Jared Ingersoll

Jared Ingersoll
Jared Ingersoll.jpg
United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
In office
1815–1822
PresidentJames Madison
James Monroe
Preceded byAlexander Dallas
Succeeded byGeorge M. Dallas
Attorney General of Pennsylvania
In office
December 13, 1811 – December 21, 1816
GovernorSimon Snyder
Preceded byRichard Rush
Succeeded byAmos Ellmaker
In office
August 20, 1791 – May 10, 1800
GovernorThomas Mifflin
Thomas McKean
Preceded byWilliam Bradford
Succeeded byJoseph McKean
Personal details
Born(1749-10-24)October 24, 1749
New Haven, Connecticut, British America
DiedOctober 31, 1822(1822-10-31) (aged 73)
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Political partyFederalist
EducationYale University (BA)

Jared Ingersoll (October 24, 1749 – October 31, 1822) was an American Founding Father, lawyer, and statesman from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was a delegate to the Continental Congress and a signer of the United States Constitution. He served as DeWitt Clinton's running mate in the 1812 election, but Clinton and Ingersoll were defeated by James Madison and Elbridge Gerry.

Born in New Haven, Connecticut, Ingersoll established a legal career in Philadelphia after graduating from Yale College. The son of British colonial official Jared Ingersoll Sr., Ingersoll lived in Europe from 1773 to 1776 to avoid the growing political conflict between Britain and the Thirteen Colonies. In 1778, having committed himself to the cause of American independence, Ingersoll returned to Philadelphia and won election to the Continental Congress. Ingersoll became convinced of the need for a stronger national government than what was provided by the Articles of Confederation, and he was a delegate to the 1787 Philadelphia Convention. Though he was initially seeking amendments for the Articles of Confederation, he eventually came to support the new Constitution that was produced by the convention.

1791년부터 1800년까지, 1811년부터 1816년까지 펜실베이니아 법무장관으로 재직했다. 그는 또한 펜실베니아 연방 검사, 필라델피아의 시 법무관을 역임했다. 그는 미국 대법원에 처음으로 출두한 두 사건 중 하나인 치솔름 대 조지아하이튼 미국 사건을 주장했다.

잉거솔은 연방주의 정당에 소속되어 있었으며 1800년 대선에서 토마스 제퍼슨이 승리함으로써 깊은 동요를 겪었다. 1812년 민주공화당은 매디슨 대통령과 클린턴 대통령 사이에서 분열했다. 연방주의자들은 현직 대통령을 물리치려는 희망으로 클린턴과 잉거솔의 표를 지지하기로 결정했다. 매디슨은 선거에서 승리하여 잉거솔의 중요한 고향인 펜실베니아주를 이겼다.

인생과 경력

재러드 잉거솔은 혁명적인 대의명분을 지지하는 사람이었다. 변호사로서의 그의 훈련은 새로 독립된 국가의 문제들이 연방정관의 불충분함에서 비롯되었다는 것을 확신시켰다. 그는 헌법 개정의 초기 열렬한 지지자가 되었지만, 헌법 협약의 많은 동료들과 마찬가지로, 그는 이 개혁이 단순한 조항 개정에 의해 이루어질 수 있다고 믿었다. 몇 주 동안 논쟁을 벌인 후에야 그는 새로운 문서가 필요하다는 것을 알게 되었다.[1] 그가 헌법정부를 대의명분에 기여한 주요한 공헌은 컨벤션에서가 아니라 나중에 필라델피아에서 발표한 많은 원칙들을 규정하는 데 도움을 주었을 때 길고 현저한 법적 경력에 있었다.

초년기

코네티컷주 뉴헤이븐에서 태어난 잉거솔은 영국의 저명한 관리인 [2]자레드 잉거솔 스르의 아들로, 그의 강한 충성심 때문에 급진적인 패트리어츠에 의해 타래와 깃털이 벗겨지게 될 것이다.[3] 미국의 식민지에 우표법이 시행된 해인 1765년, 영국 크라운은 장로 재러드 잉거솔을 코네티컷 주의 식민지를 위해 런던의 식민지 대행사인 스탬프 마스터로 임명했다. 다음 몇 달이 지나고 우표법에 대한 반감이 커지자 잉거솔은 식민지에서 가장 미움을 받는 사람이 되었다. 1765년 8월 21일과 29일 사이에 자유의 아들들은 식민지의 여러 곳에 그의 업적을 남겼다.[4] 그는 이삭 바레의 연설에 대한 설명을 코네티컷 주지사 토머스 피치에게 우표법에 관한 의회 토론 중 작성했다. 그는 나중에 코네티컷에서 우표법을 시행한 대리인으로서 논란이 되는 역할에 관여하게 될 것이다.[1][6]

The younger Ingersoll completed Hopkins Grammar School in New Haven in 1762,[7] graduated from Yale College in 1766, studied law in Philadelphia, and was admitted to the Pennsylvania bar in 1773.[8][9] Although by training and inclination a Patriot sympathizer, the young Ingersoll shied away from the cause at the outset because of a strong sense of personal loyalty to his distinguished father. On his father's advice, he sought to escape the growing political controversy at home by retiring to London to continue his study of the law at the Middle Temple School (1773–76) and to tour extensively through Europe.[2] He spent more than eighteen months in Paris, where he formed an acquaintance with Benjamin Franklin.[10]

American Revolution

Shortly after the colonies declared their independence, Ingersoll renounced his family's views, made his personal commitment to the cause of independence, and returned home. In 1778 he arrived in Philadelphia as a confirmed Patriot. With the help of influential friends he quickly established a flourishing law practice, and shortly after he entered the fray as a delegate to the Continental Congress (1780–81). In 1781 Ingersoll married Elizabeth Pettit and in that same year was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society.[9][11] Always a supporter of strong central authority in political affairs, he became a leading agitator for reforming the national government in the postwar years, preaching the need for change to his friends in Congress and to the legal community.

At the Convention, Ingersoll was counted among those who favored revision of the existing Articles of Confederation, but in the end he joined with the majority and supported a plan for a new federal government. Despite his national reputation as an attorney, Ingersoll seldom participated in the Convention debates, although he attended all sessions.

Career after the Constitutional Convention

Once the new national government was created, Ingersoll returned to the law. Except for a few excursions into politics—he was a member of Philadelphia's Common Council (1789), and, as a stalwart Federalist who considered the election of Thomas Jefferson in 1800 a "great subversion," he ran unsuccessfully for vice president on the Federalist ticket in 1812—his public career centered on legal affairs. He served as attorney general of Pennsylvania (1790–99 and 1811–17),[1] as Philadelphia's city solicitor (1798–1801), and as U.S. district attorney for Pennsylvania (1800–01). For a brief period (1821–22), he sat as presiding judge of the Philadelphia district court.

Ingersoll's major contribution to the cause of constitutional government came not during the Convention but later during a lengthy and distinguished legal career, when he helped define many of the principles enunciated at Philadelphia. He made his contributions to the Constitutional process through several Supreme Court cases that defined various basic points in Constitutional law during the beginning of the new republic. In one definitive case he represented Georgia in Chisholm v. Georgia (1793), a landmark case in states' rights. Here the court decided against him, ruling that a state may be sued in federal court by a citizen of another state. This reversal of the notion of state sovereignty was later rescinded by the Eleventh Amendment to the Constitution. In representing Hylton in Hylton v. US (1796), Ingersoll was also involved in the first legal challenge to the constitutionality of an act of Congress. In this case, the Supreme Court upheld the government's right to impose a tax on carriages.[3] Ingersoll also served as counsel in various cases that helped clarify constitutional issues concerning the jurisdiction of federal courts and U.S. relations with other sovereign nations, including defending Senator William Blount of Tennessee against impeachment.

Death and legacy

Jared Ingersoll died in Philadelphia at age 73; interment was in the Old Pine Street Church Cemetery, Fourth and Pine Streets.[9][12] Ingersoll was survived by three sons. Two of the sons, Charles Jared Ingersoll and Joseph Reed Ingersoll served as members of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania. Ingersoll Street in Madison, Wisconsin, and Liberty ship SS Jared Ingersoll are named after him.[13]

References

  1. ^ a b c "Jared Ingersoll (1749–1822)". University of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original on 2 January 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
  2. ^ a b "Biographical Sketches, Jared Ingersoll, Pennsylvania". National Park Service. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
  3. ^ a b "Jared Ingersoll – Pennsylvania". Center of Military History-United States Army, 1987. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
  4. ^ "The Story of the Connecticut Sons of Liberty". Connecticut, Sons of the American Revolution, founded 1889. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
  5. ^ Jared Ingersoll to Thomas Fitch, 11 Feb. 1765
  6. ^ "Jared Ingersoll to Thomas Fitch, 11 Feb. 1765". Prof.Jeffery Pasley, University of Missouri-Columbia. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
  7. ^ Thom Peters (Fall 2009). "From the Archives" (PDF). Views from the Hill. Hopkins School. p. 52. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
  8. ^ Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. "Ingersoll, Jared, (1749–1822)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 29 October 2010.
  9. ^ a b c "Jared Ingersoll, Pennsylvania". The National Archives. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
  10. ^ Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1892). "Ingersoll, Jared" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.
  11. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2020-12-06.
  12. ^ Jared Ingersoll at Find a Grave
  13. ^ http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/odd/archives/002071.asp

외부 링크

법률 사무소
선행자 펜실베이니아 주 검찰총장
1791–1800
성공자
선행자 펜실베이니아 주 검찰총장
1811–1816
성공자
정당정치국
선행자 연방주의자 미국 부통령 후보
1812
성공자