양방향 트래픽

Bidirectional traffic
호주 빅토리아 주의 한 교통 표지판에는 "호주 좌회전"이라고 쓰여 있다.

교통 기반 시설에서, 양방향 교통 시스템은 여행자를 반대 방향으로 흐르는 두 개의 교통 흐름으로 나눈다.[1]

터널의 설계와 건설에서 양방향 트래픽은 환기 고려사항에 현저하게 영향을 미칠 수 있다.[2]

양방향 자동차, 보행자, 철도 교통을 위해 미시적인 교통 흐름 모델이 제안되었다.[3] 양방향 교통은 개미 산책로에서[4] 관찰될 수 있으며, 이것은 인간 교통 모델에 대한 통찰력을 위해 연구되었다.[5] 라발이 제안한 거시적 이론에서, 빠른 차량과 느린 차량 사이의 상호작용은 움직이는 병목현상의 뉴웰 키네마틱 파동 모델을 따른다.[6]

항공 교통 관제에서 교통은 일반적으로 고도별로 구분되며, 동쪽 방향 비행은 고도 천 피트 이상에서, 서쪽 방향 비행은 고도 천 피트(1 000 ft even 305m)에서 이루어진다. 28,000 ft(~8.5km) 이상에서는 동쪽 방향 비행의 경우 FL 290, 330, 370 등, 서쪽 방향 비행의 경우 FL 310, 350, 390 등 홀수 비행 수준만 사용된다.[7] 활주로가 항공기의 이착륙을 허용하고 지상 속도를 줄이기 위해 선택되기 때문에 공항 출입은 항상 일방통행이다.[8] 어떤 바람의 경우에도 충돌 방지를 위해 보통 모든 비행에서 선호하는 차분한 바람의 활주로와 방향을 선택하고 사용한다.[9] 통제되지 않는 공항에서는 공항의 누구라도 공항 정보를 얻을 수 있다. 교통은 특정 교통 패턴을 따르며, 지정된 출입구와 출구가 있다. 누가 듣든 말든 라디오 방송을 통해 그 지역의 다른 교통량을 알 수 있다.[10]

영국의 철도 초창기에는, 대부분의 노선이 전화 이전의 시간에는 운항을 조정하기 어렵기 때문에 이중 추적으로 건설되었다.

대부분의 현대적인 도로들은 양방향 교통을 통한다. 단방향 교통은 밀집한 도시 중심부에서 흔히 볼 수 있다.[citation needed] 양방향 트래픽 흐름은 교통 충돌 속도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 생각된다. 사이먼-구토위츠 양방향 교통모델을 바탕으로 정면충돌, 후방충돌, 차선변경 충돌 등을 분석한 결과, "한 차선의 차량 밀도가 작고 다른 차선의 밀도가 충분히 높을 때 충돌 위험이 중요하다" "중형차량이 중요한 감축을 초래한다"는 결론이 나왔다."홈레인의 교통 흐름과 자동차 사고 위험의 증가를 유발한다.[11]

양방향 교통은 산책로에서 관측되는 가장 일반적인 흐름 형태지만, 일부 대형 보행자 뇌관은 다방향 교통을 나타낸다.[12]

참조

  1. ^ Moussa, Najem (2008-11-10). "Simon–Gutowitz bidirectional traffic model revisited". Physics Letters A. 372 (45): 6701–6704. arXiv:0903.1345. Bibcode:2008PhLA..372.6701M. doi:10.1016/j.physleta.2008.08.081. S2CID 17577121.
  2. ^ Pursall, B. R.; King, Alan Leslie (1976). "The aerodynamics and ventilation of vehicle tunnels: a state of the art review and bibliography". BHRA Fluid Engineering. 2: 236. ISBN 978-0-900983-62-7.
  3. ^ Simon, P. M.; H. A. Gutowitz (February 1998). "Cellular automaton model for bidirectional traffic". Physical Review E. 57 (2): 2441–2444. arXiv:cond-mat/9801024. Bibcode:1998PhRvE..57.2441S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.57.2441. S2CID 118276303.
  4. ^ Burd, Martin; N. Aranwela (February 2003). "Head-on encounter rates and walking speed of foragers in leaf-cutting ant traffic". Insectes Sociaux. Birkhäuser Basel. 50 (1): 3–8. doi:10.1007/s000400300001. S2CID 23876486.
  5. ^ John, Alexander; Andreas Schadschneider; Debashish Chowdhury; Katsuhiro Nishinari (March 2008). "Characteristics of ant-inspired traffic flow". Swarm Intelligence. Springer New York. 2 (1): 25–41. arXiv:0903.1434. doi:10.1007/s11721-008-0010-8. S2CID 18350336.
  6. ^ Laval, Jorge (December 2006). "A macroscopic theory of two-lane rural roads" (PDF). Transportation Research Part B: Methodological. 40 (10): 937–944. doi:10.1016/j.trb.2006.03.002. Retrieved 2009-09-10.[데드링크]
  7. ^ "airways and aircraft separation". www.pilotfriend.com.
  8. ^ 상대 속도
  9. ^ "Calm Wind Runways" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-06-17. Retrieved 2012-05-30.
  10. ^ "Operations at nontowered airports" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-01-13. Retrieved 2012-05-30.
  11. ^ Moussa, Najem (2009). "Simulation study of traffic accidents in bidirectional traffic models". International Journal of Modern Physics C. 21 (12): 1501–1515. arXiv:0905.4252. Bibcode:2010IJMPC..21.1501M. doi:10.1142/S0129183110016007. S2CID 16610321.
  12. ^ Blue, Victor; Jeffrey Adler (1999). "Cellular automata microsimulation of bidirectional pedestrian flows" (PDF). Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies. 1678 (1): 135–141. doi:10.3141/1678-17. S2CID 110675891. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-05-04. Retrieved 2009-09-09.

추가 읽기

  • "Structural design issues". Transportation research record. National Research Council, Transportation Research Board. 2000. ISBN 978-0-309-06744-7. Two-lane rural highways with bidirectional traffic
  • Michael S. Bernick; Robert Cervero (1996). Transit villages in the 21st century. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-005475-2. Satellite subcenters would function as countermagnets to central Stockholm, leading to efficient bidirectional traffic flows.
  • "Annual meeting". Compendium of Technical Papers. Institute of Transportation Engineers. 53. 1983. Madras conducted some field studies to evolve a relationship between speed and volume of traffic on single and two lane bidirectional traffic roads.
  • Bickel, John; T. R. Kuesel (1982). Tunnel engineering handbook. University of California: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. p. 499. ISBN 978-0-442-28127-4. This results in bidirectional traffic in a single tunnel.
  • Highway Research Board; National Research Council (1972). "Proceedings of a workshop held May 17–19, 1971". Systems building for bridges. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-309-02063-3. Obviously the hazards are far more numerous and the need for better headlighting much greater on these millions of miles of streets and highways carrying bidirectional traffic, particularly because so few of these miles have even mediocre fixed highway lighting.
  • National Research Council; Transportation Research Board (1993). Pavement management systems. National Academy Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-309-05468-3.
  • Transportation Research Board; National Research Council; Federal Transit Administration. "Report 65: "Evaluation of Bus Bulbs"" (PDF). Transit Cooperative Research Program: 20. Retrieved 2009-09-09. Conversely, at 44 sq ft (4.1 sq m), passing slower pedestrian traffic is easier, crossing bidirectional traffic is nearly unhindered, and traveling through the zone is dramatically less affected by other walking or standing pedestrians.
  • Stone, H. David (2008). Vital rails: the Charleston & Savannah Railroad and the Civil War in coastal South Carolina. University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-716-0. Single tracking and the relative lack of sidings made bidirectional traffic difficult — a difficulty that became more obvious during the conflict with the North.
  • Behrens, John (1974). "A staff technical report". Recommendation for the Chicago area freight system for 1995. Chicago Area Transportation Study. The average yard handle 350 vans of bidirectional traffic each day.
  • National Research Council; Transportation Research Board (1993). "Transportation system management, parking, and travel demand management". Transportation Research Record. 1404: 39. ISBN 978-0-309-05550-5. This is especially true for physically challenged users and the elderly, who have to weave through bidirectional traffic.
  • Borndörfer, Ralf; Marika Neumann; Marc E. Pfetsch (2005-11-16). "Optimal Fares for Public Transport" (PDF). In Haasis, Hans-Dietrich; Kopfer, Herbert; Schönberger, Jörn (eds.). Operations Research Proceedings 2005. Operations Research Proceedings. 2005. Bremen: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. doi:10.1007/3-540-32539-5. ISBN 978-3-540-32537-6. It consists of a network containing 23 nodes (stations) and a corresponding upper-triangular origin-destination matrix (d0st) with 210 nonzero entries that account for a symmetric bidirectional traffic.
  • Burger, H. (1993). "Options for tunnelling". Developments in Geotechnical Engineering: 35. ISBN 978-0-444-89935-4. A tunnel with an inner diameter of 9.75 meters allowing a bidirectional traffic of 2 x 3 car lanes on two superimposed levels.
  • Cervero, Robert (1998). The transit metropolis: a global inquiry. Island Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-1-55963-591-2. As shown in Stockholm and Curitiba, mixed land uses can translate into balanced, bidirectional traffic flows.
  • "Volume 26, Issues 1-7". Electronic Design. Hayden Pub. Co. 1978. But to get the sign's X-band Doppler radar to work reliably from overpasses (see photo) or from overhead sign posts, two major problems had to be overcome: fluctuations in the Doppler returns because of multipath cancellations from cars approaching the sign, and interference caused by bidirectional traffic flow.
  • Tang, T.Q.; Huang, H.J.; Wong, S.C.; Xu, X.Y. (2007-03-15). "A new overtaking model and numerical tests". Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications. 376: 649–657. Bibcode:2007PhyA..376..649T. doi:10.1016/j.physa.2006.10.044. The overtaking in a two-lane bidirectional traffic flow is also analyzed.
  • Bényei, András; Péter Golarits (2002). "Measurements to define relationship between traffic volume and traffic conditions in Hungary" (PDF). Periodica Polytechnica Ser. Civ. Eng. 46 (1): 83–94. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2009-09-09. In Fig. 3 the s = f (V∗) functions are presented, showing the V∗ PCU/h fictive bidirectional traffic volumes delimiting the proposed three grades of level of services.
  • Hamza-lup, Georgiana; Kien A. Hua; Minh Le; Rui Peng (2004). "Enhancing intelligent transportation systems to improve and support homeland security" (PDF). IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference. Washington, D.C. p. 250. doi:10.1109/ITSC.2004.1398906. S2CID 16138371. In the Fastest-Links approach, links that are not on the multicast tree are allowed to have bidirectional traffic, so we only need to enforce certain directions for the traffic flowing through the intersections/nodes in the multicast tree.
  • US 5815161 "표시된 바와 같이, 두 링크 100, 102는 상호 반대되는 교통 방향을 가지고 있다. 이는 합류에서 복합도로 분기점이 양방향 교통지표를 받을 수 있다는 것을 의미한다."
  • Sato, Yoshimichi; Koji Makanae (December 2006). "Development and Evaluation of In-vehicle Signing System Utilizing RFID tags as Digital Traffic Signs" (PDF). International Journal of ITS Research. 40 (1). Retrieved 2009-09-09. This approach makes the system applicable also to a narrow undivided road carrying bidirectional traffic
  • Blue, Victor; Jeffrey Adler (2000). "Cellular automata model of emergent collective bi-directional pedestrian dynamics" (PDF). In M.A. Bedau; J.S. McCaskill; N.H. Packard; S. Rasmussen (eds.). Artificial Life VII: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Artificial Life, eds. Portland, Oregon: The MIT Press. pp. 437–445. ISBN 978-0-262-52290-8. Retrieved 2009-09-09. The bi-directional vehicular flow model focuses on modeling acceleration and passing movements within the framework of two lanes of opposing flow.
  • "Road Watch: The Budapest Sun traffic buster". The Budapest Sun. 2008-05-07. Retrieved 2009-09-09. The bidirectional traffic flow is controlled by traffic lights.
  • Dorna, B.; M. Kramar Fijavžb; R. Nagela; A. Radla (2009-06-21). "The semigroup approach to transport processes in networks" (PDF). Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena. 239 (15): 1416. Bibcode:2010PhyD..239.1416D. doi:10.1016/j.physd.2009.06.012. Retrieved 2009-09-10.