시리아의 아나키즘

Anarchism in Syria
다음에 대한 시리즈 일부
아나키즘
"Circle-A" anarchy symbol
사상의 학교
사람
문제들
역사
문화
경제학
지역별
목록
관련 항목

Anarchism in Syria emerged as a largely disorganized movement during the authoritarian rule of the Assad government, but following the initiation of the Arab Spring has been a particularly notable factor during the events of the Syrian civil war[citation needed], playing a role in the civil uprising against the government as well as in the Rojava conflict.

History

In the late 19th century, Syrians were at the forefront of the Arab anarchist movements in Egypt and Beirut, spreading anarchist ideas through the publication the radical periodicals Al Hilal and Al Muqtataf and organizing radical theatre performances.[1]

Following the independence of Syria from France at the end of World War II, the new Syrian Republic was constituted as a parliamentary democracy. Despite a brief period of military dictatorship under Adib Shishakli during the early 1950s, parliamentarism was restored in 1954. However, power was still largely concentrated in the hands of the military, with the weakness of the parliamentary system leading to the rise of socialist and nationalist ideologies, particularly Nasserism and Ba'athism. After briefly uniting with Egypt to form the United Arab Republic, a coup d'état restored Syrian independence in 1961. But an unstable political climate led to another coup d'état in 1963, which brought Syria under the rule of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party.[2][3]

A power struggle within the party eventually culminated in the seizure of power by a military faction led by Hafez al-Assad, who became the President of Syria. Assad oversaw the transformation of Syria into an authoritarian one-party state, gave more space to private property, organized state services along sectarian lines and created a cult of personality around himself.[4] When Hafez al-Assad died in 2000, his son Bashar al-Assad succeeded him as president.[3] The new political climate gave way to the Damascus Spring, which called for a number of reforms including an end to the state of emergency that had been imposed since 1963. However, this movement was suppressed by the government,[5] which intensified authoritarian rule in the country and introduced a number of neoliberal market reforms.[6]

Due to the authoritarianism of the Assad government, the anarchist movement was rather limited in its organizing capacity. Nevertheless, a number of Syrian individuals began to become prominent voices in the wider Arab anarchist movement, including Mazen Kamalmaz, Nader Atassi and Omar Aziz. It wasn't until the outbreak of the civil uprising in 2011 that the Syrian anarchist movement took on a more organized form.[7]

Syrian civil uprising

Main article: Civil uprising phase of the Syrian civil war

When the Syrian civil uprising first broke out on March 15, 2011, a number of Syrian anarchists were among the participants. The anarchist Omar Aziz, who had recently returned to the country, helped to distribute humanitarian aid in the areas of Damascus under attack by the Assad government. Inspired by the solidarity and mutual aid he had experienced, Aziz published The Formation of Local Councils in November 2011, detailing a vision of self-governance as a route for emancipation from the state. The paper quickly became one of the core theoretical proposals for revolutionary strategy, circulated among Syrians that were rising up against the Assad government.[8] Revolutionary councils subsequently began to form at district and city levels, both in rebel-held and government-held territory, to ensure people were provided with basic services, to coordinate local committees and liaise with the nascent armed resistance, taking over many of the functions that were previously held by the state.[9] From these local organizations, a number of umbrella groups formed to coordinate action on a regional and national level, including the Local Coordination Committees (LCC) and the Syrian Revolution General Commission (SRGC).

However, with the escalation of the conflict, the grassroots elements of the Syrian civil uprising began to face repression, both by the Assad government and by members of the Syrian opposition. In government-held territory, Omar Aziz was arrested by the Air Force Intelligence Directorate and detained in an overcrowded prison, where he died from health complications in February 2013.[10] In rebel-held territory such as Raqqa, Idlib and Aleppo, Islamist groups such as the Al-Nusra Front and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant began to take power away from the local councils and transferred it into the hands of Sharia courts, to the protest of the local populations.[11]

Nevertheless, local councils continued to grow throughout Syria. In July 2013, 128 local councils were listed by the Syrian Nonviolence Movement.[12] And according to the Local Administration Council Unit, by March 2016, an estimated 395 local councils existed in rebel-held territories.[13] But these newly created councils were largely excluded from political participation by the Syrian National Council, so resolved to form their own national organization.[14]

Rojava conflict

Main article: Rojava conflict

On January 16, 2011, the Movement for a Democratic Society (TEV-DEM) was established by the Democratic Union Party (PYD) with the goal of organizing northern Syria along the lines of democratic confederalism,[15][16] a system of self-governance inspired by the libertarian socialist theories of Murray Bookchin.[17] In July 2012, the People's Protection Units (YPG) captured the Kurdish cities of Kobanî, Amuda and Efrin without resistance,[18] after the Syrian Arab Army pulled out of the cities to fight elsewhere,[19] and began to establish a self-governed autonomous region in Northern Syria.[20] On January 9, 2014, the PYD officially announced the autonomy of the cantons in Northern Syria. An Autonomous Administration was constituted and popular assemblies were established by its residents.

On September 15, 2014, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant launched the Siege of Kobanî,[21] the culmination of a year-long offensive into northern Syria. But by late January 2015, the YPG-led forces recapture the city, driving ISIL back.[22] Some of the defenders of Kobanî were made up by international volunteers of the United Freedom Forces, including the Turkish green anarchist group Social Insurrection, which had been founded in Tuzluçayır in 2013.[23] The internationalist participation in the battle for Kobanî inspired the formation of the International Freedom Battalion (IFB), which united left-wing foreign fighters in support of the Autonomous Administration.[24]

로자바의 RUIS 멤버들.

자원봉사를 위한 무정부주의 분단 중 첫 번째는 2015년 4월 창설된 그리스 무정부-공산주의 분단인 국제주의연대혁명연합(RUIS)이었다.[25] 2017년 3월 31일 국제혁명인민유격대(IRPGF)가 창설되어 IFB에 소속되어 자원봉사를 한 두 번째 국제무정부주의 분대가 되었다.

타브카 전투 중 IRPGF 전투의 일원이다.

라카 캠페인 기간 중 시리아민주군 편에서 RUIS와[26] IRPGF가 참가했으며, 일부 무정부주의자 자원봉사자들이 YPG 자체에 직접 통합되었다.[27] 캠페인 기간 동안 무정부주의 분리주의자들은 타바 전투와 라카 전투에서 싸웠고, 라카 전선에서 SDF 승리에 역할을 했다. 라카 나포 이후 IRPGF는 ISIL의 LGBT 사람들의 박해와 싸우기 위해 결성된 괴상한 무정부주의 분대인 '퀴어 반란 및 해방군(TQILA)'의 구성을 발표했다.[28][29] 이 무렵 무정부주의 투쟁(TA)도 창설되어 IFB에 통합되는 네 번째 국제무정부주의 분대가 되었다.[30]

2018년 초 터키군(TAF)과 시리아국민군(SNA)이 에프린 침공을 감행했다. RUIS와 TA를 포함한 아나키스트 분리주의자들은 광둥성 방어를 시도한 국제주의자들 중 한 명이었다.[31] 2월 24일, 아이슬란드 무정부주의자 하우쿠르 힐마르손은 RUIS의 일원으로 싸우다가 살해되었고,[32] 3월 4일 터키 무정부주의자 에베거 아라 마흐노가 TA의 일원으로 싸우다가 살해되었다.[33] 저항에도 불구하고 3월 18일 터키군이 이끄는 군대는 아프린 시를[34] 점령하고 그 후 일주일 동안 아프린 구 나머지 지역을 평정했다.[35]

TA는 이후 다시 시작된 데이르 ez-zor 캠페인에 투입되어 유프라테스 지역을 따라 줄어들고 있는 ISIL의 영토에 남아 있는 것을 포착하기 위한 작전을 수행에 투입되었다. 2019년 3월 18일 바구즈 파우차니 전투 중 이탈리아의 무정부주의자 로렌초 오르세티가 TA의 일부로 싸우다가 복병을 일으켜 사망했다.[36]

참조

  1. ^ Al-Shami, Leila (28 November 2013). "Interview with Apatris on the Syrian revolution". Apatris. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  2. ^ "Syria: World War II and independence". Britannica Online Encyclopedia.
  3. ^ a b "Background Note: Syria". United States Department of State, Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs, May 2007.Public Domain 이 글은 공개 도메인에 있는 이 출처의 텍스트를 통합한다..
  4. ^ Seale, Patrick (1988). Asad: The Struggle for the Middle East. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-06976-3.
  5. ^ George, Alan (2003). Syria: neither bread nor freedom. London: Zed Books. pp. 56–58. ISBN 978-1-84277-213-3.
  6. ^ Ghadry, Farid N. (Winter 2005). "Syrian Reform: What Lies Beneath". The Middle East Quarterly.
  7. ^ Stephens, Joshua (6 September 2013). "Syrian Anarchist Challenges the Rebel/Regime Binary View of Resistance". Truthout. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  8. ^ THI (11 May 2017). "To Live in Revolutionary Time". Bordered by Silence. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  9. ^ Naisse, Ghayath (1 July 2013). "Self-organization in the Syrian people's revolution". International Viewpoint. Fourth International. ISSN 0294-2925. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  10. ^ 야신-카삽 & 알-샤미 2018, 페이지 69.
  11. ^ Al-Shami, Leila (23 August 2013). "The life and work of anarchist Omar Aziz, and his impact on self-organization in the Syrian revolution". Tahrir-ICN. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  12. ^ 야신-카삽 & 알-샤미 2018, 페이지 261.
  13. ^ Favier, Agnés (2016). "Local Governance Dynamics in Opposition-Controlled Areas in Syria". In Luigi Narbone; Agnés Favier; Virginie Collombier (eds.). Inside Wars: Local Dynamics of Conflicts in Syria and Libya (PDF). Florence: European University Institute. p. 10. ISBN 9789290844280. OCLC 960403441.
  14. ^ Favier, Agnés (2016). "Local Governance Dynamics in Opposition-Controlled Areas in Syria". In Luigi Narbone; Agnés Favier; Virginie Collombier (eds.). Inside Wars: Local Dynamics of Conflicts in Syria and Libya (PDF). Florence: European University Institute. p. 11. ISBN 9789290844280. OCLC 960403441.
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  20. ^ "PYD Press Release: A call for support and protection of the peaceful establishment, the self-governed Rojava region هيئة التنسيق الوطنية لقوى التغيير الديمقراطي". Syrianncb.org. 24 February 2012. Archived from the original on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
  21. ^ "Syria Kobane IS Offensive (15 September 2014 – 26 January 2015)". Agathocle de Syracuse. Archived from the original on 4 February 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  22. ^ sohranas. "YPG retakes the entire city of Ayn al- Arab "Kobani" after 112 days of clashes with IS militants". Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
  23. ^ "War against ISIS/Daesh: 'From Tuzluçayır to Kobane' – Interview With An Anarchist Warrior (Kurdistan)". 325. 6 July 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
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  29. ^ Kentish, Ben (25 July 2017). "'The Queer Insurrection': Coalition forces fighting Isis in Syria form first LGBT unit". The Independent. Archived from the original on 23 June 2019. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
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  31. ^ Insurrection News (13 February 2018). "Rojava: Statement from Antifascist Forces in Afrin (AFFA)". It's going down. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
  32. ^ grapevine.is (7 March 2018). "Icelander Reportedly Killed In Action In Afrin - The Reykjavik Grapevine". Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  33. ^ 로자바: 에헤드 데브게르 아라 막노 – 아프린 방어에 함락됨
  34. ^ "Turkish forces and Free Syrian Army capture Afrin city". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  35. ^ "Turkey takes full control of Syria's Afrin region, reports say". Retrieved 3 June 2018.
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