아시아의 탈식민지화
Decolonization of Asia아시아의 탈식민지화는 아시아에서 독립 운동이 점차적으로 성장하면서 궁극적으로 외세의 후퇴와 그 지역에 많은 민족 국가의 탄생으로 이어졌다.
배경
17세기 스페인과 포르투갈의 쇠퇴는 다른 유럽 강대국들, 즉 네덜란드, 프랑스, 영국을 위한 길을 열었다.포르투갈은 인도, 마카오, 티모르 등 세 개의 식민지를 제외한 모든 식민지에서 영향력을 잃게 될 것이다.
17세기 말까지 네덜란드는 옛 포르투갈 식민지의 대부분을 차지했고 아체, 반탐, 마카사르, 자카르타에 식민지를 두고 오늘날 인도네시아에 강력한 세력을 구축했다.네덜란드인들은 또한 시암, 일본, 중국, 벵골과 무역 관계를 맺고 있었다.
영국은 17세기 초부터 포르투갈, 스페인, 네덜란드와 아시아에 대한 그들의 이익을 놓고 경쟁했고 19세기 중반까지 버마, 실론, 말라야, 싱가포르뿐만 아니라 (영국 동인도 회사를 통해) 인도의 대부분을 차지했다.1857년의 인디언 반란 이후, 빅토리아 여왕은 인도의 황후로 선언되었고, 따라서 아대륙에 대한 영국의 통치를 공고히 했다.아시아에서 영국이 마지막으로 획득한 것은 1897년 청나라 황제로부터 임대한 홍콩 신계(新界)로, 1842년 난징조약에서 영국 식민지가 확장되었다.
프랑스인들은 17세기 영국에게 패배한 후 인도에서 거의 성공을 거두지 못했지만, 인도 동부 해안(폰디체리와 마하르 등)의 영토는 탈식민지화되기 전까지 고수했다.프랑스는 1862년부터 인도차이나에 가장 수익성이 높고 실질적인 식민지를 건설했고, 결국 1887년까지 현재의 베트남, 라오스, 캄보디아 지역을 점령했다.
일본의 첫 번째 식민지는 1874년에 점령되었고 1894년에 청나라 천황에 의해 공식적으로 양도된 대만 섬이었다.일본은 1910년 한일합방으로 초기 제국주의를 지속했다.
미국은 1898년 미국-스페인 전쟁 중 이 지역에 진출하여 수도에서의 모의 전투를 통해 필리핀을 유일한 식민지로 삼았고 독립 선언과 필리핀 제1공화국 이후 스페인으로부터 필리핀을 사들였다.
17세기부터 제2차 세계대전이 끝날 때까지의 아시아 식민지
다음 목록은 1945년 제2차 세계대전이 끝난 후의 식민지 권력, 그들의 식민지 또는 행정적 소유물, 그리고 탈식민지화 [1]날짜를 보여준다.
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중국:
프랑스:
인도네시아
동티모르(1999/2002)
일본:
말레이시아
싱가포르(1965년)
네덜란드:
포르투갈:
소련(
1917/1922년 이전 러시아 제국)
스페인:
터키
영국:
아프가니스탄 (1919년)
방글라데시(1947년)(1971년)
이집트 (1922년)
이라크 (1932년)
요르단 (1946)
파키스탄 (1947년)
인도 (1947년)
버마(1948년)
실론(1948년)
이스라엘 (1948년)
말라야 (1957년)
키프로스(1960년)
쿠웨이트 (1961년)
사바 (북보르네오) (1963년)
사라왁 (1963년)
몰디브 (1965년)
싱가포르(1965년)
남예멘 (1967년)
오만 (1970년)
바레인 (1971년)
카타르 (1971년)
아랍에미리트 (1971년)
브루나이 (1984)
홍콩 (1997년)
미국:
일본 (1945) (1952)
아시아
나라 | 주권 취득 연월일 | 주권의 취득 |
---|---|---|
![]() | 1919 | 라왈핀디 조약은 외교 정책에 대한 영국의 통제를 종식시킨다. |
![]() | 1971년 8월 15일 | 영국과의 조약 종료 |
![]() | 1971년 3월 26일 | 파키스탄으로부터의 독립 선언 |
![]() | 1885 | Ugyen Wangchuck 내전을 끝내고 부탄을 통일하다 |
![]() | 1984년 1월 1일 | 브루나이는 1979년 1월 4일 영국과 협정을 맺고 독립을 되찾았다. |
![]() | 1953년 9월 9일 | 프랑스는 캄보디아의 독립을 승인한다. |
1989년 9월 26일 | 베트남의 점령에서 해방되어 캄푸치아 인민공화국 대신 다시 이름을 갖게 된다. | |
![]() ![]() | 기원전 221년 | 기원전 221년, 진시황은 여러 전쟁 중인 나라들을 정복하고 스스로 황디 또는 진의 "황제"라는 칭호를 만들어 중국 제국의 시작을 알렸다. |
![]() | 1947년 8월 15일 | 대영제국으로부터의 독립 |
![]() | 기원전 609년 | 기원전 616년에서 609년 사이에 아시리아가 멸망한 후, 통일된 중앙 국가가 형성되었고, 그것은 바빌로니아, 리디아, 그리고 고대 이집트와 함께 고대 근동의 4대 강대국 중 하나가 되었다. |
![]() | 762 | 아바스 칼리프 왕국은 8세기에 수도로 티그리스 강변에 바그다드를 건설하였고, 이 도시는 5세기 동안 아랍과 이슬람 세계의 주도적인 도시가 되었다 |
1932년 10월 3일 | 이라크 왕국 | |
![]() | 1948 | 기원전 110년부터 셀레우코스 제국이 붕괴되면서 왕조는 완전히 독립하여 사마리아, 갈릴리, 이투레아, 페레아, 이두메아 등의 인접 지역으로 확장되었고 통치자들은 "바실레오스"라는 칭호를 얻었다.일부 현대 학자들은 이 시기를 이스라엘의 독립 왕국이라고 부른다. |
![]() | 4세기 CE | 이후 고분군(高分軍) 시대에는 일본 전역이 하나의 왕국으로 통일되었다 |
![]() | 1946년 5월 25일 | 영국 위임통치령 종료 |
![]() | 1948년 9월 9일 | 북한 창건 선언 |
![]() | 1945년 8월 15일 | 일본의 한국의 통치가 끝나다 |
1948년 8월 15일 | 대한민국 건국, 미군 점령 종료. | |
![]() | 1752 | 쿠웨이트의 셰이크 왕국 설립 |
![]() | 1991년 8월 31일 | 소비에트 연방으로부터의 독립 |
![]() | 1953년 10월 22일 | 프랑스로부터의 독립 |
![]() | 1941년 11월 26일 | 프랑스로부터의 독립을 선언하다 |
1943년 11월 22일 | 프랑스로부터의 독립을 인정하다 | |
![]() | 1957년 8월 31일 | 말레이시아의 영국으로부터의 독립은 다타란 메르데카(독립광장)에서 선언되었다. |
1963년 9월 16일 | 말레이시아는 북보르네오, 사라왁, 싱가포르 연방과 말라야 연방이 함께 형성되었다. | |
![]() | 1965년 7월 26일 | 영국으로부터의 독립 |
![]() | 1206 | 몽골 제국 |
1911년 12월 29일 | 몽골의 만주 청나라로부터의 독립 선언 | |
![]() | 1948년 1월 4일 | 미얀마(버마) 대영제국으로부터의 독립을 선언하다 |
![]() | 1768년 9월 25일 | 네팔 통일 |
![]() | 1650년 1월 26일 | 포르투갈인 추방 |
![]() | 1947년 8월 14일 | 영국령 인도로부터의 독립 |
![]() | 1988년 11월 15일 | 팔레스타인 독립 선언 |
![]() | 1898년 6월 12일 | 필리핀에서 진화하는 혁명 운동은 스페인 제국으로부터 독립을 선언하지만, 필리핀-미국 전쟁 이후 미국이 점령하고 있다. |
1946년 7월 4일 | 미국은 마닐라 조약(1946년)의 조항에 따라 독립을 인정하고 있다.1935년 헌법은 1973년 마르코스 정권이 새로운 헌법을 공표할 때까지 유효했고, 그 후 현재의 1987년 헌법이 대체되었다. | |
![]() | 1878년 12월 18일 | 오스만 제국으로부터의 독립 |
![]() | 1744 | 사우디아라비아 제1국 수립 |
![]() | 1959년 6월 3일 | 영국의 자치 정부 |
1965년 8월 9일 | 말레이시아는 싱가포르를 말레이시아 연방에서 일방적으로 추방하여 싱가포르 독립국가를 만든다. | |
![]() | 1948년 2월 4일 | 영국으로부터의 독립 |
![]() | 1961년 9월 28일 | 아랍 연합 공화국의 종말 |
![]() | 1991년 9월 9일 | 소비에트 연방으로부터의 독립 |
![]() | 1767년 11월 6일 | 탁신대왕은 태국을 통일하여 새로운 왕국을 세우고 버마의 침략을 물리친다. |
![]() | 1975년 11월 28일 | 동티모르는 독립을 선언했지만 인도네시아에 점령당했다. |
2002년 5월 20일 | 독립은 1999년 유엔이 후원한 자결법 이후 국제사회에서 인정받았다. | |
![]() | 1991년 10월 27일 | 소비에트 연방으로부터의 독립 |
![]() | 1971년 12월 2일 | 영국과의 조약 관계 종료 |
![]() | 1991년 8월 31일 | 소련으로부터의 독립 선언 |
![]() | 1945년 9월 2일 | 제2차 세계대전 후 일본군의 철수 |
![]() | 1918년 11월 1일 | 북예멘의 오스만 제국으로부터의 독립 |
1967년 11월 30일 | 남예멘의 영국 독립 |
- 테이블 노트
개별 국가
버마
버마의 식민지 시대를 보십시오.
버마는 제2차 세계대전 중 일본 제국군에 의해 거의 완전히 점령되었다.버마 군대와 대부분의 버마 군인들은 1945년에 편을 들었지만, 많은 버마인들은 전쟁 초기에 일본과 함께 싸웠다.
영국 정부가 후원하는 과도정부는 제2차 세계대전 이후 몇 년 동안 형성되었고, 결국 1948년 1월 버마의 독립으로 이어졌다.
캄보디아
캄보디아의 독립의 길을 보세요.
프랑스의 항복과 비시 정권의 형성에 따라 프랑스의 인도차이나 영토는 일본에 넘어갔다.인도차이나를 프랑스, 특히 미국에서 반환해서는 안 된다는 주장이 있었지만, 캄보디아는 교전 종료 후에도 프랑스의 지배를 받았다.
프랑스는 1941년에 노로돔 시아누크를 왕좌에 앉혔고, 꼭두각시 군주를 희망하고 있었다.그러나 국왕이 베트남에서 제1차 인도차이나 전쟁이 일어난 배경을 이용해 1953년 캄보디아 독립으로 이끌었기 때문에 그들은 틀렸다.
실론
'실론 독립성'을 참조하십시오.
실론은 제2차 세계대전 당시 서방 연합군의 중요한 작전 기지였다.영국은 대중의 독립 압력에 굴복했고 1948년 2월, 영국은 실론 자치령으로 독립을 쟁취했다.
홍콩
홍콩은 2차 세계대전 [2]중 일본에 의해 점령된 후 영국으로 반환되었다. 일본 점령1997년에 발생한 99년의 신영토 임대가 만료될 때까지 영국 주지사가 직접 통제했다.그 후 이 지역은 중화인민공화국에 반환되어 중화인민공화국의 특별행정구로 관리되었다.
필리핀
필리핀은 1898년 6월 12일 에밀리오 아기날도 대통령의 지도 하에 스페인으로부터 일방적으로 독립을 선언하였고, 1896년 혁명은 절정에 달했다.새로 수립된 정부와 필리핀 국민들에게 알려지지 않은 채, 미국은 스페인-미국 전쟁을 종결시킨 파리 조약을 통해 스페인으로부터 식민지를 다른 여러 소유물과 함께 비밀리에 매입하도록 주선했다.마닐라에서 모의 전투를 벌인 후, 1901년 필리핀 정부가 항복할 때까지 필리핀-미국 전쟁은 이어졌다.
그 후 필리핀은 미국의 패권 아래 처음에는 보호국, 그 다음에는 영연방으로서 일정한 영향을 받았다.그 후 2차 세계대전 중에 일본군에 의해 점령되었다.1943년 일본은 필리핀에 단명한 독립을 승인했고 1944년 연합군의 필리핀 침공이 시작되면서 미국과 필리핀이 나라를 완전히 장악하게 되었다.1946년 미국은 필리핀의 독립을 인정했다.
타임라인
"식민지 권력"과 "식민지 이름" 열은 필요에 따라 병합되어 현재 국가가 설립된 영토가 식민지화되지는 않았지만 다른 방식으로 독립을 달성한 지역을 나타낸다.
타임라인
Soviet Union
The 9 states may be divided into the following five regional categories. The distinguishing traits of each region result from geographic and cultural factors as well as their respective historical relations with Russia. Not included in these categories are the several de facto independent states presently lacking international recognition (read below: Separatist conflicts).
Region | Country name | Flag | Capital | Independence |
---|---|---|---|---|
Asia | Russia(Russian Federation) | ![]() | Moscow | December 12, 1991 |
Central Asia | Uzbekistan(Republic of Uzbekistan) | ![]() | Tashkent | August 31, 1991 |
Kazakhstan(Republic of Kazakhstan) | ![]() | Nur-Sultan | December 16, 1991 | |
Kyrgyzstan(Kyrgyz Republic) | ![]() | Bishkek | August 31, 1991 | |
Tajikistan(Republic of Tajikistan) | ![]() | Dushanbe | September 9, 1991 | |
Turkmenistan(formerly the Republic of Turkmenistan) | ![]() | Ashgabat | October 27, 1991 | |
Transcaucasia | Georgia(formerly the Republic of Georgia) | ![]() | Tbilisi | April 9, 1991 |
Azerbaijan(Republic of Azerbaijan) | ![]() | Baku | August 30, 1991 | |
Armenia(Republic of Armenia) | ![]() | Yerevan | September 21, 1991 | |
Total former Soviet Union |
British Colonies, Protectorates and Mandates
Country | Pre-independence name (different) | Date | Year of independence or first stage | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | Northern Persia | 19 August | 1919 | Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919 |
![]() | 15 August | 1971 | ||
![]() | 1 January | 1984 | ||
![]() | 16 August | 1960 | Cyprus Independence Day is commonly celebrated on 1 October. | |
![]() | 28 February | 1922 | Control over the Suez Canal Zone was maintained until 1952. | |
![]() | British India | 15 August | 1947 | Independence Day (India) |
![]() | 3 October | 1932 | ||
![]() | Mandatory Palestine | 14 May | 1948 | end of British mandate Independence Day (Israel) ![]() |
![]() | Transjordan | 25 May | 1946 | |
![]() | 19 June | 1961 | ||
![]() | Four parts: Malaya, North Borneo, Singapore and Sarawak | 31 August | 1957 | As the Federation of Malaya (Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957). North Borneo (now Sabah), Sarawak and Singapore gained full independence and joined Malaysia on 16 September 1963 under the Malaysia Agreement (Malaysia Act 1963).![]() |
![]() | 26 July | 1965 | ||
![]() | 12 March | 1968 | ||
![]() | British Burma | 4 January | 1948 | Gained independence as Burma. Renamed Myanmar in 1989, but still officially known by the United Kingdom government as Burma. |
![]() | Sultanate of Muscat and Oman | 20 December | 1951 | |
![]() | British India | 14 August | 1947 | Partition of India![]() |
![]() | British Qatari Protectorate | 3 September | 1971 | |
![]() | 29 June | 1976 | ||
![]() | 3 June | 1959 | Became self-governing on 3 June 1959, gained independence from Malaysia on the 9 August 1965. | |
![]() | Ceylon | 4 February | 1948 | Gained independence as the Dominion of Ceylon. Renamed Sri Lanka in 1972. |
![]() | Trucial States | 2 December | 1971 | National Day (United Arab Emirates) |
![]() | Protectorate of South Arabia Federation of South Arabia | 30 November | 1967 | South Yemen 1967 |
List of European colonies in Asia
British colonies in South Asia, East Asia, And Southeast Asia:
British Burma (1824–1948, merged with India by the British from 1886 to 1937)
British Ceylon (1815–1948, now Sri Lanka)
British Hong Kong (1842–1997)
Colonial India (includes the territory of present-day India, Pakistan and Bangladesh)
Danish India (1696–1869)
Swedish Parangipettai (1733)
-
British India (1613–1947)
British East India Company (1757–1858)
British Raj (1858–1947)
French colonies in South and Southeast Asia:
French India (1769–1954)
French Indochina (1887–1953), including:
- French Cambodia (1863–1953)
- French Laos (1893–1953)
- French Cochinchine, Annam and Tonkin (1862–1949, now Vietnam)
- Guangzhouwan (1898–1945)
Dutch, British, Portuguese colonies and Russian territories in Asia:
Dutch India (1605–1825)
Dutch Bengal
Dutch Ceylon (1656–1796)
Portuguese Ceylon (1505–1658)
Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) – Dutch colony from 1602 to 1949 (included Netherlands New Guinea until 1962)
Portuguese India (1510–1961)
Portuguese Macau – Portuguese colony, the first European colony in China (1557–1999)
Portuguese Timor (1702–1975, now East Timor)
Malaya (now part of Malaysia):
Portuguese Malacca (1511–1641)
Dutch Malacca (1641–1824)
-
British Malaya, included:
- Straits Settlements (1826–1946)
- Federated Malay States (1895–1946)
- Unfederated Malay States (1885–1946)
Federation of Malaya (under British rule, 1948–1963)
British Borneo (now part of Malaysia), including:
Labuan (1848–1946)h
North Borneo (1882–1941)
Crown Colony of North Borneo (1946–1963)
Crown Colony of Sarawak (1946–1963)
British Brunei (1888–1984) (British protectorate)
Outer Manchuria – ceded to Russian Empire through Treaty of Aigun (1858) and Treaty of Peking (1860)
- Philippines:
Spanish Philippines (1565–1898, 3rd longest European colony in Asia, 333 years),
Insular Government of the Philippine Islands and Commonwealth of the Philippines, United States protectorate (1913–1946)
Spanish Formosa (1626–1642)
Dutch Formosa (1624–1662)
Mandatory Iraq (1920–1932) (British protectorate)
Kingdom of Iraq (1932–1958)
Mandatory Palestine (1920–1948) (British Mandate)
Emirate of Transjordan (1921–1946) (British protectorate)
Sheikhdom of Kuwait (1899–1961) (British protectorate)
French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon (1923–1946)
Portuguese Oman (1507–1650)
Muscat and Oman (1892–1971) (British protectorate)
Trucial States (1820–1971) (British protectorate)
Aden Protectorate (1869–1963)
Colony of Aden (1937–1963)
Federation of South Arabia (1962–1967)
Protectorate of South Arabia (1963–1967)
Independent states
- Afghanistan – founded by the Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919 of the United Kingdom and declared independence in 1919
Emirate of Afghanistan (1879–1919) (British protectorate)
China – independent, but within European cultures of influence which were largely limited to the colonised ports except for Manchuria.
- Concessions in China
- Shanghai International Settlement (1863–1941)
- Shanghai French Concession (1849–1943)
- Concessions in Tianjin (1860–1947)
Bhutan – in British sphere of influence
Iran – in Russian sphere of influence in the north and British in the south
Japan – a Great power that had its own colonial empire (including Korea and Taiwan)
Mongolia – in Russian sphere of influence and later Soviet controlled
Nepal – in British sphere of influence
Thailand – the only independent state in Southeast Asia, but bordered by a British sphere of influence in the north and south and French influence in the northeast and east
Turkey – successor to the Ottoman Empire in 1923; the Ottoman Empire itself could be considered a colonial empire
Asian colonies from the 17th century to the end of the Second World War (Japanese)
The following list shows the colonial powers following the end of World War II in 1945, their colonial or administrative possessins and date of decolonization.
Japan:
Manchuria (Manchukuo), Northern China (1945/1946)
Philippines (1945/1946)
Burma (1945/1948)
North Korea (1945/1948)
South Korea (1945/1948)
Taiwan (1945/1949)
Malaysia
Singapore (1965)
Taiwan (1642)
Indonesia (1945)
Netherlands New Guinea (1962)
Territory | Date | Notes |
---|---|---|
South Sakhalin | prewar-1945 | |
Mainland China | 1931–1945 | Manchukuo 50 million (1940), Jehol, Kwantung Leased Territory, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Shandong, Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, plus parts of : Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Fujian, Guizhou, Inner Mongolia |
Japan | prewar-1945 | Present day Japan, Kuril and Ryukyu Islands |
Korea | prewar-1945 | Both North and South |
Taiwan | prewar-1945 | |
Hong Kong | December 12, 1941 – August 15, 1945 | Hong Kong (UK) |
:: East Asia (subtotal) | – | |
Vietnam | July 15, 1940 – August 29, 1945 | As French Indochina (FR) |
Cambodia | July 15, 1940 – August 29, 1945 | As French Indochina, Japanese occupation of Cambodia |
Laos | July 15, 1940 – August 29, 1945 | As French Indochina, Japanese occupation of Laos |
Thailand | December 8, 1941 – August 15, 1945 | Independent State but Allied with Japan |
Malaysia | March 27, 1942 – September 6, 1945 (Malaya), March 29, 1942 – September 9, 1945 (Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan, North Borneo) | As Malaya (UK), British Borneo (UK), Brunei (UK) |
Philippines | May 8, 1942 – July 5, 1945 | Philippines (US) |
Dutch East Indies | January 18, 1942 – October 21, 1945 | Dutch East Indies (NL) |
Singapore | February 15, 1942 – September 9, 1945 | Singapore (UK) |
Myanmar | 1942–1945 | Burma (UK) |
East Timor | February 19, 1942 – September 2, 1945 | Portuguese Timor (PT) |
:: Southeast Asia (subtotal) | – | |
New Guinea | December 27, 1941 – September 15, 1945 | As Papua and New Guinea (AU) |
Guam | January 6, 1942 – October 24, 1945 | from Guam (US) |
South Seas Mandate | 1919–1945 | from German Empire |
Nauru | August 26, 1942 – September 13, 1945 | from United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand |
Wake Island, US | December 27, 1941 – September 4, 1945 | US |
Kiribati | December 1941 – January 22, 1944 | from Gilbert Islands (UK) |
:: Pacific Islands (subtotal) | – |
Disclaimer: Not all areas were considered part of Imperial Japan but rather part of puppet states & sphere of influence, allies, included separately for demographic purposes. Sources: POPULSTAT Asia Oceania
Other occupied World War 2 islands:
- Andaman Islands (India) – March 29, 1942 – September 9, 1945
- Christmas Island (Australia) – March 1942 – October 1945
Areas attacked but not conquered
- Kohima and Manipur (India)
- Dornod (Khalkhin Gol, Mongolia)
- Midway Atoll (United States)
Raided without immediate intent of occupation
- Air raids
- Pearl Harbor (Hawaii, United States)
- Colombo and Trincomalee (Sri Lanka)
- Air raids on Australia, including:
- Broome (Western Australia, Australia)
- Darwin (Northern Territory, Australia)
- Townsville (Queensland, Australia)
- Dutch Harbor (Alaska, United States)
- Lookout Air Raids (Oregon, United States)
- Naval bombardment by submarine
- British Columbia (Canada)
- Santa Barbara (California, United States)
- Fort Stevens (Oregon, United States)
- Newcastle (New South Wales, Australia)
- Gregory (Western Australia, Australia)
- Midget sub attack
- Sydney (New South Wales, Australia)
- Diego Suarez (Madagascar)
Asia Territorial evolution of the British Empire
Name of territory | Dates | Status | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
Aden | 1839 | Colony subordinate to Bombay Presidency British India | |
1932 | Separate province of British India | ||
1937 | Separate Crown colony | ||
1963 | Part of Federation of South Arabia | ||
Afghanistan | 1839–1842 | Protectorate | |
1879 | Protectorate | ||
1919 | Independence | ||
Assam | 1874–1905 | Province of British India | |
1905–1912 | Incorporated into the new province of Eastern Bengal and Assam | ||
1912–1947 | Province of British India | Now a state of the Republic of India | |
Bahrain | 1880 | Protectorate | |
1961–1971 | Autonomous | ||
1971 | Independence | Invited to join the Trucial States, but declined | |
Baluchistan | 1877–1896 | Province | |
1896–1947 | Province of British India | ||
1947 | Part of Pakistan | Now part of Balochistan and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, in Pakistan | |
Bantam | 1603–1609 | Station | |
1609–1617 | Factory | ||
1617–1621 | Presidency | ||
1621 | Expelled by the Dutch | ||
1630–1634 | Subordinated to Surat | ||
1634–1652 | Presidency | ||
1652–1682 | Subordinated to Surat | ||
1682 | Expelled by the Dutch | Now in Indonesia | |
Bencoolen ("Fort York", later "Fort Marlborough") | 1685–1760 | Coastal settlements of southwestern Sumatra, subordinated to Madras | |
1760–1785 | Presidency | ||
1785–1825 | Subordinated to Bengal Presidency | ||
1825 | Part of Dutch East Indies | Now Bengkulu, in Indonesia | |
Bengal ("Fort William") | 1634–1658 | Factories | |
1658–1681 | Subordinated to Madras | ||
1681–82 | Agency | ||
1682–1694 | Presidency of Coromandel and Bengal Settlements | ||
1694–1698 | Subordinated to Madras | ||
1698–1700 | Presidency of Coromandel and Bengal Settlements | ||
1700–1774 | Presidency | ||
1774–1905 | Presidency of British India | ||
1905–1912 | Partitioned between [West] Bengal and Eastern Bengal and Assam | ||
1912–1937 | Presidency of British India | ||
1937–1947 | Province of British India | ||
1947 | Divided between India (West Bengal) and Pakistan (East Bengal) | Now Bangladesh, and part of West Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, and Jharkhand, in India | |
Brunei | 1888 | Protectorate | |
1967 | Protected state | ||
1984 | Independence | ||
Burma (now called Myanmar) | 1824–1852 | Arakan, Tenasserim | |
1852–1886 | Lower Burma | ||
1885–1886 | Upper Burma | ||
1886 | Lower and Upper Burma United as province of British India | ||
1937 | Separate Crown Colony | ||
1948 | Independence | Name changed to Myanmar after a military junta in 1989. | |
Eastern Bengal and Assam | 1905–1912 | Province of British India | Established upon the partition of Bengal (1905) |
1912 | Partition reversed | Split between the re-established province of Assam and the re-constituted presidency of Bengal | |
Ceylon | 1795 | Ceded by the Dutch and subordinated to the Madras presidency of British India | |
1798 | Separate Crown colony | ||
1948 | Independence | Now the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka | |
Dansborg | 1801–02 | Occupied | |
1808–1815 | Occupied | ||
1845 | purchased and incorporated into British India | Now in Tamil Nadu state, India | |
Frederiksnagore | 1801–02 | Occupied | |
1808–1815 | Occupied | ||
1845 | Purchased and incorporated into British India | Now in West Bengal state, India | |
Hong Kong | 1841 | Hong Kong Island occupied | |
1843–1982 | Crown colony | ||
1860 | Kowloon and Stonecutters Island ceded by China | ||
1898 | New Territories leased from China for 99 years | ||
1942–1945 | Occupied by Japan | ||
1945–1946 | Military administration | ||
1983–1997 | Dependent territory | ||
1997 | Handover to China as a special administrative region | ||
Kuwait | 1899 | Protectorate | |
1961 | Independence | ||
Indian Empire (British Raj) | 1613 | Company rule in India | |
1858 | Crown rule over the Indian Princely states, the Presidencies and provinces of British India | ||
1947 | Independent as India & Pakistan after partition | ||
Mandatory Iraq | 1920–1932 | League of Nations mandate never passed, replaced by Anglo-Iraqi treaty with the Kingdom of Iraq | |
Java | 1811–1816 | Territory of the East India Company | restored to the Netherlands |
Malaya | 1824 | Transferred following Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 | |
1824–1867 | Territory of British East India Company | ||
1867–1946 | Straits Settlements, Crown colony | ||
1895–1946 | Federated Malay States, protectorate | ||
1885–1946 | Johor, protectorate (part of Unfederated Malay States) | ||
1909–1946 | Kedah, protectorate (part of Unfederated Malay States) | ||
1909–1946 | Kelantan, protectorate (part of Unfederated Malay States) | ||
1909–1946 | Perlis, protectorate (part of Unfederated Malay States) | ||
1909–1946 | Terengganu, protectorate (part of Unfederated Malay States) | ||
1942–1945 | Japanese occupation | ||
1945–1946 | Military Administration | ||
1946–1948 | Malayan Union | ||
1948–1957 | Federation of Malaya | ||
1957–1963 | Independent state | ||
1963 | Annex North Borneo and Sarawak forming the renamed federation of Malaysia | ||
North Borneo | 1882–1946 | Protectorate | |
1945–1946 | Military administration | Labuan to British N. Borneo on 15 July 1946 | |
1946–1963 | Crown colony | Labuan to British N. Borneo on 15 July 1946 | |
1963 | Self-government | ||
1963 | Annexed by Malaya into Malaysia | ||
Palestine | 1920 | Mandate | |
1948 | British sovereignty relinquished; proposed partition between a Jewish and an Arab state never fully materialized; the Jewish state – Israel – was established immediately after British withdrawal, with the short-lived All-Palestine government following six months later | ||
1949 | Two sections of the former Palestine Mandate outside Israel – the West Bank and the Gaza Strip – were occupied by Egypt and Jordan respectively following the collapse of the All-Palestine government | ||
1956 | Gaza Strip briefly falls under Israeli occupation during the Suez Crisis | ||
1967 | West Bank and Gaza Strip fall under Israeli occpuation as a consequence of the Six-day War | ||
1993 | A Palestinian National Authority is declared in the West Bank and Gaza Strip; most matters regarding the day-to-day governance of these territories fell under its jurisdiction, in anticipation of a future Palestinian state | ||
2005 | Israel formally withdraws from the Gaza Strip, placing it under full PNA control; despite this, Gazan waters are still under Israeli military control | ||
Pulo Condore Island (Côn Đảo) | 1702 | Possession of British East India Company | |
1705 | Abandoned | Now Côn Đảo, in Vietnam | |
Sarawak | 1888–1946 | Protected States | |
1945–1946 | Military administration | ||
1946–1963 | Crown colony | ||
1963 | Self-government | ||
1963 | Annexed by Malaya into Malaysia | ||
Straits Settlements | 1826–1858 | Possession under British East India Company | |
1858–1867 | Subordinated to British India | ||
1867–1946 | Crown colony | ||
1942–1945 | Occupied by Japan | ||
1946 | Dissolved | Now divided between Malacca and Penang, in Malaysia, and Singapore | |
Qatar | 1916–1971 | Protectorate | |
1971 | Independence | Invited to join the Trucial States, but declined | |
Surat | 1612–1658 | Factory | |
1658–1668 | Presidency | ||
1668–1685 | Possession under British East India Company | ||
1685–1703 | Subordinated to Bombay | ||
1703 | Incorporated into Bombay | Now in India | |
Singapore | 1824 | Purchased | |
1824 | Part of Straits Settlements (as residency of the Presidency of Bengal) | ||
1867–1946 | Part of Straits Settlements (crown colony) | ||
1946–1955 | Crown colony | ||
1955–1959 | self-governing colony | ||
1959–1963 | State of Singapore | ||
1963–1965 | Part of Malaysia | ||
1965 | Independence | ||
Transjordan | 1920 | Part of Palestine Mandate | |
1923 | Formally separated from Palestine | ||
1928 | Emirate independent, except military and finance control | ||
1946 | Formal independence | Now known as Jordan | |
Trucial States | 1892 | Protectorate | |
1971 | Formation of Federation of Arab Emirates | Now part of the United Arab Emirates | |
Weihaiwei | 1898–1930 | Leased from China | |
1930 | Returned to the Republic of China | Now part of the People's Republic of China | |
West Bengal ("Bengal") | 1905–1912 | Province of British India | Established by the partition of Bengal. Abolished with the reversal of the partition and the creation of the new province of Bihar and Orissa. |
In Asia Territorial evolution of the French Empire
- French Indochina
- French Indochinese Union (1887–1954)
- Laos (protectorate) (1893–1953)
- Cambodia (protectorate) (1863–1953)
- Vietnam
- Cochinchina (Southern Vietnam) (1858–1949)
- Annam (protectorate) (Central Vietnam) (1883–1949)
- Tonkin (protectorate) (Northern Vietnam) (1884–1949)
- State of Vietnam (1949–1954)
- Spratly Islands (1933–1939)
- Paracel Islands (1933–1939)
- some territories on the eastern of Thailand (Independent State,but After Franco-Siamese War in 1893.Thailand has lost 3 territories in total in the past 15 years,for example)
- Chanthaburi Province (1893–1904)
- Trat Province (1904–1907)
- Dan Sai District (in the area of the Loei Province:1903–1907)
- French Indochinese Union (1887–1954)
- India and Sri Lanka
- French India
- French Establishments of India, composed of Pondichéry (1765–1954); Karikal (1725–1954); Mahé (1721–1954) Yanaon (1723–1954); Chandernagor (1673–1952)
- French India
- Taiwan
- The city/port of Keelung (1884–1885)
- Pescadores Islands (1885)
- Basilan (1845)
- China
- The territory of Kouang-Tchéou-Wan, a dependency of French Indochina) (1898–1945)
- The foreign concessions : French Concession of Shanghai (1849–1946), Tianjin (1860–1946) and Hankou (1898–1946)
- The Spheres of French influence officially recognized by China on the provinces of Yunnan, Guangxi, Hainan, Guangdong
- Shamian Island (1859–1949) (a fifth of the island)
- Palestine
- Syria or French Syria (1920–1946) (French Mandate of Syria)
- Alawite State (1920–1936)
- State of Aleppo (1920–1924)
- State of Jabal Druze (1921–1936)
- State of Damascus (1920–1924)
- Sanjak of Alexandretta (now part of Turkey)
- State of Greater Lebanon (now it is Lebanon) (1920–1946)
- Lebanon or French Lebanon (1920–1946) (French Mandate of Lebanon)
- Mount Lebanon (An international protocol fixes the autonomy of the mount Lebanon under the protection of France)
- Yemen
- Cheikh Saïd (Some French atlases and history books claimed the territory was French, but France never occupied it and never claimed jurisdiction or sovereignty over the territory, which therefore was never French, remaining under Turkish, then Yemeni control.
See also
- United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories
- List of dependent territories
- Colonialism
- Persian Gulf Residency
- Imperialism in Asia
- Taiwan under Japanese rule
- Decolonization
- Decolonisation of Africa
- Wars of national liberation
Notes
- ^ Timeline list arranged according to current countries. Explanatory notes are added in cases where decolonization was achieved jointly or where the current state is formed by merger of previously decolonized states. Former Soviet republics (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan), as well as Kuwait under Iraqi rule are excluded from this list, as they were not administered as colonies. Countries like Bhutan, China, Iran, and Japan are also excluded, as they were able to maintain their sovereignty despite encroachment by the Western colonial powers.
- ^ Some territories changed hands multiple times, so in the list is mentioned the last colonial power. In addition to it the mandatory or trustee powers are mentioned for territories that were League of Nations mandates and United Nations trust territories.
- ^ Date of decolonization. Dates for territories annexed by or integrated into previously decolonized independent countries are given in separate notes. Subsequent mergers, secessions and civil and other wars in the period after decolonization and the resulting states and federations are not part of this list and are only noted- see the list of sovereign states by formation date. Date of when a commonwealth realm abolished its monarchy are noted. Any discrepancies between dates listed here and public holidays celebrating the country's independence (and whether the date listed is celebrated as a holiday at all) are noted, as well as the national day if the country does not have an independence day.
- ^ For countries that became independent either as a Commonwealth realm or as a parliamentary republic the head of government is listed instead.
- ^ In the 1896-19 period there were the Philippine Revolution and Philippine–American War. Prior to American invasion and annexation, the country declared independence from Spain during 1898.
- ^ North Yemen and South Yemen were unified into the Republic of Yemen on 22 May 1990.
- ^ As the Kingdom of Egypt. Transcontinental country, partially located in Africa.
- ^ Not celebrated as a holiday. On 28 February 1922 the British government issued the Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence. Through this declaration, the British government unilaterally ended its protectorate over Egypt and granted it nominal independence with the exception of four "reserved" areas: foreign relations, communications, the military and the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.[3] The Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936 reduced British involvement, but still was not welcomed by Egyptian nationalists, who wanted full independence from Britain, which was not achieved until 23 July 1952. The last British troops left Egypt after the Suez Crisis of 1956. For this, the 23 July date, celebrated as Revolution Day, serves as Egypt's national day.
- ^ Although the leaders of the 1952 revolution (Mohammed Naguib and Gamal Abdel Nasser) became the de facto leaders of Egypt, neither would assume office until September 17 of that year when Naguib became Prime Minister, succeeding Aly Maher Pasha who was sworn in on the day of the revolution. Nasser would succeed Naguib as Prime Minister on 25 February 1954.
- ^ Celebrated as National Day. (While Iraq does not have a holiday called Independence Day, National Day is celebrated as such).
- ^ The Iraqi revolt against the British was an armed uprising that failed to prevent the incoming British colonization.
- ^ Riad Al Solh was Prime Minister on the date of independence.
- ^ Transcontinental country, partially located in Oceania.
- ^ Not celebrated as a holiday. Netherlands New Guinea was separated from the Dutch East Indies on 29 December 1949. Following skirmishes with Indonesia in 1961 and the New York Agreement, the Netherlands transferred authority of Dutch New Guinea to a UN protectorate on 1 October 1962 and it was integrated into Indonesia on 1 May 1963. The date 17 August 1945 (when Sukarno formally proclaimed Indonesia's independence) is celebrated as Indonesia's date of independence.
- ^ The Democratic Republic of Vietnam proclaimed independence on 2 September 1945 as the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. The State of Vietnam declared independence on 14 June 1949, but remained de facto under French rule until 1 August 1954. South Vietnam was the successor state to the State of Vietnam under the name of Republic of Vietnam. Both parts of Vietnam merged into the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on 30 April 1975, after the Vietnam War.
- ^ As the Dominion of Pakistan.
- ^ Muhammad Ali Jinnah became Governor-General of Pakistan upon independence.
- ^ See Pakistan Movement.
- ^ Not celebrated as a holiday. On 16 December 1971, after months of fighting starting from 26 March of that year, Bangladesh formally seceded from Pakistan. The 26 March date is celebrated as Bangladesh's date of independence.
- ^ Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was the President on the date of Bangladesh's secession.
- ^ As the Dominion of India.
- ^ Subsequently, a free and sovereign India unilaterally annexed Hyderabad State from Mir Osman Ali Khan in 1948 and Goa from Portugal in 1961; Puducherry was ceded by France in 1954. On 26 January 1950, India formally abolished its Commonwealth monarchy and became a republic.
- ^ Remained Prime Minister when India abolished it monarchy. Rajendra Prasad became President upon abolition.
- ^ As the Union of Burma.
- ^ As the Dominion of Ceylon.
- ^ 5 Iyar 5708 on the Jewish calendar. As Israel based its holidays on the Jewish calendar, celebrations do not always corresponds with the Georgian date. One day after Israel declared its independence, the Arab League launched an attack on Israel that would last until 20 July 1949, ending with Israel securing its sovereignty.
- ^ Originally as Chairman of the Provisional State Council before becoming Prime Minister three days after independence; Chaim Weizmann succeeded him on that same day. Both remained in office (this time with Weizmann as President) on the date of the armistice.
- ^ Date of Japanese surrender and the transfer of the southern half of the Korean peninsula to the United States. Celebrated as Liberation Day (or "Gwangbokjeol"). American administration lasted exactly three years. Gaecheonjeol ("National Foundation Day") celebrates the date 3 October 2333 BC, which (according to Korean mythology) was when the Gojoseon kingdom was founded.
- ^ Assumed office on 24 July 1948 as President.
- ^ Date of Japanese surrender and the transfer of the northern half of the Korean peninsula to the Soviet Union. Celebrated as Liberation Day (or "Jogukhaebangŭi nal"). Soviet administration lasted until 9 September 1948; this date, celebrated as Day of the Foundation of the Republic, serves as North Korea's national day.
- ^ Assumed office as Premier on 9 September 1948. Kim Tu-bong became Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly upon that same date.
- ^ As the
Republic of China.
- ^ Chairman of the National Government of the Republic of China at that time. After the Japanese surrender, communists soon took most of the North-Eastern China because of the Soviets transfer occupation zone, then the civil war begin and both communists and nationalists began to compete for Northeast China.
- ^ Date of establishment of the People's Republic by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The central government of the Republic of China evacuated to Taiwan on 7 December 1949 and continued to contested its claim of the sovereignty of all of China with the People's Republic. See also One-China policy.
- ^ After World War II, the islands of Taiwan and Penghu were placed under the administration of the Republic of China under General Order No. 1, although they nominally remained part of Japan. Before the post-war treaties were to be signed by the ROC and Japan, the ROC government was defeated in the Chinese Civil War to the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and decamped to the island of Taiwan. Japan relinquished the claims to Taiwan and Penghu in the Treaty of San Francisco on 28 April 1952, but the sovereignty of the islands remained undetermined to this day. Taiwan and Penghu are still today governed by the Republic of China in a post-war capacity recognized by a few states as the sole legitimate government of "China". See also Political status of Taiwan and Theory of the Undetermined Status of Taiwan.
- ^ Date when Taiwan and Penghu were returned to the Republic of China.
- ^ Date when the San Francisco Peace Treaty takes effect]].
- ^ As the Kingdom of Laos.
- ^ Not celebrated as a holiday. National Day celebrates the date 2 December 1975, which was when the Pathet Lao established the Lao People's Democratic Republic and ended both the monarchy and the decades-long civil war.
- ^ Souvanna Phouma was Prime Minister on the date of independence.
- ^ Although the First Indochina War occurred throughout French Indochina, most of the fighting was between the Việt Minh and France with occasional resistance from Laos and Cambodia. (The Kingdoms of Laos and Cambodia were nominal allies with France.)
- ^ The Malayan Communist Party fought in the Malayan Emergency between June 1948 – 12 July 1960.
- ^ Not celebrated as a holiday. For reasons unknown Cyprus celebrates October 1, 1960 as its date of independence.
- ^ Armed struggles by the EOKA (Greek) and TMT (Turkish) organizations.
- ^ Not celebrated as a holiday. National Day celebrates the date 25 February 1950, which was when Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah was crowned.
- ^ Muscat and Oman was de facto a British protectorate. On 4 June 1856, the Sultan who ruled from Stone Town, Zanzibar, died without appointing an heir. With British intervention on 6 April 1861, Zanzibar and Oman were divided into two separate principalities. Zanzibar later became a formal British protectorate, but the British influence over Muscat and Oman remained informal. In 1962 Britain declared Muscat and Oman an independent nation.
- ^ See the Dhofar Rebellion defeated with British help.
- ^ Between 16 September 1963 and 9 August 1965 Singapore was part of the Federation of Malaysia.
- ^ The independent UAE was joined by Ras al-Khaimah on 11 February 1972.
- ^ Not celebrated as a holiday. National Day celebrates the date 16 December 1961, which was when Isa ibn Salman was crowned.[5]
- ^ Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa was Prime Minister on the date of independence.
- ^ The Bahraini independence survey, 1970 was a United Nation-run survey asking Bahrainis if they would rather be independent or under Iran control. Although a non-binding survey that makes no mention of the United Kingdom, the results (which showed an overwhelming majority supporting independence) led to Iran to denounce its claims over Bahrain, which in turn led to the United Kingdom to end its protectorate.
- ^ Celebrated respectively as Proclamation of Independence Day and Independence Restoration Day. Independence was declared on 28 November 1975, but nine days later Indonesia invaded East Timor and formally annexed it on 17 July 1976. Throughout the Indonesian occupation most of international community refused to recognize East Timor as a province of Indonesia. Independence was restored after UN intervention from 25 October 1999 till 20 May 2002. Independence Restoration Day serves as East Timor's national day.
- ^ The Brunei Revolt was a rebellion against the sultan suppressed with British assistance in 1966.
- ^ a b Date of transfer to the People's Republic of China.
- ^ Also referred to as Judea and Samaria Area or West Bank and Gaza Strip.
- ^ In the aftermath of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War the Palestinian territories were divided between Israel, Egypt and Jordan. After the Egypt–Israel peace treaty (1982) and Jordanian disengagement from the West Bank (1988), following decades of Arab–Israeli conflict, the Palestine Liberation Organization declared independence for a State of Palestine, but its control over the West Bank and Gaza (through the Palestinian National Authority) is still limited due to continued conflict with Israel.
- ^ [6]Map of Gaza fishing limits, "security zones".
- ^ a b Israel allows the PNA to execute some functions in the Palestinian territories, depending on the area classification. It maintains minimal interference (retaining control of borders: air,[6] sea beyond internal waters,[bf] land[7]) in the Gaza Strip (its interior and Egypt portion of the land border are under Hamas control), and varying degrees of interference elsewhere.[8][9][10][11][12] See also Israeli-occupied territories.
- ^ In the aftermath of World War II, Japan was occupied by the Allies (mostly the United States) until 1952.
- ^ a b Transcontinental country, partially located in Europe.
- ^ Transcontinental country, partially located in Africa.
- ^ On 28 February 1922 the British government issued the Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence. Through this declaration, the British government unilaterally ended its protectorate over Egypt and granted it nominal independence with the exception of four "reserved" areas: foreign relations, communications, the military and the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.[13] The Anglo–Egyptian treaty of 1936 reduced British involvement, but still was not welcomed by Egyptian nationalists, who wanted full independence from Britain, which was not achieved until the 1952 revolution. The last British troops left Egypt after the Suez Crisis of 1956.
- ^ Taiwan and the Penghu Islands were reverted to the Republic of China (formerly the Qing Empire) on 25 October 1945. Interpretations on whether this entails a complete transfer of the territory’s sovereignty to the Republic of China vary. Following the Chinese Civil War, the island of Taiwan became the main territory of the deposed central government of China on 7 December 1949 after the communists declared the People's Republic two months prior. Japan renounced the claims to Taiwan and Pescadores in the Treaty of San Francisco in 1952; see Cross–Strait relations, Retrocession Day, Theory of the Undetermined Status of Taiwan and political status of Taiwan.
- ^ As the Dominion of Pakistan.
- ^ Subsequently, a free and sovereign India unilaterally annexed Hyderabad State from a local ruler in 1948 and Goa from Portugal in 1961; Puducherry was ceded by France in 1954.
- ^ The Korea peninsula was liberated from Japan on 15 August 1945. The southern half was put under United States administration until 15 August 1948. The northern half was put under Soviet administration until 9 September 1948.
- ^ Transcontinental country, partially located in Oceania.
- ^ Netherlands New Guinea was separated from the Dutch East Indies on 29 December 1949. Following skirmishes with Indonesia in 1961 and the New York Agreement, the Netherlands transferred authority of Dutch New Guinea to a UN protectorate on 1 October 1962 and it was integrated into Indonesia on 1 May 1963.
- ^ Transcontinental country, located in Asia, but usually considered European.
- ^ Between 16 September 1963 and 9 August 1965 Singapore was part of the Federation of Malaysia.
- ^ The independent UAE was joined by Ras al-Khaimah on 11 February 1972.
- ^ Transcontinental country, located in Oceania, but sometimes considered Asian.
- ^ Independence was declared on 28 November 1975, but nine days later began the Indonesian invasion of East Timor. Independence was restored after UN intervention from 25 October 1999 till 20 May 2002.
- ^ Also referred to as Judea and Samaria Area or West Bank and Gaza Strip.
References
- ^ "List of former Trust and Non-Self-Governing Territories the United Nations and Decolonization".
- ^ "HONG KONG HARBOR IN HANDS OF BRITISH; Fleet Speeds Reoccupation-- Wedemeyer Sees U.S. Men Out of China by Spring". New York Times. Associated Press. 1945-08-31. Retrieved 2017-05-29.
- ^ King, Joan Wucher (1989) [First published 1984]. Historical Dictionary of Egypt. Books of Lasting Value. American University in Cairo Press. pp. 259–260. ISBN 978-977-424-213-7.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-02-27. Retrieved 2018-05-12.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "National Day 2022, 2023 and 2024 in Bahrain".
- ^ a b Israel's control of the airspace and the territorial waters of the Gaza Strip.
- ^ Israel's Disengagement Plan: Renewing the Peace Process: "Israel will guard the perimeter of the Gaza Strip, continue to control Gaza air space, and continue to patrol the sea off the Gaza coast. ... Israel will continue to maintain its essential military presence to prevent arms smuggling along the border between the Gaza Strip and Egypt (Philadelphi Route), until the security situation and cooperation with Egypt permit an alternative security arrangement."
- ^ "Israel: 'Disengagement' Will Not End Gaza Occupation". Human Rights Watch. 29 October 2004. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
- ^ Gold, Dore; Institute for Contemporary Affairs (26 August 2005). "Legal Acrobatics: The Palestinian Claim that Gaza Is Still 'Occupied' Even After Israel Withdraws". Jerusalem Issue Brief. Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. 5 (3). Retrieved 16 July 2010.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Bell, Abraham (28 January 2008). "International Law and Gaza: The Assault on Israel's Right to Self-Defense". Jerusalem Issue Brief. Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. 7 (29). Retrieved 16 July 2010.
- ^ Transcript (22 January 2008). "Address by FM Livni to the 8th Herzliya Conference". Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 26 September 2011.
- ^ Salih, Zak M. (17 November 2005). "Panelists Disagree Over Gaza's Occupation Status". University of Virginia School of Law. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 26 September 2011.
- ^ King, Joan Wucher (1989). Historical Dictionary of Egypt. Books of Lasting Value. American University in Cairo Press. pp. 259–260. ISBN 978-977-424-213-7.
Further reading
- Panikkar, K. M. (1953) Asia and Western Dominance, 1498–1945, London: G. Allen and Unwin.