센트럴 밸리 프로젝트
Central Valley Project 캘리포니아 주의 CVP 시설을 보여주는 지도. | |
 산호아킨 계곡의 CVP 운하계통 지도CVP 수로는 파란색이고 SWP 수로는 빨간색이다. | |
| 일반통계 | |
|---|---|
| 시작됨 | 1933 |
| 저장 댐 | 오번(취소) 콘트라 로마 엽섬 프라이언트 펑크 뉴멜론스 산저스토 산루이스 샤스타 슬라이 박 삼위일체 위스키타운 |
| 추가댐 | 캠프 크릭 전환 카운티 라인(빌트되지 않음) 케스윅 루이스턴 리틀 파노체 로스바뇨스 님버스 레드 블러프 오닐 스프링 크릭 슈가 파인 |
| 발전소 | 프라이런트(25 MW) 폴솜 민하(199 MW) 판사 프랜시스 카 (154 MW) 케스윅(117 MW) 새 멜론(300 MW) 님버스(7.7MW) 샤스타(676 MW) 스프링 크릭(180 MW) 트리니티(140MW) 윌리엄 R. 지아넬리 (424 MW) |
| 운하 | 643.6 mi(1,035.8km) |
| 운영 | |
| 저장 용량 | 133,162,683에이커(1,541,834댐) |
| 연간수확량 | 700만 에이커(약3 860만 댐) |
| 관개된 토지 | 300만 에이커(120만 ha) |
| 총생성용량 | 2,254 MW |
| 연간 총생성 | 5.18 TWh(2004) |
센트럴 밸리 프로젝트(Central Valley Project, CVP)는 미국 캘리포니아 주의 연방 전력 및 물 관리 프로젝트로서 미국 간척국(USBR)이 주관한다.그것은 캘리포니아의 센트럴 밸리의 많은 부분에 관개용수와 도시용수를 제공하기 위해 1933년에 고안되었다. 그것은 캘리포니아의 북쪽 절반의 저수지에 물을 규제하고 저장하기 위해, 그리고 물이 부족한 산 호아킨으로 물을 운반하기 위해서였다.계곡과 그 주변은 일련의 운하, 수로, 펌프 공장으로 이루어져 있으며, 일부는 캘리포니아 주 수도 프로젝트(SWP)와 공유된다.많은 CVP 물 사용자들은 Central Valley Project Water Association에 의해 대표된다.
이 시스템은 저수량과 규제 외에도 2,000메가와트 이상의 수력 발전 능력을 갖추고 있으며, 20개의 댐과 저수지로 레크리에이션과 홍수 조절을 제공한다.그것은 주요 도시들이 매년 봄 범람하던 계곡 강을 따라 자랄 수 있도록 했고, 산 호아킨 계곡의 반건조 사막 환경을 생산적인 농지로 변화시켰다.새크라멘토 강 저수지에 저장돼 건조기에 하류로 방출되는 담수는 밀물 때 새크라멘토-산 호아킨 삼각주에 염수가 침입하는 것을 막는다.프로젝트의 8개 중분할과 10개의 해당 단위가 있는데, 이 중 많은 단위가 연계하여 운용되는 반면, 다른 단위는 네트워크의 나머지 부분과 독립되어 있다.캘리포니아 농업과 관련 산업은 현재 CVP가 물을 절반 정도 공급한 주 총생산의 7%를 직접 차지한다.
많은 CVP 운영은 북부 캘리포니아 주 4대 강 연어 개체수의 감소, 이교도 지역과 습지의 감소 등 상당한 환경적 영향을 끼쳤다.많은 역사적 유적지와 아메리카 원주민 부족 거주지는 CVP 저수지에 의해 침수되었다.게다가, 집중 관개로부터의 유출은 강과 지하수를 오염시켰다.1992년 통과된 센트럴밸리사업개선법은 CVP와 관련된 문제점 중 일부를 피난용수공급프로그램과 같은 프로그램으로 완화하고자 한다.
최근 몇 년 동안, 1973년의 멸종위기종법에 근거하여 통과된 가뭄과 규제 결정의 조합으로 인해 새크라멘토-산 호아킨 삼각주의 취약한 생태계를 보호하고 감소하고 있는 북부의 어류 개체수를 유지하기 위해 산 호아킨 계곡 서쪽 지역의 물을 상당 부분 끌어야 했다.N과 Central California 강.2017년 클라마트와 트리니티 강에서는 역사상 최악의 낙조를 보인 치누크 연어가 돌아오면서 캘리포니아와 오리건에서 상업어업 상실로 인한 재해 신고로 이어졌다.레크리에이션 가을 치누크 연어 어장은 바다와 트리니티 강과 클라마트 강 양쪽에서 2017년 폐쇄됐다.캘리포니아 어류야생성부(CDFW)가 태평양어업관리협의회(PFMC)에 보낸 보고서에 따르면 2017년 새크라멘토 계곡으로 돌아온 성충 겨울 치누크 연어는 1123마리뿐이었다.이는 지난 2003년 현대적 계산기법이 시행된 이후 두 번째로 적은 성충 월동 연어 수치다.그에 비해, 1969년에 11만 7천 마리가 넘는 겨울 치누크들이 산란을 위해 돌아왔다.
개요
운영
CVP는 시에라 네바다 주, 클라마트 산맥, 캘리포니아 해안 산맥의 구릉지 20개 저수지에 약 1300만 에이커피트(16km3)의 물을 저장하고 있으며, 운하를 통해 연간 약 740만 에이커피트(9.1km3)의 물을 통과시킨다.수송되는 물 중 약 500만 에이커(6.2km3)가 300만 에이커(120만 ha)의 농지를 관개하고, 60만 에이커(0.74km3)가 시용품을 공급하며, 80만 에이커피트(0.99km3)가 주와 연방의 생태 기준을 준수하기 위해 강과 습지에 방류된다.[1][2]
새크라멘토 계곡 북쪽 산에는 두 개의 큰 저수지인 샤스타 호와 트리니티 호수가 한 쌍의 댐으로 형성되어 있다.샤스타호에서 나온 물은 새크라멘토-산 호아킨 삼각주로 흐르는 새크라멘토 강으로 흘러가고 트리니티호에서 나온 물은 태평양으로 이어지는 트리니티 강으로 흘러 들어간다.두 호수는 모두 통제된 속도로 물을 방출한다.There, before it can flow on to San Francisco Bay and the Pacific Ocean, some of the water is intercepted by a diversion channel and transported to the Delta-Mendota Canal, which conveys water southwards through the San Joaquin Valley, supplying water to San Luis Reservoir (a SWP-shared facility) and the San Joaquin River at Mendota Pool in the pr결국 계곡에 있는 농장에 관개하는 운하에 도달한다.프리안트 댐은 멘도타 풀의 상류에 있는 산호아킨 강을 가로지르며, 남쪽으로는 케른 강 남쪽으로는 산호아킨 계곡의 툴라레 호수 지역으로 이동하는 운하로 물을 남향으로 흘려보낸다.마지막으로, 별도의 시설인 뉴 멜론 호수는 건조한 기간 동안 사용하기 위해 산 호아킨 강 지류의 물 흐름을 저장한다.다른 소규모의 독립적인 시설들이 지역 관개구에 물을 공급하기 위해 존재한다.[1][3]
배경
센트럴 밸리 프로젝트는 프랭클린 D 당시 세계에서 가장 큰 수도 및 전력 프로젝트였습니다. 루즈벨트의 뉴딜정책은 공공사업 의제다.그 프로젝트는 국가의 가장 중요한 천연 자원인 물을 둘러싼 80년간의 정치적 싸움의 절정이었다.캘리포니아의 센트럴 밸리는 시에라 네바다 산맥의 서쪽에 위치해 있으며, 매년 새크라멘토-산 호아킨 강 삼각주를 통해 태평양으로 유출된다.지중해 기후인 건조한 여름과 습한 겨울 기후로 인해 수몰되는 대규모 지질 홍수인데, 가뭄 주기가 정기적으로 포함된다.건설 당시 이 사업은 국가의 미래를 둘러싼 정치·문화 싸움의 중심에 있었다.그것은 토지 이용, 물 권리에 대한 접근, 토착 공동체, 큰 농부 대 작은 농부들, 주의 관개 구역과 공공 대 민간 전력에 대한 국가의 계속되는 전쟁과 교차했다.그것의 지지자들은 그 당시 주요 이해관계자들에게 피해를 주지 않은 결과 외에 그것의 영향에 대한 환경적 우려를 무시했다.
캘리포니아의 센트럴 밸리는 두 개의 뚜렷한 문화 중심 토지 이용 시대를 거쳤다.첫 번째는 수천 년 동안 지속된 원주민 부족 시대였다.그 후, 처음에는 스페인식 식민지 모델인 가톨릭 선교와 랜초 (1772–1846)에 의해 유럽인들이 등장했고, 그 후 현재의 미국 시대로 이어졌다.지중해성 기후 때문에, 첫 번째 문화 시대는 수렵-채집자 기반이었다.스페인 선교사들의 목축과 태닝 사업은 라스칼리포니아 부족의 강제 노역에 바탕을 두고 있었다.육류, 양모, 가죽을 위한 가축 방목과 함께 스페인의 토지 이용 모델은 결국 알타 캘리포니아 해안을 따라 내륙으로 확산되기 시작했다.미국 시대는 주로 목장에서 대규모 농장으로, 또는 오늘날에는 센트럴 밸리를 미국의 빵바구니로 바꾼 기업 농업으로 더 흔히 알려져 있다.
1848년 캘리포니아 골드러시에 이어 미국 시민들이 대거 이 지역에 들어와 비에 젖은 농업을 실천하려고 시도했지만, 센트럴 밸리 땅의 대부분은 결국 2만2000평방마일의 땅을 지배한 헨리 밀러와 같은 큰 소 목장 주인들에 의해 차지되었다.[4]삼각주를 따라 중국 노동자들이 대규모 제방 공사를 시작한 것은 과수원을 위한 제한적인 관개 공사가 처음 시작된 곳이었다.
대륙횡단철도의 도착 이후, 아시아와 미국의 이민은 이 지역에 정착민들의 증가로 이어졌다.4만2000제곱마일(약 11만2㎞)에 이르는 센트럴밸리의 풍부한 토양과 좋은 날씨에도 불구하고, 계절적인 강우량 및 홍수 패턴에 익숙하지 않은 계곡 이민자들이 관개 관제를 차지하기 시작했다.농부들은 곧 새크라멘토 계곡의 잦은 홍수와 산호아킨 계곡의 전반적인 물 부족에 시달린다는 것을 알았다.[3]북부를 배수하는 새크라멘토 강은 훨씬 큰 산호아킨 계곡보다 적은 면적을 커버하는 새크라멘토 계곡에도 불구하고, 약 25%의 강우량만을 받는 산호아킨 강이 배수하는 계곡의 강수량의 60~75%를 받는다.게다가 새크라멘토-산 호아킨 삼각주에서 물을 끌어들이는 도시들은 유입수가 적었던 건조한 여름과 가을철에 문제에 직면했다.계곡의 경제를 지속하기 위해서는 강물의 흐름을 조절하고 계곡의 남북에 물을 균등하게 분배하는 시스템이 필요했다.[3]
역사
1873년, 바튼 S. 알렉산더는 센트럴 밸리 프로젝트를 만들기 위한 첫 번째 시도였던 미 공병대의 보고서를 완성했다.1904년 개간국(당시 개간국)이 처음 이런 물 사업을 만드는 데 관심을 갖게 되었지만 1920년대 초 가뭄과 관련 재난이 잇따를 때까지 크게 관여하지 않았다.[3]캘리포니아 주는 1933년에 센트럴 밸리 프로젝트 법을 통과시켰는데, 이 법은 이 프로젝트를 위해 약 1억 7천만 달러를 모금하기 위해 간척업자가 수익 채권을 팔도록 허가했다.[3]불행히도, 캘리포니아는 주 재무부의 자금 부족과 대공황과의 우연의 일치로 인해, 이 프로젝트를 건설하기 위한 자금 지원을 위해 주 정부에 의존했다.이로 인해 캘리포니아와 연방정부, 그리고 간척부와 공병대 사이에 몇 차례 프로젝트가 이전되었다.이 프로젝트의 첫 번째 댐과 운하가 1930년대 후반에 올라가기 시작했고, 마지막 시설은 1970년대 초에 완공되었다.그 프로젝트의 다른 특징들은 결코 건설되지 않았고, 일부는 부분적으로 완성되었거나, 아직 승인을 기다리고 있다.[3]
타임라인
1920년 이전의 CVP 타임라인 |
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CVP 타임라인 - 1920년 |
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CVP 타임라인 - 1921년 |
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CVP 타임라인 - 1922-1932 |
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CVP 타임라인 - 1933-1939 |
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12월 2일 - USBR 규정에서는 160에이커 이하의 토지를 가진 농부에게만 물을 공급하도록 규정하고 있다(4-7-1944 참조).
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CVP 타임라인 - 1940-1944 |
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CVP 타임라인 - 1945 |
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CVP 타임라인 - 1946-1949 |
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CVP 타임라인 - 1950-1954 |
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1951년 1월 3일 - CVP와 주 정부는 철새[321] 보호를 위해 초원을 물에 잠기게 하는 것에 동의함
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CVP 타임라인 - 1955-1959 |
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CVP 타임라인 - 1960-1969 |
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CVP 타임라인 - 1970-1979 |
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CVP 타임라인 - 1980-1989 |
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CVP 타임라인 - 1990-1999 |
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CVP 타임라인 - 2000-2009 |
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CVP 타임라인 - 2010-2019 |
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- 2020년 - 1월 1일 - 새크라멘토 델타에서 최근 2년간[551] 발견된 빙어 지시 종 없음
- 2월 20일 - 트럼프 대통령이 연방 생물학적 의견에[552][553][554] 대한 결정 기록에 서명
- 2월 29일 - 대형 웨스트랜드 워터지구를 포함한 프로젝트 고객 75명이 연방 수도 계약을 영구히[555][556][557] 받았다.
새크라멘토 계곡의 시설
새크라멘토 강
샤스타 사단은 레딩 시 북쪽의 새크라멘토 강에 있는 한 쌍의 대형 댐으로 구성되어 있다.[558]샤스타 댐은 CVP의 1차 저수 및 발전 시설이다.새크라멘토 강이 450만 에이커(560만 댐3) 이상의 물을 저장할 수 있는 샤스타 호수를 형성하고, 680MW의 전력을 생산할 수 있다.[559][560]샤스타댐은 하류 방향 전환 댐과 운하가 보다 효율적으로 강의 흐름을 포착할 수 있도록 새크라멘토 강의 유량을 조절하고, 산호아킨 계곡의 양수장 시설이 많은 새크라멘토-산 호아킨 삼각주의 범람을 방지하는 기능을 한다.[558]케스윅 댐은 샤스타 댐의 애프터베이(조절 저장장치) 기능을 하며, 또한 전력을 발생시킨다.[561][562]
CVP의 새크라멘토 운하 사단은 샤스타와 케스윅 댐의 훨씬 하류인 새크라멘토 강으로부터 물을 얻는다.회유 댐, 양수장, 수로 등은 약 10만 에이커의2 관개뿐 아니라 시의 수도를 제공한다.[563]레드 블러프 전환 댐은 새크라멘토 강의[564] 일부분을 110마일(180km)로 전환한다.테하마-콜루사 운하, 코닝 운하 21마일(34km)과 펑크 댐이 형성한 작은 저수지가 그것이다.[565]6개의 펌프 공장은 운하에서 물을 받아 콜루사 카운티 상수 분배 그리드에 공급한다.[563]
트리니티 강
센트럴밸리 배수로사업[566]
환경 훼손으로 인해 주 북부 하천의 수해가 여전히 논란이 되고 있다.트리니티 리버 디비전(Triinity River Division)은 북부 새크라멘토 계곡의 CVP 부서 중 두 번째로 크다.사단의 1차 목적은 삼위일체 강에서 샤스타 댐 하류의 새크라멘토 강 배수구로 물을 우회시켜 새크라멘토 강에 더 많은 흐름을 제공하고 그 과정에서 정점을 이루는 동력을 발생시키는 것이다.[558]트리니티의 두번째로 큰 원가·거래고·이익 관계 water-storage 저수지, Shasta[558]의 정도의 용량과 함께 140MW.[568년]루이 스턴 댐, 트리니티 댐의 하류의 발전 용량이 클리어 크리크 Tunnel,[569년]는 세번째 저장고와 위스 키타 운호 클리어 크리크에 trib에 비우는 여행에 물 보상을 트리니티 Lake,[567입니까]을 이루고 있다.그 Sacram의 utaryento River, 그 과정에서 154 MW의 전력을 발생시킨다.[558]위스키타운 호수(클레어 형성)힐 위스키타운 댐[570])은 차례로 스프링 크릭 터널에 물을 공급하는데, 스프링 크릭 터널은 케스윅 저수지로 흘러들어가는 하천으로 180MW의 전기를 추가로 발생시킨다.거기서부터 트리니티 강의 물은 케스윅 저수지와 새크라멘토 강으로 흐른다.1963년 철산 광산으로부터의 산성 광산 배수가 하류로 계속되어 강을 오염시키는 것을 방지하기 위해 스프링 크릭 파편 댐이 스프링 크릭 터널 출구 바로 상류에 건설되었다.[571]
아메리칸 리버
아메리칸 리버 디비전(American River Division)은 그레이트 센트럴 밸리의 동쪽에 있는 캘리포니아 북부에 위치한다.그 구조물은 시에라 네바다 강에서 빠져나와 새크라멘토 강으로 흘러가는 아메리카 강의 물을 이용한다.사단은 더 나아가 폴섬, 슬라이 파크, 오번-포섬 남부의 3개 부대로 나뉜다.아메리칸 리버 사단은 아메리카 강 유역에 물을 저장해 두 지역 정착지에 물을 공급하고 나머지 시스템에 공급한다.댐은 또한 중요한 홍수 조절 수단이다.수력 발전은 폴섬과 님버스 댐에서 발생하며 서부발전청에 판매된다.[572]
폴섬유닛은 일차 저수 성분인 폴섬댐과 하류 포베이 역할을 하는 님버스댐으로 구성되어 있다.[572]폴섬댐은 아메리카 강에 위치해 있으며, 저수지인 폴섬 호수에 101만 에이커(125만3 댐)의 물을 저장하고 있다.폴섬 호수는 11,550 에이커(4,670 ha)에 이르며 폴섬 호수 주 휴양지 내에 위치한다.[573]저수지 범람을 막기 위해서는 8개의 흙막이가 추가로 필요하다.댐은 또한 세 개의 발전기로부터 200 MW를 발생시킨다.[574]폴섬 댐의 약 11km 하류에는 님버스 댐이 있어 나토마 호수를 형성하고 있다.[575]이 댐은 강의 북쪽에 있는 두 개의 카플란 터빈으로부터 7.7 MW를 생산한다.님버스 피쉬 해처리는 님버스 댐 하류에 위치하고 있어 두 댐이 아메리카 강 산란장을 파괴한 것을 보상한다.[576]
슬라이 파크 유닛에는 슬라이 파크 댐, 젠킨슨 호수, 캠프 크릭 전환 댐, 그리고 두 개의 전환 터널이 있다.슬라이 파크 댐과 그 비슷한 크기의 보조 댐은 650에이커(260ha)에 이르는 젠킨슨 호수를 형성하고 있다.[577]젠킨슨 호수는 5mi(8.0km)의 수로인 카미노 도관에 물을 공급한다.[572]캠프 크릭 전환 댐은 캠프 크릭에서 젠킨슨 호수로 약간의 물을 흘려보낸다.[578]
세 번째 부대는 아메리카 강 지류의 여러 댐으로 구성된 오번-포섬 남부 부대다.여기에는 슈가 파인 댐과 파이프라인(포레스트힐에 물을 공급하는 것), 미완성 폴섬 남운하가 포함된다.[579]부대의 1차적인 구성 요소인 콘크리트 박무치인 오번댐은 미국 북포크에 위치할 예정이었으나, 이 지역의 지진의 위험이 크고, 이 프로젝트에 대한 일반 대중의 반대 때문에 건설되지 않았다.[580]그러나 오번댐의 예비공사의 일환으로 건설된 높은 포레스트힐 다리는 여전히 서 있다.폴섬 댐에서 남쪽으로 약 16km 떨어진 카운티 라인 댐도 건설되지 않았다.[579]
산호아킨 계곡의 시설
델타 및 운하 시스템
CVP의 산호아킨 계곡 수계에서 가장 중요한 부분 중 하나는 새크라멘토-산호아킨 삼각주에서 물을 받아 남쪽으로 보내 농장과 도시를 공급하는 일련의 수로와 양수장이다.[581]델타 크로스 채널은 수이선만을 향해 서쪽으로 이동하면서 새크라멘토 강의 물을 차단하고, 일련의 인공 수로와 모켈럼네 강, 그리고 다른 자연적인 슬러그와 습지, 유통을 통해 남쪽으로 우회한다.[581]거기서부터 물은 C.W. 빌 존스 펌핑 공장으로 흘러들어 델타-멘도타 운하로 물이 차오르는데, 이 공장은 남쪽으로 117마일(188km) 떨어진 산호아킨 강의 멘도타 풀장까지 차례로 이동하여 중간쯤의 다른 CVP 저수지에 물을 공급한다.[581]펌프 공장의 입구에 델타-멘도타 운하에서 끝날 수 있는 물고기를 잡기 위한 시설이 있다.[582]제2의 운하인 콘트라 코스타 운하는 델타 중앙부근의 담수를 포획하여 남쪽으로 48마일(77km)을 차지하고, 그 과정에서 클레이튼과 예나시오 카날스에 물을 배급하고 콘트라 로마 댐에 물을 공급하여 마르티네즈 저수지에서 종착한다.[583]
산호아킨 강
CVP는 또한 남부 센트럴 밸리 수로로 물을 우회시키기 위해 새크라멘토보다 평균 유량이 훨씬 적은 산 호아킨 강에 몇 개의 댐을 가지고 있다.1942년에 완공된 프리언트 댐은 CVP의 프리언트 사단의 가장 큰 구성 요소다.[584]이 댐은 시에라 네바다 주 밖으로 유출되는 산호아킨 강을 가로지르며, 산호아킨 계곡의 관개구에 물을 저장할 수 있는 [585]밀러튼 호수를 형성하고 있으며 운하 한 쌍, 프리안트-켄 운하, 마데라 운하에도 전환점을 제공한다.프리안트-켄 운하는 툴라레 호수 지역을 통해 남쪽으로 물을 케른 강 베이커스필드의 종착지로 보내어 툴라레, 프레즈노, 케른 카운티에 관개수를 공급한다.[584]마데라 운하는 북쪽의 마데라 현으로 물을 가져가 차우치야 강으로 흘러 들어간다.[584]센트럴 밸리는 또한 500마일의 운하로 구성되어 있어 도시 거주자들과 사업비의 전기료 발생으로 인한 전력 판매를 제공한다.[586]
스타니슬라우스 강
산호아킨의 주요 지류인 스타니슬라우스 강에는 CVP의 비교적 독립적인 이스트사이드 사단과 뉴멜로네스 부대가 놓여 있다.[587]사단/단위의 유일한 구성 요소는 뉴멜로네스 댐으로, 뉴멜로네스 호를 형성하고 있는데, 이 댐은 만원이 되면 트리니티 호수의 저장 용량과 거의 같은 240만 에이커(300만3 댐)의 물을 수용한다.[588]이 댐은 건조한 시기에 물을 저장하고 물의 수요에 따라 북부 산호아킨 계곡으로 하류로 방출하는 기능을 한다.댐은 300 MW의 정점 용량으로 279 MW의 전력을 생산한다.[587][589]
오프스트림 스토리지 및 수로
CVP는 캘리포니아 코스트 레인지 구릉에 있는 산호아킨 계곡 서쪽의 물을 저장하고 운반하기 위한 상당한 양의 시설을 갖추고 있다.웨스트산 호아킨 사단과 산 루이스 부대는 연방 캘리포니아 주 워터 프로젝트(SWP)와 공유되는 몇 개의 주요 시설로 구성되어 있다.[590]산루이스 댐(또는 B.F.시스크댐)은 200만 에이커(250만 댐)의 물을 보유하고 있는 최대3 저장시설이다.[590][591]USBR에 의해 오프스트림 저장소로 불렸지만, 그 저수지는 산 루이스 크릭 계곡의 일부에 범람한다.그러나 산 루이스 크릭은 이 저수지의 주요 수원이 아니다.산루이스 저수지 하류에는 오닐 포레베이가 있는데, 이 포레베이는 별도의 CVP 시설인 델타-멘도타 운하와 교차한다.[592]물은 운하에서 포레베이로[593], 그리고 산루이스 저수지로 오르막으로 펌핑되어, 건조한 기간 동안 추가적인 상수원 역할을 한다.[590]
산 루이스와 오닐 저수지에서 방출된 물은 CVP와 SWP 물을 모두 운반하는 캘리포니아 수로 연방에서 건설된 산루이스 운하로 공급된다.산루이스 운하는 캘리포니아 수로의 주 건설 구간과 연결되는 주터맨 시티에서 종착한다.초당 13,100 입방피트(370m3/s)의 용량을 가진 이 운하는 미국에서 가장 큰 관개 수로 중 하나이다.[590]Coalinga 또는 Functional Valley Canal은 Calinga 지역을 향해 산 루이스 운하에서 분기한다.로스바뇨스 수용 댐과 리틀 파노체 수용 댐이라는 별도의 댐이 로스바뇨스 지역에 홍수 조절을 제공한다.[590]산루이스 배수구는 USBR이 산호아킨 강에서 오염된 관개 배수수를 막아 물이 증발하거나 땅으로 스며들게 될 케스테론 저수지로 비우려는 시도로 별도의 프로젝트였다.환경 문제 때문에, 그 시스템은 결코 완성되지 않았다.[590]
CVP는 또한 코스트 레인지 서쪽의 산타 클라라 계곡의 6만3,500에이커(2만5,700ha)의 땅에 물을 공급하기 위해 산 펠리페 사단을 운영하고 있다.[594]산저스토댐은 산루이스 저수지에서 흘러온 물을 파체코 터널과 홀리스터 도관을 거쳐 디아블로 레인지로 이동하는 물을 저장한다.[595]별도의 운하인 산타클라라 터널과 도관은 산타클라라 계곡으로 물을 운반한다.[594]
환경 영향
한때, 연어, 쇠머리 등 무채색의 물고기들이 대량으로 번식하기 위해 새크라멘토와 산호아킨 강을 이주했다.두 강과 그 주요 지류인 프리안트 댐과 샤스타 댐에 CVP 댐을 건설하면서 한때 번성했던 센트럴 밸리 연어 달리기는 거의 끝났다.북쪽에서 남으로, 샤스타 댐의 새크라멘토 상류, 폴섬 댐의 미국 상류, 뉴 멜론 댐의 스타니슬라우스 강, 멘도타의 산호아킨 강 등 연어가 이주할 수 없게 되었다.[596]이 중 3건은 댐이 너무 높고 저수지가 너무 커서 물고기가 사다리 등을 통해 우회할 수 없기 때문이다.그러나 산호아킨 강은 운명이 달랐다.프라이언트 댐과 밀러튼 호수의 변화로 인해 강의 거의 60mi(97km)가 건조하다.[597]델타-멘도타 운하가 강에 새크라멘토-산 호아킨 삼각주로부터 새로운 급수를 주는 멘도타 하류에서도 농약과 비료로 오염된 관개 유출수가 강물을 심하게 오염시켰다.설상가상으로, 1950년대에 산호아킨 연어를 머세드 강으로 이동시키기 위한 캘리포니아 어업 및 게임부의 노력은 실패했는데, 그 연어가 머세드 연어를 "홈 스트림"[598]으로 인식하지 못했기 때문이다.
산호아킨 강에만 CVP 시설이 있는 것은 아니다.새크라멘토 강에서는 프리안트 댐만큼 크거나 충격을 주지는 않았지만 테하마 카운티의 레드 블러프 전환 댐이 한때 무채색 물고기의 이동에 장벽이 되었던 적이 있다.원래 댐의 어류통로시설은 1966년 가동 초기부터 지속적으로 문제를 겪었고, 어린 스몰트를 잡아먹는 종들이 댐 아래쪽에 자주 모여들면서 태평양으로 유입되는 어린 연어의 개체수가 줄었다.[599]레드 블러프 전환 댐은 이후 어스크린과 펌핑 공장으로 대체되어 비장애인의 레드 블러프 통행이 가능해졌다.[600]더 상류로 올라가면, 케스윅과 샤스타 댐은 어류의 이동을 막는 완전한 장벽을 형성한다.센트럴 밸리 분수령을 벗어나도 CVP가 루이스톤 댐에서 위스키타운 호수로 트리니티 강의 물을 빼돌린 것은 클라마트 강 지류의 연어 달리기를 크게 해쳤다.강의 흐름의 4분의 3이상이 클리어 크릭 터널을 통과해 트리니티 강으로부터 멀어져 댐 아래의 강이 따뜻하고, 규조롭고, 얕고, 천천히 흘러가는 것을 유발하여 어린 연어를 해치는 속성이다.[601]더욱이 삼위일체 댐은 연어가 상류 산란지 약 109마일(175km)에 이르는 것을 막는 봉쇄선을 형성한다.21세기 초 개간국은 마침내 르위스톤 댐 하류의 물 흐름을 꾸준히 늘리기 시작했다.새로운 흐름 체제는 CVP를 위해 물을 전체적으로 적게 제공하지만, 트라이니티 리버 연어가 생존하기 위해서는 강 자연 흐름의 최소한 48%를 그대로 두어야 한다는 것을 명시하면서 1952년 개간 자체가 그린 선을 운영이 충족시킬 수 있도록 한다.[602]그때까지 트리니티호에 흐름이 없었던 것도 의회가 댐 운영에 대해 내린 인가 위반이었다."...입법에서는 연어 어장의 보존을 비롯하여 바구니 내 필요에 따라 삼위일체에 충분히 남겨둘 것을 요구했다."[603]
21세기 초, 개간국은 샤스타 댐을 키우는 것의 타당성을 연구했다.[604]제안된 높이 중 하나는 현재 크기보다 18.5피트(5.6m) 더 높았기 때문에 샤스타 호수의 저장용량은 63만6000에이커피트(78만4000댐3) 증가했다.이 기관은 또 에이커피트(36만 댐3) 29만 에이커피트를 추가하는 6.5피트(2.0m)의 소형 인상안을 제시했다.[605]기존에는 200피트(61m) 높이에서 1389만 에이커(1,713만 댐)로3 저장고를 늘리는 방안이 검토됐지만 경제성이 떨어진 것으로 판단됐다.샤스타댐이 처음 지어졌을 때는 사실 지금보다 200피트 높이까지 올라갈 계획이었으나, 개간공사는 2차 세계대전 당시 자재와 인부 부족으로 현재 최고조에 있는 공사를 중단했다.댐을 인양하면 건조한 기간 동안 새크라멘토 강의 물을 더 많이 규제하고 저장할 수 있어 CVP의 전체 운영에 도움이 될 뿐만 아니라 추가 전력을 발생시킬 수 있다.하지만, 제안된 높이 인상은 여러 가지 이유로 인해 논란이 되었다.댐을 건설하는 데는 수억 달러가 들 것이고 샤스타호에서 관개수 가격을 올릴 것이다.그것은 위네엠 윈투 부족에 속한 나머지 대부분의 땅을 물에 빠뜨릴 것이다. 위네엠 윈투 부족의 90%는 이미 호수 표면 아래에 있다. 그리고 맥클라우드 강의 수 마일을 범람시킬 것이다. 맥클라우드 강은 국가 와일드 강과 경치 강 지위에 의해 보호된다.[606]건물, 다리, 도로 그리고 다른 구조물들은 이전되어야 할 것이다.저수지의 추가 수용량은 하류 새크라멘토 강의 유량 변동을 변화시킬 것이며, 토종 어류, 특히 연어는 이후 강 생태계의 변화로 어려움을 겪을 것이다.[605]
뉴멜로네스 댐은 샤스타 댐보다 훨씬 더 큰 논란에 휩싸이게 되었는데, 주로 이 프로젝트가 연방 및 주의 한계와 충돌하고 스타니슬라우스 강의 수역에 미치는 영향 때문이다.[607]뉴멜로네스 호수(이름의 '뉴멜로네스 댐') 아래에 가라앉은 원래의 멜로네스 댐은 이러한 문제들 중 하나의 근원이다.사용되지 않는 멜론 댐은 호수 바닥의 차가운 물이 강에 도달하는 것을 막는데, 특히 호수의 표면이 오래된 댐의 볏에 더 가까운 건조한 해에는 더욱 그러하다.이것은 댐 아래의 강이 평년보다 훨씬 높은 온도에 도달하여 토종 물고기와 야생동물을 해치는 결과를 낳는다.이를 해결하기 위해 매립은 수위가 급격히 낮아지면 댐 수력발전소 가동을 중단하지만 이로 인해 전력난이 초래된다.원래, 댐이 건설된 후, 캘리포니아 주는 침수되는 것에 대한 엄청난 대중의 반대 때문에 저수지를 채우는 것을 보류했다: 미국에서 가장 깊은 댐 뒤의 석회암 협곡은 수백 개의 고고학적이고 역사적인 유적지와 캘리포니아에서 가장 훌륭하고 가장 유명한 곳 중 한 곳이었다.래퍼 화이트워터 래프팅이 [608]달리다따라서 이 저수지는 1982-1983년 엘니뇨 사건이 발생하기 전까지 최대 상류 제한보다 9m(14km) 낮은 앵무새 페리 다리까지만 확장되었고, 몇 주 안에 이를 수용하고 심지어 매립지로 하여금 비상 유출로를 열도록 강요함으로써 주정부와 연방정부들이 저수지에 부과했던 제한을 폐지하도록 했다.게다가, 이 프로젝트는 원래 예상했던 것보다 훨씬 적은 지속 가능한 수량을 허용하고 있으며, 매립지는 이 댐을 "프로젝트에 문제가 생길 수 있는 모든 것에 대한 사례 연구"[609]라고 부른다.
이러한 환경 문제에 대응하여 의회는 1992년 산호아킨 강과 새크라멘토 강에 대한 생태학적 영향을 줄이기 위해 CVP의 물 관리 관행을 변경하기 위해 공법 102-575의 제34호인 센트럴밸리 프로젝트 개선법(CVPIA)을 통과시켰다.강과 습지를 공급하기 위해 더 많은 물을 방출하는 행위, 서식지 복구 작업을 위한 자금 지원(특히 자갈을 산란하는 무채색 물고기의 경우), 수온 조절, 수질 보존, 어항 통행, CVP 운하의 서비스 면적 증가, 기타 품목 등이 의무화되었다.[610][611]하천계획의 보존에도 불구하고 주 의회는 댐 건설의 힘을 계속 가지고 있었다.[612]
CVP 정부 도서관
CVP 보고서 |
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CVP 리소스
- 미국 내무부 미국 간척국은 1995년 발표될 CVP: 연례 보고서를 관리하는 연방 기관이다.
- 미국 에너지부 서부지역 전력국은 CVP의 연방 생산 전력의 분배를 감독한다.
- 미 육군 공병대는[613] 댐 안전 경보 시스템을 포함한 17개의 센트럴 밸리 프로젝트 댐을 관리하고 있다.
- 연방 에너지 규제 위원회의 허가된 수력발전 프로젝트
- 국립해양대기청 중앙밸리 지역사무소는 CVP의 멸종위기종 보호법 운영을 감시한다.
- 미국 법무부 - 센트럴밸리 프로젝트 환경 및 천연자원부
- - 미국 지질조사국 캘리포니아 센트럴밸리 물과학센터
- USGS 캘리포니아 센트럴 밸리 지하수 연구 도구
- 캘리포니아를 위한 USGS 지하수 데이터
- Central Valley 수문학적 모델:텍스처 모델
- 캘리포니아 센트럴 밸리와 퍼시픽 플라이웨이의 USGS 구스 인구 역학
- Central Valley 유역 모니터링 디렉터리
- 캘리포니아 수법 검색엔진 Findlaw California 수법 검색엔진
- 캘리포니아 주 수도 프로젝트(SWP)는 캘리포니아 수자원부에 의해 관리된다.
- 센트럴 밸리 홍수 방지 계획
- 캘리포니아 물 관리 협회
- 디렉토리 - 캘리포니아 물 관리 기관 협회
- 새크라멘토 계곡 수질 연합(SVWQC)
- California Central Valley California Climate Commons의 예상 기후 변화 개요
- 캘리포니아 수도협회의 규제된 수도시설
- 캘리포니아 간척지구는 센트럴 밸리의 제방을 관리하는 법적 지역이다.
- 캘리포니아 수구
- 수자원부 Ca. 학장:센트럴 밸리 히스토리
- CVP 및 SWP와 관련된 주요 소송 연대표
- 캘리포니아 Sportfishing Protection Alliance의 Listen to the River 동료 리뷰 요약
- 캘리포니아 워터 플랜은 2013년에 완료된 최신 버전의 캘리포니아 주 공식 물 정책이다.
- 캘리포니아 주의 물 정책 이슈의 역사와 세부사항을 요약한다.
- 캘리포니아주 관개구 92개 공공자치구(CVP)에서 물을 구입하는 구역[614]
- Central Valley Ag - CVA
- 메이븐의 노트 캘리포니아 워터 뉴스
- UC 데이비스: 캘리포니아 워터 프라이머
- 중태평양 물 사용자 회의
- 물교육재단
- 의회 도서관 - 센트럴 밸리 프로젝트
- CVP 연간 공사비 1935-1959
- 1945년 미국 간척국 160에이커 법적 분석
- 미국 간척 문서국 - 하티 트러스트 디지털 라이브러리
- 1942년[615] 미국 캘리포니아 연방작가프로젝트의 "중앙밸리 프로젝트"
- 1956년 중앙 밸리 프로젝트 승인에 관한 의회 도서관 - 상세한 시간표 포함
- 1979년 개간개혁법이 포함된 USBR 1600쪽 조사:에너지소위 전 청문회
- 1984년 정보 게시판 #2 미국 매립국 - 케스터온 저수지 - 및 물새 - 영향
- 1986 - 센트럴 밸리 프로젝트와 주 워터 프로젝트의 조정된 운영을 위한 미국과 캘리포니아 주 사이의 협정
- 분노의 포도 영화 & 책
- 캐딜락 사막 다큐멘터리 & 책
- 캘리포니아의 농장 노동자들이 그란지, IWW, 휘트랜드 홉 폭동, 브라세로에서 유나이티드 팜 노동자까지 이동
- 캘리포니아 농장 노동자들의 역사, 1870-1941 By Cletus E.다니
- 도로테아 랑게 센트럴 밸리 - PBS 전기
- 스티븐 존슨, 로버트 도슨, 작가 제럴드 해슬람의 그레이트 센트럴 밸리 프로젝트
- 현재 BNSF 철도로 알려진 남태평양 철도는 센트럴 밸리의 가장 큰 소유주였으며, 캘리포니아 개발 회사의 살튼 해인 머셀 슬러프 비극으로부터 그것의 육지 확보에[616] 중요한 역할을 했다.
- 캘리포니아주 버전의 포크 배럴 정치는 LA시가 PBS 다큐멘터리 시리즈 1부[617], 영화 차이나타운(1974년 영화)으로 오웬스 밸리 땅과 물타기로 시작했다.
- 센트럴 밸리는 또한 환경 논란이 있는 석유 및 가스 산업의 본거지 중 하나이다.[618]날치기의 [619][620]사용
갤러리
미국 내무부 간척사업부 - Central Valley Project Map 1938
CVP 치누크 지도
프리런트 댐 - NOAA 사진 라이브러리
프리안트 댐 & 밀러턴 호수
프라이언트 댐
사진 "인도인 묘지 1호" "금강댐 저수지(캘리포니아)에 매장된 인디언의 역사... - 나라 - 296229 (크로벳)
사진 "인디언 묘지 'H'...찰리 존슨과 다른 인디언(코아 골드 부족)의 유해가 포함된 것"... - 나라 - 296227
사진 "피치우네 인디언 묘지 남동쪽을 바라보다" "프라이언트 댐에 묻힌 인디언의 역사... - 나라 - 296228 (크로핑)
Millerton과 Friant 근처에 있는 댐에 의해 물에 잠길 육지에 있는 북미 원주민 그룹의 텍스트 사진... - NARA - 296302
사진: 프레즈노 카운티 테이블 마운틴 핀쿠시온 봉우리 아래의 란체리아 인디언 묘지... - NARA - 296225
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..._-_NARA_-_296229_(cropped).jpg)
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참고 항목
- 캘리포니아 주 수도 프로젝트
- 캘리포니아 워터워즈
- 캘리포니아의 환경
- 캘리포니아 프레즈노의 환경 문제
- 캘리포니아 주의 물
- 캘리포니아 주의 가뭄
- 새크라멘토-산호아킨 강 삼각주
- 산호아킨 강
- 리버스와 하버법
- CHARFED Bay-Delta 프로그램
- 캐딜락 사막 - 책과 캐딜락 사막에 대하여 (영화)
- 캘리포니아 수자원부
- 캘리포니아 간척지
참조
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