of Liverpool's important early schools was The Liverpool Blue Coat School; founded in 1708 as a charitable school.

The Liverpool Blue Coat School is the top-performing school in the city with 100% 5 or more A*-C grades at GCSE resulting in the 30th best GCSE results in the country and an average point score per student of 1087.4 in A/AS levels.[303] Other notable schools include Liverpool College founded in 1840 Merchant Taylors' School founded in 1620.[304] Another of Liverpool's notable senior schools is St. Edward's College situated in the West Derby area of the city. Historic grammar schools, such as the Liverpool Institute High School and Liverpool Collegiate School—both closed in the 1980s—are still remembered as centres of academic excellence. Bellerive Catholic College is the city's top-performing non-selective school, based upon GCSE results in 2007.

Liverpool has three universities: the University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Hope University. Edge Hill University, founded as a teacher-training college in the Edge Hill district of Liverpool, is now located in Ormskirk in South-West Lancashire. Liverpool is also home to the Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts (LIPA).

The University of Liverpool was established in 1881 as University College Liverpool. In 1884, it became part of the federal Victoria University. Following a Royal Charter and Act of Parliament in 1903, it became an independent university, the University of Liverpool, with the right to confer its own degrees. It was the first university to offer degrees in biochemistry, architecture, civic design, veterinary science, oceanography and social science.

Liverpool Hope University, which was formed through the merger of three colleges, the earliest of which was founded in 1844, gained university status in 2005. It is the only ecumenical university in Europe.[305] It is situated on both sides of Taggart Avenue in Childwall and has a second campus in the city centre (the Cornerstone).

The Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, founded to address some of the problems created by trade, continues today as a post-graduate school affiliated with the University of Liverpool and houses an anti-venom repository.

Liverpool John Moores University was previously a polytechnic, and gained status in 1992. It is named in honour of Sir John Moores, one of the founders of the Littlewoods football pools and retail group, who was a major benefactor. The institution was previously owned and run by Liverpool City Council. It traces it lineage to the Liverpool Mechanics Institute, opened in 1823, making it by this measure England's third-oldest university.

The city has one further education college, Liverpool Community College in the city centre. Liverpool City Council operates Burton Manor, a residential adult education college in nearby Burton, on the Wirral Peninsula.

There are two Jewish schools in Liverpool, both belonging to the King David Foundation. King David School, Liverpool is the High School and the King David Primary School. There is also a King David Kindergarten, featured in the community centre of Harold House. These schools are all run by the King David Foundation located in Harold House in Childwall; conveniently next door to the Childwall Synagogue.

Sport

Football

The Merseyside derby is the football match between the two biggest clubs in the city, Liverpool in red and Everton in blue.

Liverpool is one of the most successful footballing cities in England, and is home to two top flight Premier League teams. Everton F.C. was founded in 1878 and play at Goodison Park and Liverpool F.C. were founded in 1892 and play at Anfield. Between them, the clubs have won 28 English First Division titles, 12 FA Cup titles, 10 League Cup titles, 6 European Cup titles, 1 FIFA Club World Cup title, 1 European Cup Winners' Cup title, 3 UEFA Cup titles, and 24 FA Charity Shields.

The two clubs contest the Merseyside derby, dubbed the 'friendly derby'. Despite the name the fixture is known for its keen rivalry, having seen more sending-offs in this fixture than any other. Unlike many other derbies it is not rare for families in the city to contain supporters of both clubs.[306] Liverpool F.C. is the English and British club with the most European Cup titles with six, the latest in 2019.

Liverpool has played at Anfield since 1892, when the club was formed to occupy the stadium following Everton's departure due to a dispute with their landlord. Liverpool are still playing there 125 years later, although the ground has been completely rebuilt since the 1970s. The Spion Kop (rebuilt as an all-seater stand in 1994–95) was the most famous part of the ground, gaining cult status across the world due to the songs and celebrations of the many fans who packed onto its terraces. Anfield is classified as a 4 Star UEFA Elite Stadium with capacity for 54,000 spectators in comfort and is a distinctive landmark in an area filled with smaller and older buildings. Liverpool club also has a multimillion-pound youth training facility called The Academy.

After leaving Anfield in 1892, Everton moved to Goodison Park on the opposite side of Stanley Park. The ground was opened on 24 August 1892, by Lord Kinnaird and Frederick Wall of the FA but the first crowds to attend the ground saw a short athletics meeting followed by a selection of music and a fireworks display. Everton's first game there was on 2 September 1892 when they beat Bolton 4–2. It now has the capacity for just under 40,000 spectators all-seated, but the last expansion took place in 1994 when a new goal-end stand gave the stadium an all-seater capacity. The Main Stand dates back to the 1970s, while the other two stands are refurbished pre-Second World War structures.

Everton is currently in the process of relocating, with a stadium move mooted as early as 1996.[307] In 2003, the club were forced to abandon plans for a 55,000-seat stadium at King's Dock due to financial constraints,[308] with further proposed moves to Kirkby (comprising part of Destination Kirkby, moving the stadium just beyond Liverpool's council boundary into Kirkby) and Walton Hall Park similarly scrapped. The latest plan is a move to nearby Bramley-Moore Dock on Liverpool's waterfront, with ground broken on the project in August 2021.[309]

Rugby league

Rugby league is a developing sport in Liverpool, with many community partners assisting the sport's governing body (RFL) to offer opportunities to participate. These include well established professional clubs in the neighbouring towns of St. Helens and Widnes. The city has a thriving student rugby league scene; Liverpool University took part in the first university game in 1968 and the other universities have been regular participants in the BUSA competition.

Today there are a number of non-professional clubs in the city, including Liverpool Buccaneers, who in 2006 won the regional final of the Rugby League Conference and in 2008 were elevated to the Rugby League Conference National division. Two junior clubs, Liverpool Lions (based in Croxteth) and Liverpool Storm (based in Childwall), have been established in 2008. They will be competing in the NWC Junior leagues in 2009. Rugby league has more recently returned to Huyton-with-Roby in the form of the Huyton Bulldogs A.R.L.F.C. Huyton Bulldogs currently compete in the RL Merit League, and their home ground is at the Jubilee Playing Fields, Twig Lane, Huyton.

A number of secondary schools throughout Merseyside are now participating in the inaugural merit league and 2008 is the first year that Merseyside schools have qualified for the RFL's Champion Schools tournament. Primary schools have been competing in tag festivals for a few years and the annual Tag World Cup is one of the major events in the Liverpool schools' competition calendar.

Boxing

Boxing is massively popular in Liverpool. The city has a proud heritage and history in the sport and is home to around 22 amateur boxing clubs, which are responsible for producing many successful boxers, such as Nel Tarleton, Alan Rudkin, John Conteh, Andy Holligan, Liam Smith, Paul Hodkinson, Tony Bellew and Robin Ried. The city also boasts a consistently strong amateur contingent which is highlighted by Liverpool being the most represented city on the GB Boxing team, as well as at the 2012 London Olympics, the most notable Liverpool amateur fighters include; Jimmy Lloyd, George Turpin, Tony Willis, Robin Reid and David Price who have all medalled at the Olympic Games. Boxing events are usually hosted at the Echo Arena and Liverpool Olympia within the city, although the former home of Liverpool boxing was the renowned Liverpool Stadium.

Horse racing

The Earl of Derby Stand at Aintree Racecourse; home of the Grand National

Aintree is home to the world's most famous steeple-chase, the John Smith's Grand National which takes place annually in early April. The race meeting attracts horse owners/ jockeys from around the world to compete in the demanding 4-mile (6.5-kilometre) and 30-fence course. There have been many memorable moments of the Grand National, for instance, the 100/1 outsider Foinavon in 1967, the dominant Red Rum and Ginger McCain of the 1970s and Mon Mome (100/1) who won the 2009 meeting. In 2010, the National became the first horse race to be televised in high-definition in the UK.

Golf

The Royal Liverpool Golf Club, situated in the nearby town of Hoylake on the Wirral Peninsula, has hosted The Open Championship on a number of occasions, most recently in 2014. It also hosted the Walker Cup in 1983.

Greyhound Racing

Liverpool once contained four greyhound tracks, Seaforth Greyhound Stadium (1933–1965), Breck Park Stadium (1927–1948), Stanley Greyhound Stadium (1927–1961) and White City Stadium (1932–1973). Breck Park also hosted boxing bouts and both Stanley and Seaforth hosted Motorcycle speedway.

Athletics

Wavertree Sports Park is home to the Liverpool Harriers athletics club, which has produced such athletes as Curtis Robb, Allyn Condon (the only British athlete to compete at both the Summer and Winter Olympics), and Katarina Johnson-Thompson; Great Britain was represented by Johnson-Thompson at the 2012 London Olympics in the women's heptathlon, and she would go on to win the gold medal at the 2019 World Championships, giving Liverpool its first gold medal and breaking the British record in the process.

Gymnastics

In August 2012, Liverpool gymnast Beth Tweddle won an Olympic bronze medal in London 2012 in the uneven bars at her third Olympic Games, thus becoming the most decorated British gymnast in history. Park Road Gymnastics Centre provides training to a high level.

Swimming

Liverpool has produced several swimmers who have represented their nation at major championships such as the Olympic Games. The most notable of which is Steve Parry who claimed a bronze medal at the 2004 Athens Olympics in the 200m butterfly. Others include Herbert Nickel Haresnape, Margaret Kelly, Shellagh Ratcliffe and Austin Rawlinson. There is a purpose-built aquatics centre at Wavertree Sports Park, which opened in 2008. The City of Liverpool Swimming Club has been National Speedo League Champions 8 out of the last 11 years.

Cricket

The city is the hub of the Liverpool and District Cricket Competition, an ECB Premier League.[310] Sefton Park and Liverpool are the league's founder members based in the city with Wavertree, Alder and Old Xaverians clubs having joined the league more recently.[311] Liverpool plays host Lancashire County Cricket Club as an outground most seasons, including six of eight home County Championship games during Lancashire's 2011[312] title winning campaign[313] whilst Old Trafford was refurbished.[314][315]

Tennis

Since 2014 Liverpool Cricket Club has played host[316] to the annual Tradition-ICAP Liverpool International tennis tournament, which has seen tennis stars such as Novak Djokovic, David Ferrer, Mardy Fish, Laura Robson and Caroline Wozniacki. Previously this had been held at Calderstones Park, situated in Allerton in the south of the city. Liverpool Tennis Development Programme at Wavertree Tennis Centre is one of the largest in the UK.

Basketball

The M&S Bank Arena hosts numerous sporting events and was formerly the home of British Basketball League team, the Mersey Tigers

Professional basketball came to the city in 2007 with the entry of Everton Tigers, now known as Mersey Tigers, into the elite British Basketball League. The club was originally associated with Everton F.C., and was part of the Toxteth Tigers youth development programme, which reached over 1,500 young people every year.[317] The Tigers began to play in Britain's top league for the 2007–08 season, playing at the Greenbank Sports Academy before moving into the newly completed Echo Arena during that season. After the 2009–10 season, Everton F.C. withdrew funding from the Tigers, who then changed their name to Mersey Tigers. Their closest professional rivals are the Cheshire Jets, based 18 miles (29 km) away in Chester.

Baseball

Liverpool is one of three cities which still host the traditional sport of British baseball and it hosts the annual England-Wales international match every two years, alternating with Cardiff and Newport. Liverpool Trojans are the oldest existing baseball club in the UK.

Cycling

The 2014 Tour of Britain cycle race began in Liverpool on 7 September, utilising a city centre circuit to complete 130 km (80.8 mi) of racing.[318] The Tour of Britain took nine stages and finished in London on 14 September.

Other

A 2016 study of UK fitness centres found that, of the top 20 UK urban areas, Liverpool had the highest number of leisure and sports centres per capita, with 4.3 centres per 100,000 of the city population.[319]

Media

The city has one daily newspaper: the Echo, published by Reach plc. The Liverpool Daily Post was also published until 2013. The UK's first online only weekly newspaper called Southport Reporter (Southport and Mersey Reporter), is also one of the many other news outlets that cover the city. The independent media organisation The Post[320] also covers Liverpool, while Nerve magazine publishes articles and reviews of cultural events.

LOCAL TV Liverpool is a local television station serving Liverpool City Region and surrounding areas. The station is owned and operated by Made Television Ltd and forms part of a group of eight local TV stations. It broadcasts from studios and offices in Liverpool.

The ITV region which covers Liverpool is ITV Granada. In 2006, the Television company opened a new newsroom in the Royal Liver Building. Granada's regional news broadcasts were produced at the Albert Dock News Centre during the 1980s and 1990s.[321] The BBC also opened a new newsroom on Hanover Street in 2006.

ITV's daily magazine programme This Morning was broadcast from studios at Albert Dock until 1996, when production was moved to London. Granada's short-lived shopping channel "Shop!" was also produced in Liverpool until it was cancelled in 2002.[322]

Liverpool is the home of the TV production company Lime Pictures, formerly Mersey Television, which produced the now-defunct soap operas Brookside and Grange Hill. It also produces the soap opera Hollyoaks, which was formerly filmed in Chester and began on Channel 4 in 1995. All three series were/are largely filmed in the Childwall area of Liverpool.

Radio stations include BBC Radio Merseyside, Liverpool Live Radio,[323] Melodic Distraction,[324] Capital Liverpool, Radio City and Greatest Hits Radio Liverpool & The North West. The last two are owned by Bauer and located in Radio City Tower which, along with the two cathedrals, dominates the city's skyline.

Liverpool has also featured in films;[325] see List of films set in Liverpool for some of them. In films the city has "doubled" for London, Paris, New York, Chicago, Moscow, Dublin, Venice and Berlin.[35][326]

Notable people

Quotes about Liverpool

  • "Lyrpole, alias Lyverpoole, a pavid towne, hath but a chapel ... The king hath a castelet there, and the Earl of Darbe hath a stone howse there. Irisch merchants cum much thither, as to a good haven ... At Lyrpole is smaul custom payed, that causith marchantes to resorte thither. Good marchandis at Lyrpole, and much Irish yarrn that Manchester men do buy there ..." – John Leland, Itinerary, c. 1536–1539[327]
  • "Liverpoole is one of the wonders of Britain ... In a word, there is no town in England, London excepted, that can equal [it] for the fineness of the streets, and the beauty of the buildings." – Daniel Defoe, A tour thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain, 1721–1726
  • "[O]ne of the neatest, best towns I have seen in England." – John Wesley. Journal, 1755
  • "I have not come here to be insulted by a set of wretches, every brick in whose infernal town is cemented with an African's blood." – George Frederick Cooke (1756–1812), an actor responding to being hissed at when he came onstage drunk during a visit to Liverpool[328]
  • "That immense City which stands like another Venice upon the water ... where there are riches overflowing and every thing which can delight a man who wishes to see the prosperity of a great community and a great empire ... This quondam village, now fit to be the proud capital of any empire in the world, has started up like an enchanted palace even in the memory of living men." – Thomas Erskine, 1st Baron Erskine, 1791
  • "I have heard of the greatness of Liverpool, but the reality far surpasses my expectation." – Prince Albert, speech, 1846
  • "Liverpool ... has become a wonder of the world. It is the New York of Europe, a world city rather than merely British provincial." – Illustrated London News, 15 May 1886
  • "The dream represented my situation at the time. I can still see the greyish-yellow raincoats, glistening with the wetness of the rain. Everything was extremely unpleasant, black and opaque – just as I felt then. But I had a vision of unearthly beauty, and that is why I was able to live at all. Liverpool is the “pool of life.” The “liver,” according to an old view, is the seat of life, that which makes to live." – C. G. Jung, Memories, Dreams, Reflections, 1928
  • "The centre is imposing, dignified and darkish, like a city in a rather gloomy Victorian novel ... We had now arrived in the heart of the big city, and as usual it was almost a heart of darkness. But it looked like a big city, there was no denying that. Here, emphatically, was the English seaport second only to London. The very weight of stone emphasised that fact. And even if the sun never seems to properly rise over it, I like a big city to proclaim itself a big city at once..." – J. B. Priestley, English Journey, 1934
  • "If Liverpool can get into top gear again, there is no limit to the city's potential. The scale and resilience of the buildings and people is amazing – it is a world city, far more so than London and Manchester. It doesn't feel like anywhere else in Lancashire: comparisons always end up overseas – Dublin, or Boston, or Hamburg. The city is tremendous, and so, right up to the First World War, were the abilities of the architects who built over it. The centre is humane and convenient to walk around in, but never loses its scale. And, in spite of the bombings and the carelessness, it is still full of superb buildings. Fifty years ago it must have outdone anything in England." – Ian Nairn, Britain's Changing Towns, 1967

International links

Twin cities

Liverpool is twinned[329] with:

Friendship links

Liverpool has friendship links (without formal constitution)[330] with the following cities:

Consulates

The first overseas consulate of the United States was opened in Liverpool in 1790, and it remained operational for almost two centuries.[331] Today, a large number of consulates are located in the city serving Chile, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Romania, Sweden and Thailand. Tunisian & Ivory Coast Consulates are located in the neighbouring Metropolitan Borough of Sefton

Freedom of the City

The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the City of Liverpool.

Individuals

Military units

Organisations and Groups

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The term may have its origins in religious and racial sectarianism, which, while now largely disappeared, was once notoriously virulent in Liverpool.

References

Footnotes

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  2. ^ "It's official – Liverpool rocks!". Retrieved 31 October 2020.
  3. ^ "Is Liverpool still the world in one city?". Retrieved 1 May 2010.
  4. ^ Jones, Catherine (8 April 2007). "City has birthday new look for coat of arms". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
  5. ^ a b c d UK Census (2011). "Local Area Report – Liverpool Local Authority (1946157104)". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  6. ^ a b "Global city GDP 2014". Brookings Institution. Archived from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
  7. ^ The mid-2019 est. population for Liverpool was 498,042 according to the Office for National Statistics ("Population Estimates for UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, Mid-2019". Office for National Statistics. 6 May 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020.).
  8. ^ "Labour Market Profile – Liverpool". nomisweb.co.uk. Original Source: Office for National Statistics. 29 June 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
  9. ^ "British urban pattern: population data" (PDF). ESPON project 1.4.3 Study on Urban Functions. European Spatial Planning Observation Network. March 2007. p. 119. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
  10. ^ University of Portsmouth. "Administrative Unit West Derby Hundred". visionofbritain.org.uk. Archived from the original on 23 May 2016.
  11. ^ William Farrer & J. Brownbill (1907). "A History of the County of Lancaster: Volume 3".
  12. ^ "Cities and towns in the United Kingdom (UK) ranked by international visits in 2019". Statista. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  13. ^ Hasted, Nick (2017). You Really Got Me: The Story of The Kinks. Omnibus Press. p. 425.
  14. ^ a b "Liverpool bids to be UNESCO City of Music". Liverpool Echo. 16 November 2009. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
  15. ^ a b "City bids for UNESCO music title". Liverpool City Council. 16 November 2009. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
  16. ^ a b "Visit Liverpool". Retrieved 16 April 2009.
  17. ^ "Liverpool – Maritime Mercantile City". UK Local Authority World Heritage Forum. Archived from the original on 23 April 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.
  18. ^ "Dr. Peter Brown, chair, Merseyside Civic Society" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 September 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2009.
  19. ^ "Report on the Nominations from the UK and Norway for the European Capital of Culture 2008" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2008. Retrieved 11 July 2008.
  20. ^ "Liverpool, European Capital of Culture: 2008 – 2018". 6 April 2018.
  21. ^ Hanks, Patrick; Hodges, Flavia; Mills, David; Room, Adrian (2002). The Oxford Names Companion. Oxford: the University Press. p. 1110. ISBN 978-0198605614.
  22. ^ a b Harper, Douglas. "Liverpool". The Online Etymology Dictionary.
  23. ^ The Cambridge Dictionary of English Place-Names, ed. by Victor Watts (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), s.v. Liverpool.
  24. ^ "Plea Rolls of the Court of Common Pleas". National Archives. Retrieved 25 November 2015. Third entry, the home of John Stanle, the defendant, in a plea of debt.
  25. ^ Crowley, Tony (2013). Scouse: A Social and Cultural History. Liverpool: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9781781389089. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
  26. ^ Richards, G. Melville (1953). "Place-Names of North Wales". A Scientific Survey of Merseyside. British Association. pp. 242–250.
  27. ^ Picton, J.A. (1875). Memorials of Liverpool. Vol. 1. Historical (2nd ed.). London: Longmans, Green & Co. pp. 11–12. OCLC 10476612.
  28. ^ "The York March, 1644". bcw-project.org. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
  29. ^ "Liverpool's Slavery History Trail". Lodging-World.com. 16 August 2017. Archived from the original on 17 August 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
  30. ^ Power, Michael (1999). "Creating a Port: Liverpool 1695–1715" (PDF). Transactions of the Historical Society of Lancashire and Cheshire. 149: 51–71. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 August 2019. Retrieved 31 August 2019.
  31. ^ "The Lost Dock of Liverpool". Channel 4: Time Team, 21 April 2008. Retrieved 2 June 2008.
  32. ^ "Liverpool Dock System". New York Times, 2 January 1898. 2 January 1898. Retrieved 2 June 2008. Note: "pdf" reader needed to see full article
  33. ^ Cope, Jonas (May 2012). "The Dissolution of Character in Late Romantic British Literature 1816–1837" (PDF). MOspace Institutional Repository. Dr. Noah Heringman, Dissertation Supervisor. p. 115. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
  34. ^ Beckert, Sven (2014). Empire of Cotton: a Global History. New York: Knopf.
  35. ^ a b Ten facts about Liverpool The Daily Telegraph, 4 June 2003
  36. ^ Hatton, Brian (28 March 2011). "Shifted tideways: Liverpool's changing fortunes". The Architectural Review. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
  37. ^ Henderson, W.O. (1933). The Liverpool office in London. Economica xiii. London School of Economics. pp. 473–479.
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Bibliography

Further reading

External links