Cathleen Synge Morawetz

Cathleen S. Morawetz
Cathleen Synge Morawetz.jpg
Born(1923-05-05)May 5, 1923
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
DiedAugust 8, 2017(2017-08-08) (aged 94)
New York City, New York, U.S.A.
NationalityCanadian
Alma materNew York University
University of Toronto
Known forpartial differential equations of mixed type, aerodynamics, supersonic flows, shock waves
Awards
Scientific career
FieldsMathematics
InstitutionsNew York University
Doctoral advisorKurt Otto Friedrichs

Cathleen Synge Morawetz (May 5, 1923 – August 8, 2017) was a Canadian mathematician who spent much of her career in the United States.[1] Morawetz's research was mainly in the study of the partial differential equations governing fluid flow, particularly those of mixed type occurring in transonic flow.[2] She was professor emerita at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences at the New York University, where she had also served as director from 1984 to 1988.[3] She was awarded the National Medal of Science in 1998.[4]

Childhood

Morawetz's father, John Lighton Synge, nephew of John Millington Synge, was an Irish mathematician, specializing in the geometry of general relativity. Her mother also studied mathematics for a time. Her uncle was Edward Hutchinson Synge who is credited as the inventor of the Near-field scanning optical microscope.[5]

Her childhood was split between Ireland and Canada. Both her parents were supportive of her interest in mathematics and science, and it was a woman mathematician, Cecilia Krieger, who had been a family friend for many years who later encouraged Morawetz to pursue a Ph.D. in mathematics. Morawetz said her father was influential in stimulating her interest in mathematics, but he wondered whether her studying mathematics would be wise (suggesting they might fight like the Bernoulli brothers).[3]

교육

1945년 토론토 대학을 졸업한 모라웨츠는 1946년 매사추세츠 공과대학에서 석사학위를 받았다. 모라웨츠는 뉴욕대학에 취직하여 리처드 쿠란트와 커트 오토 프리드리히스의 '초음속 흐름과 충격파'를 편집했다. 그녀는 쿠르트 오토 프리드리히스의 감독하에 1951년 뉴욕 대학에서 구면 붕괴의 안정성에 관한 논문으로 박사학위를 취득했다.[3][6] 그녀의 논문은 섭동법으로[3] 처리된 수축 구형 충격이라는 제목이 붙었다.

경력

모라웨츠는 박사학위를 취득한 후 MIT에서 1년간 연구원으로 있다가 뉴욕대학의 쿠란트수학과학연구소에서 5년 더 연구원으로 복귀했다. 이 기간 동안 그녀는 교습 요건이 없었고 순수하게 연구에 집중할 수 있었다. 그녀는 점성, 압축성 유체, 트랜소닉 흐름을 포함한 응용 수학의 다양한 주제에 대한 연구를 발표했다. 항공기가 아음속 상태를 유지하더라도 날개 주위를 흐르는 공기는 초음속까지 도달할 수 있다. 초음속 공기와 아음속 공기의 혼합은 비행기 속도를 늦출 수 있는 충격파를 생성한다.

그녀는 트랜소닉 흐름의 수학으로 눈을 돌리면서 특별히 설계된 무충격 에어포일은 사실 충격을 예방할 수 없다는 것을 보여주었다. 충격은 돌풍이나 날개의 불완전함과 같은 작은 동요에 반응하여 발전했다.[7] 이 발견은 충격과 함께 흐름에 대한 이론을 개발하는 문제를 열어주었다. 그 후, 그녀가 수학적으로 예측한 충격은 이제 기체가 비행기의 날개 주위를 흐르면서 실험에서 관찰되었다.[1]

1957년에 그녀는 쿠랑의 조교수가 되었다. 이 시점에서 그녀는 그녀의 동료들과 더 밀접하게 일하기 시작했다. 피터 락스, 랄프 필립스와 함께 별 모양의 장애물 주위의 파동 방정식에 대한 해결책의 붕괴에 관한 중요한 공동 논문들을 출판했다. 그녀는 1965년까지 전체 교수로 승진할 때까지 프로필 주변의 파동 방정식과 트랜소닉 흐름에 관한 중요한 독무를 계속했다.

At this point her research expanded to a variety of problems including papers on the Tricomi equation the nonrelativistic wave equation including questions of decay and scattering. Her first doctoral student, Lesley Sibner, was graduated in 1964. In the 1970s she worked on questions of scattering theory and the nonlinear wave equation. She proved what is now known as the Morawetz Inequality. She died on August 8, 2017, in New York City.[8]

Honors

In 1980 Morawetz won a Lester R. Ford Award.[9] In 1981, she became the first woman to deliver the Gibbs Lecture of The American Mathematical Society,[3][10] and in 1982 presented an Invited Address at a meeting of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. She received honorary degrees from Eastern Michigan University in 1980, Brown University, and Smith College in 1982, and Princeton in 1990.[3] In 1983 and in 1988, she was selected as a Noether Lecturer. She was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1984.[11] She was named Outstanding Woman Scientist for 1993 by the Association for Women in Science.[3] In 1995, she became the second woman elected to the office of president of the American Mathematical Society.[3] In 1996, she was awarded an honorary ScD degree by Trinity College Dublin, where her father JL Synge had been a student and later a faculty member.[12] That same year, she was elected to the American Philosophical Society.[13] In 1998 she was awarded the National Medal of Science; she was the first woman to receive the medal for work in mathematics.[3] In 2004 she received the Leroy P. Steele Prize for Lifetime Achievement. In 2006 she won the George David Birkhoff Prize in Applied Mathematics.[3] In 2012 she became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.[14]

Morawetz was a member of the National Academy of Sciences[15] and was the first woman to belong to the Applied Mathematics Section of that organization.[3]

Publications

Personal life

Morawetz lived in Greenwich Village with her husband Herbert Morawetz, a polymer chemist. They had four children, eight grandchildren, and one great grandchild. Their children are Pegeen Rubinstein, John, Lida Jeck, and Nancy Morawetz (a professor at New York University School of Law who manages its Immigrant Rights Clinic).

모라웨츠는 직업과 가정을 성공적으로 결합해 국가여성기구(National Organization for Women)로부터 영예를 받자 "아마 내가 집안일에 너무 서툴러 수학자가 된 것 같다"고 입을 다물었다. 그녀는 현재 자신의 비수학적인 관심사는 "손자와 항해"[3]라고 말했다.

참조

  1. ^ a b O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Cathleen Synge Morawetz", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews
  2. ^ 과학의 삶: 캐슬린 모라웨츠 시몬스 재단
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Knowles, Tyler. "Cathleen Morawetz". Biographies of Women Mathematicians. Agnes Scott College. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
  4. ^ Jackson, Allyn (March 1999). "Cathleen Morawetz Receives National Medal of Science" (PDF). Notices of the American Mathematical Society. 46 (3): 352.
  5. ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "John Lighton Synge", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews
  6. ^ 캐슬린 모라웨츠 수학계보 프로젝트
  7. ^ 장, 케네스, 캐슬린 모라웨츠, 94세; 뉴욕 타임즈, 2017년 8월 13일, 페이지 18에 수학을 공부했다.
  8. ^ 2017년 8월 10일 뉴욕 타임즈 유급 사망 알림
  9. ^ Morawetz, Cathleen S. (1979). "Nonlinear conservation equations". The American Mathematical Monthly. 86 (4): 284–287. doi:10.2307/2320747. JSTOR 2320747.
  10. ^ Morawetz, Cathleen Synge (1982). "The mathematical approach to the sonic barrier". Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. New Series. 6 (2): 127–145. doi:10.1090/s0273-0979-1982-14965-5. MR 0640941.
  11. ^ "Cathleen Synge Morawetz". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 2021-12-16.
  12. ^ 1972~2018년 명예학위 수여자 트리니티 칼리지 더블린
  13. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2021-12-16.
  14. ^ 미국수학협회의 동료 목록, 2013-02-10.
  15. ^ "Cathleen Synge Morawetz". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved 2021-12-16.

이 글에는 크리에이티브 커먼스 귀속/공유 앨리케 라이센스에 따라 라이센스가 부여된 PlanetMath의 Cathleen Morawetz의 자료가 통합되어 있다.

외부 링크