가자 전쟁에 대한 국제적 반응(2008~2009)

International reactions to the Gaza War (2008–2009)
탄자니아 다르에스살람에서의 전쟁에 항의하라.
영국 런던 전쟁 반대 시위

2008-2009년 가자 전쟁에 대한 국제적인 반응은 많은 나라와 국제기구에서 나왔다.이 분쟁에 대한 국제적인 반응은 전 세계 민간 시위 수준에서도 두드러져, 많은 경우 정부 공식 노선과 현저하게 다른 감정을 나타냈다.[1][2][3]

장기적 효과와 반응

그 위기의 여파로, 관측자들은 이스라엘의 외교적 지위와 외국의 명성이 영구히 더럽혀졌음을 시사했다.뉴욕타임스는 지난 3월 이스라엘이 "20년 만에 최악의 외교 위기를 맞고 있다"[4]고 보도했다.이스라엘에 대한 다른 영향은 다음과 같다.그것의 스포츠 팀들은 스웨덴, 스페인, 터키에서 적대감과 폭력적인 시위를 만났다.모리타니아는 이스라엘 대사관을 폐쇄했다.이슬람의 중요한 동맹국인 터키와의 관계가 심각하게 악화되었다.고위 국제 판사와 인권 조사관들은 가자지구에서 이스라엘의 행동에 대한 조사를 요구했다.'이스라엘 인종차별주간'은 2009년 3월 전 세계 54개 도시에서 지난해의 두 배인 참가자를 끌어모았다고 주최 측은 밝혔다."그리고 미국 유대인 사회에서도...오한이 난다고 말했다.[5]

공식반응

관계자

이스라엘 - 에후드 올메르트 총리는 "우리는 어떠한 희생되지 않은 사람들을 공격하기 위해 그리고 나는 꽤 성공적으로 피하려고 노력했다- 우리는 하마스의 조직 중 일부인 목표물만을 공격했다"고 말했다.[6]

가자 지구 - 가자 지구의 하마스 지도자 이스마일 하니예는 이스라엘의 공격을 "미운 학살"[6]이라고 불렀다.다마스쿠스하마스 지도자 칼레드 마샬은 "제3의 인티파다가 올 때가 왔다"[7]고 말하며 보복 공격을 위협했다.

팔레스타인 자치정부 - 마흐무드 압바스 대통령은 이번 공격을 비난하고 자제를 요구했다.[6]마무드 아바스 대통령은 하마스가 이스라엘과의 6개월간의 휴전을 연장하지 않음으로써 이스라엘의 가자지구에 대한 치명적인 공격을 촉발시켰다고 비난했다.[8]2008년 12월 28일 카이로에서 연설하면서 그는 '우리는 하마스에게 묻는다...휴전을 종식시키기 위해서가 아니다.휴전이 계속되도록 놔두고 멈추지 말도록 해 우리가 일어난 일을 피할 수 있도록'[9]이후 그는 이스라엘의 공격을 "잔혹하고 범죄적인 공격"이라고 부르며 이스라엘과의 협상을 중단하겠다고 위협했다.[10]

파티 아부 무글리 팔레스타인 보건부 장관은 팔레스타인 환자들의 치료를 위해 이스라엘 병원에 대한 지불을 갑자기 중단시켰고, 수백 명의 팔레스타인 사람들은 그들의 치료를 중단하고 적절한 의료 서비스를 중단해야 했다.[11][12][13]

국제 연합

유엔 안전보장이사회는 2008년 12월 28일 성명을 내고 "모든 폭력을 즉각 중단할 것"[14][15]을 촉구했고,[16] 아랍연맹유럽연합아르헨티나, 브라질, 중국, 일본, 말레이시아, 멕시코, 페루, 필리핀, 러시아, 한국, 베트남과 유사한 통화를 했다.[17][14]리비아는 12월 28일 성명의 실패를 이유로 미국이 저지한 노력인 휴전을 촉구하는 안보리 결의안 발행을 추진했다.[18][19]

2009년 1월 9일, 유엔 안전보장이사회는 미국 외교관들이 가자지구 초안에 관여했음에도 불구하고 가자지구에서의 즉각적인 휴전과 하나의 기권(미국)에 대한 이스라엘의 완전한 철수를 요구하는 결의 1860호를 통과시켰다.[20]이스라엘과 하마스는 둘 다 휴전 요구를 무시했다.[21]

유엔 총회는 2009년 1월 16일 안보리 결의 1860호의 지지를 촉구하는 결의안 ES-10/18을 채택했다.오직 3개국(이스라엘, 미국, 나우루)만이 결의안에 반대표를 던졌다.

반기문 유엔 사무총장은 즉각적인 휴전을 요구하며 이스라엘과 하마스를 비난했다.[22]

나바네헴 필라이 유엔 인권고등판무관은 이스라엘군이 가자지구에서 저지른 전쟁범죄에 대한 독립적인 조사를 요구했다.[23]

국제기구

비정부기구

나라들.

2008~2009년 이스라엘-가자 분쟁에 대한 국제적 반응
이스라엘-가자
이스라엘의 입장을 지지/이스라엘의 행동을 방어권 안에 드는 것으로 정의한 주들.
하마스의 행동을 단죄한 주들.
하마스의 입장을 지지했던 주들은/하마스들의 행동을 저항권 안에 드는 것으로 정의했다.
이스라엘의 행동만을 비난한 국가들.
적대행위 종식을 촉구하고, 양쪽의 호전성을 비난한 주들.
분쟁에 대해 공식적인 성명을 발표하지 않은 주들.

세계의 대부분은 양쪽의 호전적인 사람들, 혹은 그들 둘 다 비난했고, 단지 평화를 요구하거나 민간인 사상자에 대한 우려를 표했다.

35개 주는 이스라엘의 공격을 전적으로 비난했다.이들 중 3명은 하마스의 작전에 대한 지지를 표명하거나 하마스의 저항권 안에 들어가는 것으로 규정했다.볼리비아, 모리타니아, 카타르, 베네수엘라는 공세에 반발해 이스라엘과의 관계를 대폭 축소하거나 단절했다.

서방세계에서 대부분인 19개 주는 하마스의 공격을 전적으로 비난했다.이 중 13명은 이스라엘의 작전에 대한 지지를 표명하거나 이스라엘의 자위권에 해당하는 것으로 규정했다.

자세한 외교적 대응은 아래 표를 참조하십시오.

기타 주권적 실체

다른이들

헤즈볼라의 지도자 하산 나스랄라는 또 다른 갈등을 재연할 가능성이 있다고 경고했다.그는 이스라엘과 다시 대결할 준비가 되어 있으며, 이전에 이스라엘-레반 국경의 모든 전투원들에게 경계 태세를 강화했다고 말했다.[245]

종교지도자

데스몬드 투투 남아프리카공화국 성공회 대주교는 이스라엘이 가자지구에 폭격을 가한 것은 전쟁 범죄의 특징이라고 말했다.분쟁의 어느 한쪽이 자신을 방어할 수단도 없이 상대에게 치명적인 항공기를 배치하는 총체적 항공패권의 맥락에서, 폭격은 전쟁 범죄의 모든 특징을 지니고 있다."이번 공격은 이스라엘의 안보에 도움이 되지 않을 것이라고 그는 말했다.[246]

이라크 시아파 지도자 알리 알 시스타니는 가자지구에 대한 이스라엘의 공격을 중단시키기 위해 아랍과 이슬람 국가들의 단호한 조치를 요구했다.그는 작전을 비난하면서도 "형제가 처한 큰 비극을 생각하면 말로만 형제를 부양하는 것은 무의미하다"[citation needed]고 말했다.

인도적 지원

민간 시위 및 시위

샌프란시스코에서 시위가 있었다.
2009년 1월 11일 친이스라엘 런던 집회 "이스라엘과 가자 인민을 위한 평화"

전 세계적으로 이스라엘에 반대하는 주요 시위가 열렸다.[247][248]런던, 파리, 오슬로 등지에서 시위대가 경찰과 충돌했다.[249][250]요르단강 서안 곳곳에서 이스라엘의 공격에 반대하는 시위가 매일 열렸다.일부 시위는 돌을 던지는 사람들과 이스라엘 보안군 사이의 충돌을 "폭력적인" 것으로 발전시켰다.1월 4일, 이스라엘군과 충돌한 칼킬랴 군중의 한 남자가 총에 맞아 사망했고, 1월 16일, 헤브론에서 열린 시위에서 한 십대가 머리에 총을 맞고 사망했다.[251][252]팔레스타인인권센터(PCHR)는 1월 15일부터 1월 21일 사이에 서안지구에서 이스라엘군의 공세에 반대하는 각종 시위에서 어린이 16명을 포함해 36명이 부상했다고 전했다.[253]유대인과 이스라엘의 목표물에 대한 국제적 고립 공격이 있었다.[254][255]300개가 넘는 이스라엘 웹사이트들이 그 분쟁의 첫날 동안 반 이스라엘과 반미 메시지로 해킹을 당했고 방어했다.[256][257]프랑스에서는 12월 27일 이후 반유대주의와 반무슬림 공격이 급증했고 영국과 스웨덴에서도 비슷한 증가세가 나타났다.[258][259]

호주 멜버른에서 열린 이스라엘 작전 반대 집회.
독일 베를린에서 친이스라엘 시위(11.01.19)

1월 10일, 유럽에서 새로운 물결의 시위가 열렸다.런던에서는 약 10만 명의 사람들이 이스라엘의 공격에 항의했다.추가 시위가 유럽 전역에서 열렸다.[260][261]1월 11일 거의 1만 명이 이스라엘을 지원하기 위해 뉴욕시에 모였다.[262]미국에서는 매클래치/입소스 여론조사를 통해 일반 국민의 44%가 이스라엘 작전에 찬성하는 것으로 나타났으며,[263] CNN 여론조사는 63%가 이스라엘의 군사작전이 정당하다고 생각하는 것으로 나타났다.[264]CNN은 뉴스위크가 공화당원 55%, 민주당원 45%가 이스라엘의 행동에 찬성한다고 밝혔지만 공화당원 75%, 민주당원 52%가 이런 견해를 갖고 있다고 보도했다.[265]유대인 사회에서 ADL은 79%가 이스라엘의 대응이 적절하다고 느낀다는 것을 보여주었다.[266]

파업에 반대하는 많은 시위가 전 세계 도시에서 일어났고,[247] 이스라엘에서는 파업 찬반 시위가 열렸다.[267][268]이집트에서는, 이 시위로 인해 정부가 가자 지구에 식량과 의약품을 배달할 수 있도록 라파 국경 건널목을 다시 열게 되었다.[269]

최대 100만 명에 이르는 최대 규모의 시위가 1월 7일 다마스쿠스에서 열린 정부 조직 행사에서 열렸다.[270]12월 10일, 유럽에서 새로운 물결의 시위가 열렸다.런던에서, 5만 명의 사람들이 이스라엘 대사관으로 행진했는데, 이것은 영국에서 가장 큰 친팔레스타인 시위였다.파리에서는 3만 명의 사람들이 '우리는 모두 가자의 아이들'이라고 쓰인 현수막을 들고 행진했다.추가 시위가 유럽 전역에서 열렸다.[271][272]

이스라엘의 평화 운동인 구시 샬롬은 전쟁을 비난했고,[273] 그들은 텔아비브에서 대규모 시위를 벌였다.[274]

이스라엘의 공세를 규탄하는 시위

칠레 산티아고에 있는 이스라엘 지지자들.

다음 도시들에서 시위가 열렸다.이스라엘이 가자 교육기관을 폭격한 것을 규탄하기 위해 대학 당국에 항의하는 학생들도 다수 조직되었다.

참고: 표를 알파벳 순으로 정렬하거나 시간순으로 정렬할 수 있음"><"아이콘 경찰의 추산에 따르면 그 규모는 크다.다른 추정치는 "Notes" 상자에 기록되어 있다.

Demonstrations supporting Israel

Note: The table can be sorted alphabetically or chronologically using the "><" icon.

Demonstrations calling for peace

Artists' response

Songs

  • In January 2009 Syrian-American singer-songwriter Michael Heart composed and released a song in support of the Palestinian civilian victims of the Israeli war in Gaza, titled "We Will Not Go Down (Song For Gaza)", which gained popularity on sites like YouTube, internet blogs and forums.[471] The official YouTube video of the song was viewed over 1 million times within a month of its release;[472] the recording of the song was broadcast on radio and television in many countries along with blogs and websites[473][474][475] worldwide and it was chanted in many demonstrations in cities ranging from Sydney, Australia to London, England.[476] The Palestine Argentine Delegation Embassy website also put the song with lyrics on its page.[477] Heart made the mp3 of the song[permanent dead link] freely downloadable from his official website, which he reports has been downloaded over 500,000 times, encouraging the listeners to make a donation to UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA).[478] Though musically praised around the world, the song received some political criticism from the Israeli camp.[471]

Theatre plays

  • Seven Jewish Children: A Play for Gaza is a controversial six-page, 10-minute play by British playwright and a co-patron of the Palestine Solidarity Campaign Caryl Churchill, written in response to the Gaza War, and first performed at London's Royal Court Theatre on 6 February 2009. Churchill has said that anyone wishing to produce it may do so gratis, so long as they hold a collection for the people of Gaza at the end. consists of seven scenes spread over roughly seventy years, in which Jewish adults discuss what, or whether, their children should be told about certain events in recent Jewish history that the play alludes to only indirectly.

Short plays written in response to Seven Jewish Children

See also

References

  1. ^ "Gaza attacks: Israeli strikes spark protests across world". The Telegraph. London. 2008-12-29. Retrieved 2009-09-19.
  2. ^ BBC NEWS UK London protest over raids on Gaza. BBC News. Retrieved on 2009-01-08
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Protests Against Israel's Gaza Bombardment Spread". VOA News. 2009-01-02. Archived from the original on 2009-01-16.
  4. ^ grapples with diplomatic deterioration
  5. ^ New York Times
  6. ^ a b c "Israel set for prolonged Gaza op". BBC. 2008-12-28. Retrieved 2008-12-28.
  7. ^ "After IAF strike kills at least 230 in Gaza, Hamas chief vows third Intifada has come". Haaretz. 2008-12-28. Retrieved 2008-12-28.
  8. ^ "Abbas blames Hamas for bloodshed". alJazeera Magazine. 2008-12-28.
  9. ^ "Abbas blames Hamas for failing to avert violence". France 24. 2008-12-28. Archived from the original on 2009-05-19.
  10. ^ "Israel rebuffs Gaza ceasefire calls". Al Jazeera. 2009-01-01.
  11. ^ Arab child's sickbed is part of the battleground By Aron Heller and Dalia Nammari – March 18, 2009
  12. ^ Berg, Raffi (2008-04-30). "Israel's dilemma over sick Gazans". BBC News. Retrieved 2009-09-19.
  13. ^ Palestinians Stop Paying Israeli Hospitals for Gaza and West Bank Patients Ethan Bronner, New York Times February 9, 2009
  14. ^ a b Worsnip, Patrick; Todd Eastham (December 28, 2008). "U.N. Security Council calls for end to Gaza violence". Reuters. Retrieved December 28, 2008.
  15. ^ a b c d e f "Reaction in quotes: Gaza bombing". BBC News. December 27, 2008. Retrieved December 27, 2008.
  16. ^ "A rush to broker peace in Gaza".
  17. ^ Castle, Stephen; Katrin Bennhold (2009-01-05). "Europe Sends Two Missions to Promote a Cease-Fire". New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
  18. ^ a b Nidal al-Mughrabi (2009-01-04). "Israeli tanks, soldiers invade Gaza Strip". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2010-01-23. Retrieved 2009-01-04.
  19. ^ Edith M. Lederer (2008-01-04). "US blocks UN Security Council action on Gaza". Associated Press. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
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External links