표피증식인자수용체
Epidermal growth factor receptor표피성장인자 수용체(EGFR; ErbB-1; 사람의 경우 HER1)는 세포외 단백질 [5]배위자의 표피성장인자 패밀리(EGF 패밀리) 구성원에 대한 수용체인 경막 단백질이다.
표피 성장인자 수용체는 EGFR(ErbB-1), HER2/neu(ErB-2), Her3(ErB-3) 및 Her4(ErB-4)와 밀접하게 관련된 4개의 수용체 티로신 키나아제인 ErbB군의 하위 패밀리이다.많은 암 유형에서, EGFR 발현이나 활동에 영향을 미치는 돌연변이는 [6]암을 초래할 수 있다.
표피 성장인자와 그 수용체는 밴더빌트 대학의 스탠리 코헨에 의해 발견되었다.Cohen은 성장 인자를 발견한 공로로 Rita Levi-Montalcini와 1986년 노벨 의학상을 공동 수상했다.
인간에서 EGFR과 다른 수용체 티로신 키나아제들의 부족한 시그널링은 알츠하이머와 같은 질병과 관련이 있는 반면, 과발현은 다양한 종양의 발생과 관련이 있다.수용체의 세포외 도메인에서 EGFR 결합 부위를 차단하거나 세포내 티로신 키나아제 활성을 억제함으로써 EGFR 신호 전달의 중단은 EGFR 발현 종양의 성장을 방지하고 환자의 상태를[citation needed] 개선할 수 있다.
기능.
표피성장인자수용체(EGFR)는 표피성장인자를 포함한 특정 배위자의 결합 및 TGFα 변환성장인자(TGFα)[7]에 의해 활성화되는 트랜스막 단백질이다.ErbB2는 알려진 직접 활성화 배위자를 가지고 있지 않으며, 구성적으로 활성화된 상태이거나 EGFR과 같은 다른 패밀리와의 헤테로다이머화에 의해 활성화될 수 있다.성장인자 배위자에 의해 활성화되면 EGFR은 비활성 단량자에서 활성 호모디머로 [8]이행한다.– 리간드 [9]결합 전에 미리 형성된 비활성 이합체가 존재할 수 있다는 증거가 있다.EGFR은 리간드 결합 후 호모디머를 형성할 뿐만 아니라 ErbB2/Her2/neu와 같은 ErbB 수용체 패밀리의 다른 멤버와 짝을 이루어 활성화된 헤테로디머를 생성할 수 있다.이 클러스터링이 활성화 자체에 중요한지 개별 [citation needed]이합체의 활성화 이후에 발생하는지는 불분명하지만 활성화된 EGFR의 클러스터가 형성된다는 증거도 있다.
EGFR 이량체는 세포 내 단백질-티로신인산화효소 활성을 자극한다.그 결과, EGFR의 C말단 도메인내의 몇개의 티로신(Y)잔기의 자가인산이 일어난다.여기에는 Y992, Y1045, Y1068, Y1148 및 Y1173이 포함됩니다.[10]이러한 자가인산화(autophosphoryation)는 인산화 티로신과 관련된 여러 다른 단백질에 의해 자신의 포스포티로신 결합 SH2 도메인을 통해 다운스트림 활성화 및 시그널링을 유도한다.이러한 다운스트림 시그널링 단백질은 주로 MAPK, Akt 및 JNK 경로와 같은 여러 신호 전달 캐스케이드를 시작하여 DNA 합성과 세포 [11]증식을 이끈다.이러한 단백질은 세포 이동, 접착, 증식과 같은 표현형을 조절한다.수용체의 활성화는 인간의 피부에서 선천적인 면역 반응에 중요하다.EGFR의 키나아제 도메인은 또한 EGFR과 함께 응집된 다른 수용체의 티로신 잔기를 교차인산할 수 있으며, 그 자체로 활성화될 수 있다.
생물학적 역할
EGFR은 유선의 [12][13][14]덕트 발달에 필수적이며, 암피레굴린, TGF-α, 헤레굴린과 같은 EGFR의 작용제는 [15][16]에스트로겐과 프로게스테론이 없는 경우에도 덕트 및 폐포 발달을 유도한다.
인간의 질병에서의 역할
암
EGFR 과발현을 초래하는 돌연변이(업규제 또는 증폭으로 알려져 있음)는 폐의 선암(경우의 40%), 항문암,[17] 교아세포종(50%) 및 머리와 목의 상피종(80-100%)[18]을 포함한 많은 암과 관련되어 있다.EGFR을 포함한 이러한 체세포 돌연변이는 지속적인 활성화로 이어져 통제되지 않은 세포 [19]분열을 일으킨다.교아세포종에서는 EGFRvII라고 불리는 EGFR의 특정 돌연변이가 종종 [20]관찰된다.EGFR 또는 가족의 돌연변이, 증폭 또는 잘못된 조절은 모든 상피암의 [21]약 30%에 관련된다.
염증성 질환
이상 EGFR 시그널링은 건선, 습진, 아테롬성 [22][23]경화증과 관련이 있다.그러나 이러한 상황에서 정확한 역할은 정의되지 않았습니다.
단성 질환
다장기 상피 염증을 나타내는 단일 어린이가 EGFR 유전자의 기능 돌연변이를 호모 접합으로 잃은 것으로 밝혀졌다.EGFR 돌연변이의 병원성은 피부 생검의 시험관내 실험과 기능 분석에 의해 뒷받침되었다.그의 심각한 표현형은 EGFR 기능에 대한 많은 이전 연구 결과를 반영한다.그의 임상적 특징으로는 구진성 발진, 피부건조증, 만성설사, 모발성장 이상, 호흡곤란,[24] 전해질 불균형이 있었다.
상처 치유 및 섬유화
EGFR은 근섬유아세포 [25][26]분화에 대한 TGF-beta1 의존성 섬유아세포에 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다.조직 내 근섬유아세포의 비정상적인 지속은 진행성 조직 섬유화를 초래할 수 있으며, 조직 또는 장기 기능을 손상시킬 수 있다(예: 피부 비대 또는 켈로이드 흉터, 간경화, 심근 섬유증, 만성 신장 질환).
의료 응용 프로그램
약물 대상
EGFR을 종양 유전자로 식별함으로써 폐암에 대한 게피티니브,[27] 에로티니브, 아파티니브, 브리가티니브, 그리고 대장암에 대한 이코티니브를[28] 포함한 EGFR(EGFR 억제제)에 대한 항암 치료제("EGFR 억제제, EGFRi")최근 AstraZeneca는 3세대 티로신 키나아제 [29]억제제인 Osimertinib를 개발했다.
많은 치료적 접근법이 EGFR을 목표로 한다.Cetuximab과 Panitumab은 모노클로널 항체 억제제의 예이다.단, 전자는 IgG1형, 후자는 IgG2형이다.항체 의존성 세포독성에 대한 결과는 상당히 [30]다를 수 있다.임상 개발의 다른 모노클로널로는 잘루투무맙, 니모투즈마브, 마투즈마브가 있다.모노클로널 항체는 세포외 리간드 결합 도메인을 차단한다.결합 부위가 차단되면 신호 분자는 더 이상 결합하지 못하고 티로신 키나제를 활성화시킬 수 있다.
또 다른 방법은 작은 분자를 사용하여 수용체의 세포질 쪽에 있는 EGFR 티로신 키나제를 억제하는 것이다.키나아제 활성이 없으면 EGFR은 하류 어댑터 단백질의 결합을 위한 전제 조건인 자체 활성화가 불가능하다.표면적으로는 성장을 위해 이 경로에 의존하는 세포에서 신호 캐스케이드를 중단함으로써 종양 증식과 이동을 감소시킨다.Gefitinib, erlotinib, brigatinib 및 lapatinib(혼합 EGFR 및 ERBB2 억제제)은 소분자 키나제 억제제의 예이다.
CimaVax-EGF, 적극적 백신 EGF의 주요 리간드로서 EGF을 겨냥하여, EGF 자체에 대해 항체가 따라서 증식 자극의EGFR-dependent 암을 부인하는;[31일]그것non-small-cell 폐 암(폐 암의 가장 흔한 형태)에 쿠바에서 암 치료제로 사용에 있고, 털을 겪고 있다고 다른 접근법을 쓴다.씨푸드일본, 유럽 및 [32]미국에서 가능한 라이선스를 위한 시험.
EGFR 패밀리 억제제를 식별하기 위해 단백질 [33]인산화 검출을 사용하는 몇 가지 정량적 방법이 있다.
osimertinib, gefitinib, erlotinib, brigatinib 등의 신약이 EGFR을 직접 대상으로 하고 있으며, 환자는 조직 테스트에서 돌연변이 여부를 기준으로 EGFR 양성 및 EGFR 음성으로 구분되어 있다.EGFR 양성 환자는 60%의 응답률을 보였으며, 이는 기존 화학 [34]요법의 응답률을 웃돈다.
하지만 많은 환자들이 내성을 갖게 된다.T790M 돌연변이와 MET [34]종양유전자의 두 가지 주요 저항원인이 있습니다.그러나 2010년 현재 내성에 대한 수용된 접근법에 대한 합의나 특정 조합에 대한 FDA의 승인이 없었다.T790M 돌연변이를 대상으로 한 브리게티닙에 대한 임상시험 II상 결과가 보고되었으며, 브리게티닙은 2015년 2월 FDA로부터 획기적인 치료제 지정 지위를 받았다.
환자의 90% 이상에서 발견되는 EGFR 억제제의 가장 일반적인 부작용은 얼굴과 몸통 전체에 퍼지는 구진성 발진이다. 발진의 존재는 약물의 항종양 [35]효과와 관련이 있다.환자의 10%에서 15%에서 그 영향은 심각할 수 있으며 [36][37]치료가 필요하다.
일부 테스트는 Veristrat과 [38]같이 EGFR 치료의 이점을 예측하는 것을 목표로 하고 있습니다.
유전자 조작 줄기세포를 이용해 쥐의 EGFR을 대상으로 한 실험실 연구는 2014년에 [39]장래성이 있다는 것을 보여주기 위해 보고되었다.EGFR은 모노클로널 항체와 특정 티로신 키나제 억제제에 [40]대한 잘 확립된 표적이다.
이미징 에이전트 대상
라벨이 [41]부착된 EGF를 사용하여 EGFR 의존성 암을 식별하는 이미징제가 개발되었습니다.EGFR 발현에 대한 생체 내 영상화의 실현 가능성은 여러 [42][43]연구에서 입증되었다.
비소세포 폐암 환자의 EGFR 돌연변이의 존재를 예측할 수 있는 것은 그라운드글라스 불투명도, 공기 기관지그램, [44]자극 여백, 혈관 수렴 및 흉막 후퇴와 같은 특정 컴퓨터 단층 촬영 결과이다.
상호 작용
표피 성장인자 수용체는 다음 물질과 상호작용하는 것으로 나타났습니다.
- AR,[45][46]
- ARF4,[47]
- CAV1,[48]
- CAV3,[48]
- CBL,[49][50][51][52][53]
- CBLB,[50][54]
- CBLC,[55][56]
- CD44,[25]
- CDC25A,[57]
- CRK,[54][58]
- CTNNB1,[59][60][61]
- DCN,[62][63]
- EGF,[64][65]
- GRB14,[66]
- Grb2,[54][64][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73]
- JAK2,[74]
- MUC1,[75][76]
- NCK1,[67][77][78]
- NCK2[67][79][80]
- PKC 알파,[81]
- PLCG1,[49][82]
- PLSCR1,[83]
- PTPN1,[84][85]
- PTPN11,[54][86]
- PTPN6,[86][87]
- PTPRK,[88]
- SH2D3A,[89]
- SH3KBP1,[90][91]
- SHC1,[54][92]
- SOS1,[72][93][94]
- SRC,[74][95][96]
- STAT1,[74][97]
- STAT3,[74][98]
- STAT5A,[54][74]
- UBC [51][52][99]및
- WAS,[100]
- PAR2.[101]
초파리에서 표피 성장인자 수용체는 스피츠와 [102]상호작용한다.
레퍼런스
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외부 링크
- 미국 국립의학도서관의 표피증식인자수용체(MeSH)
- PDBe-KB의 UniProt: P00533(인간 표피 성장인자 수용체)에 있는 PDB의 모든 구조 정보 개요.