덴마크의 아나키즘

Anarchism in Denmark

Anarchism in Denmark emerged in the late 19th century from the revolutionary factions of early social democratic spheres, crystalizing into a widespread anarcho-syndicalist movement that reached its height during the late 1910s. After the disintegration of organized syndicalism, anarchists in post-war Denmark began to organize the squatters' movement, which led to the creation of Freetown Christiania.

History

Libertarian socialism first emerged in Denmark during debates within the Social Democratic Party over reformism and revolutionary socialism. Whereas the old reformist leadership advocated for an authoritarian socialism, inspired by Marxism, the younger revolutionary section took a stance against authoritarianism and bureaucracy. The revolutionaries published Arbejderen, in which they criticized the party's tactics of parliamentarism, as well as the alliance between the reformist Social Democrats and the Liberal Party against the Conservative government of Jacob Brønnum Scavenius Estrup. In a public meeting, the reformist leader Chresten Hørdum said on the matter:[1]

"In heaven's name let the revolutionists make as much opposition as they please in their own groups. They have nothing to do with our meetings and bad better take care they are not chucked out so fine a day. Let this sort of thing go on, and Anarchism, in its serious sense, will soon make its appearance in the capital of Denmark."

The reformist party leadership subsequently began to repress the internal revolutionary opposition, led by Gerson Trier, which was expelled from the party on November 7, 1890.[2] So the revolutionary section went on to found the Revolutionary Socialist Workers' Party.[3] Anarchist sympathies began to grow among a few select individuals in Denmark, some of whom were responsible for translating the works of Peter Kropotkin into the Danish language.[1]

At the turn of the 20th century, anarcho-syndicalism began to emerge from the revolutionary section of the social democratic movement. Syndicalist organizations such as the Syndicalist League, Trade Union Opposition Association and Young Socialist League were established and began to publish newspapers such as Solidaritet and Den Røde Krig. By the time of World War I, anarchism and syndicalism played a key role in the Danish labor movement and the struggle for the conditions of the unemployed. This culminated in 1918, when anarcho-syndicalists held a number of unemployment demonstrations that culminated in the storm on the Stock Exchange, when unemployed syndicalists attacked the Børsen in Copenhagen.[4] After the storm, syndicalists established the Organization of the Unemployed and held further demonstrations against unemployment in Copenhagen, as the movement continued to grow, playing a prominent role in achieving the eight-hour day.[5]

그러나 고용계급이 신디칼리스트에 대항하여 반공세를 펼치기 시작했고 1917-1923년의 대다수의 혁명이 실패한 후, 무정부-신디칼리스트 운동은 쇠퇴하기 시작했다.[6] 노동조합 반대 협회는 1921년 해체되었고, 대다수는 덴마크 공산당과 동맹의 일부를 이루고, 소수파는 신디칼리스트 선전동맹으로 조직되었다. 크리스천슨은 결국 공산당을 탈당하고 신디칼리스트 운동을 부활시키려 했다. 크리스텐슨, 칼 하인리히 피터슨, 하프단 라스무센 등이 참여한 신디칼리스트 주간지 아르베지데트가 설립되었으나, 이 신문은 1938년에 발간을 중단했다.

나치스제2차 세계대전에서 덴마크를 점령하는 동안 피터슨과 라스무센 같은 신디칼리스트들은 덴마크 저항운동에 참여하여 비밀리에 반파시즘 선전을 출판하고 반란단체들을 결성하여 파괴행위를 저질렀다.

1960년대에 덴마크의 무정부주의자들은 nsscent 쪼그려 앉는 운동의 일환으로 프리 스페이스 조성에 참여하기 시작했다. 그 중 가장 의미 있는 행동은 1971년 코펜하겐의 버려진 군대 막사에 프리타운 크리스티아누를 세워 자치 사회를 만들기 위한 무정부주의 프로젝트를 시작한 것이다. 이것은 웅돔슈셋, 범젠, 뵈른후셋을 포함한 그 뒤를 이은 스쿼트로 무단거주자들의 운동에서 수십 년간의 활동을 촉진시켰다. 이러한 점거 활동의 상승은 결국 례스가데 전투로 절정에 달했고, 그 동안 점거인들은 퇴거 통고를 시행하고 있던 경찰과 충돌했다.

2009년 무정부주의 단체인 리베르투레 사회당[7]설립되어 덴마크 전역의 여러 단체로부터 연맹을 결성하고, 2010년대 내내 다수의 시위 활동을 전개하다가 2017년 해체되었다.[8]


참고 항목

참조

  1. ^ a b Charlotte Wilson, ed. (August 1890). "Socialism in Scandinavia". Freedom. 4 (45). London: Freedom Press. ISSN 0016-0504. OCLC 175313588.
  2. ^ Emmrich, Ute (1979). "Kampfgefährte von Friedrich Engels und Wegbereiter der Kommunistischen Partei Dänemarks". Beiträge zur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung (in German). Berlin. 1: 123. ISSN 0005-8068. OCLC 1128895634.
  3. ^ Callesen, Gerd (1987). Über die Verbreitung der Werke von Marx und Engels in Dänemark. Marx-Engels-Jahrbuch (in German). 10. Berlin. p. 350. ISBN 3-320-00914-1. OCLC 961047422.
  4. ^ Scherfig, Albert. "Stormen på Børsen 1918". Arbejderhistorie (in Danish). The Workers Museum.
  5. ^ Petersen, Carl Heinrich (1974). Danske Revolutionære (in Danish). 2 (3 ed.). Copenhagen: Borgen. ISBN 9788741846231. OCLC 462046408.
  6. ^ Marcussen, Daniell (2009). Da syndikalisterne mødte Lenin... (PDF) (Thesis) (in Danish). Aalborg University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016.
  7. ^ "Libertære Socialister » Platform". Libsoc.dk (in Danish). Libertære Socialister. 27 March 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  8. ^ "Libertære Socialister". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 2018-05-10.