let-7 마이크로RNA 전구체
let-7 microRNA precursorlet-7 마이크로RNA 전구체 | |
---|---|
식별자 | |
기호. | 렛세븐 |
Rfam | RF00027 |
miRBase | MI00001 |
miRBase 패밀리 | MIPF00002 |
기타 데이터 | |
RNA형 | 진; miRNA |
도메인 | 진핵생물 |
가세요 | GO:0035195 GO:0035068 |
그렇게 | 소:0001244 |
PDB 구조 | PDBe |
Let-7 마이크로RNA 전구체는 C. elegants의 [1]발달 시기 연구로부터 확인되었으며, 나중에 마이크로RNA라고 [2]불리는 훨씬 더 큰 종류의 비코드 RNA의 일부임이 밝혀졌다. 사람의 miR-98 마이크로RNA 전구체는 Let-7 패밀리 구성원이다.Let-7 miRNA는 현재 광범위한 종(MIPF00002[3])에서 예측되거나 실험적으로 확인되었다.miRNA는 처음에 1차 miRNA(pri-miRNA)라고 불리는 긴 전사체(최대 수백 개의 뉴클레오티드)로 전사되며, 이것은 드로샤와 파샤에 의해 핵에서 약 70 뉴클레오티드의 머리핀 구조로 처리된다.이러한 전구체들(미립자 전)은 exportin5에 의해 세포질로 수출되고, 이후 효소 Dicer에 의해 약 22 뉴클레오티드 성숙한 miRNA로 처리된다.miRNA 처리에서 Dicer의 관여는 RNA 간섭 현상과 관계를 나타낸다.
게놈 위치
인간 게놈에서 클러스터 let-7a-1/let-7f-1/let-7d는 정의 마커 D9S280-D9S1809에 의해 영역 B 내에 9q22.3으로 존재한다.Loci D11S1345-D11S1316 사이의 최소 LOH(헤테로 접합성 손실) 영역 1개는 클러스터 miR-125b1/let-7a-2/miR-100을 포함한다.miR-99a/let-7c/miR-125b-2 클러스터는 HD의 21p11.1 영역에 있습니다(호모 접합 결실).클러스터 let-7g/miR-135-1은 영역 3의 3p21.1-p21.[4]2에 있습니다.
렛세븐 패밀리
치사 7(let-7) 유전자는 선충에서 주요 발달 조절 물질로 처음 발견되었고 알려진 최초의 두 개의 마이크로 RNA 중 하나가 되었다.[5]곧, 초파리에서 let-7이 발견되었고, BLAST [6](기본 국소 정렬 검색 도구) 연구에 의해 알려진 최초의 인간 miRNA로 확인되었다.let-7 과의 성숙한 형태는 여러 종에 걸쳐 잘 보존되어 있다.
C.elegans에서
C.elegans에서 let-7 패밀리는 동일한 씨앗 [7]서열을 공유하는 9개의 miRNA를 코드하는 유전자로 구성됩니다.이들 중 let-7, mir-84, mir-48 및 mir-241은 C.elegans 헤테로크로닉 경로에 관여하여 애벌레 [8]전이의 발생 시기를 순차적으로 제어한다.기능상실 let-7 돌연변이를 가진 대부분의 동물들은 외음부를 통해 폭발하여 죽는다. 따라서 돌연변이는 치명적이다.[5]다른 let-7 가족의 돌연변이는 RAS를 [9]억제하는 능력과 관련이 있을 수 있는 외음세포에 내방사능 표현형을 가지고 있다.
드로소필라에서
드로소필라 게놈에는 C.[10]elegans와 같은 성숙한 염기서열을 가진 let-7 유전자가 하나밖에 없다.let-7의 역할은 복부의 신경근 접합 형성 타이밍과 [11]날개의 세포 사이클을 조절하는 데 있어 입증되었다.또한 프리, 프리 및 성숙한 let-7의 발현이 드로소필라의 [12]각 큐티큘러 몰트 앞의 호르몬 맥박과 동일한 리듬 패턴을 가진다.
척추동물에서
let-7 과는 C.elegans나 [10]Drosophila보다 척추동물에 훨씬 더 많은 구성원을 가지고 있다.이러한 miRNA 구성원의 염기서열, 발현 시기 및 게놈 클러스터링은 모두 [13]종에 걸쳐 보존됩니다.척추동물 발달에서 let-7 패밀리의 직접적인 역할은 덜 복잡한 유기체에서는 명확하게 나타나지 않았지만, let-7 패밀리의 발현 패턴은 실제로 발달 [14]과정에서 시간적이다.let-7 구성원의 [15]발현 수준이 인간 암과 암 줄기세포에서 유의하게 낮다는 것을 감안할 때, let-7 유전자의 주요 기능은 발달과 종양 억제의 말단 분화를 촉진하는 것일 수 있다.
표현의 규제
성숙한 let-7 구성원의 수준은 미분화 세포에서는 검출되지 않지만, 이들 세포에는 [16]let-7의 1차 전사물 및 머리핀 전구체가 존재한다.이는 성숙한 let-7 miRNA가 전사 후 방식으로 조절될 수 있음을 나타낸다.
다능성 촉진인자 LIN28에 의해
유도만능줄기([17]iPS) 세포 재프로그래밍에 관여하는 유전자 중 하나로서 LIN28 발현은 성숙한 [18]let-7 발현과 상호적이다.LIN28은 let-7의 1차 및 전구 형태를 선택적으로 결합하고 pri-let-7의 처리를 억제하여 헤어핀 [19]전구체를 형성한다.이러한 결합은 일차 let-7 패밀리 구성원의 보존된 [20]루프 배열과 LIN28 단백질의 RNA 결합 도메인에 의해 촉진된다.Lin-28은 두 개의 아연 너클 도메인을 사용하여 let-7 [21]전구체의 NGNG 모티브를 인식하는 반면, 유연한 링커에 의해 연결된 콜드 쇼크 도메인은 전구체의 [22]폐쇄 루프에 결합한다.반면 포유류의 let-7 miRNA는 LIN28을 [23]조절하는 것으로 나타났는데, 이는 let-7이 음의 [24]조절기인 LIN28을 억제함으로써 자신의 수준을 높일 수 있다는 것을 암시한다.
MYC를 사용한 자동 조절 루프 내
let-7 멤버의 표현은 MYC가 프로모터에 구속함으로써 제어된다.Let-7의 수치는 MYC 매개 종양 발생 모델에서 감소하는 것으로 보고되었으며,[25] MYC가 화학 물질에 의해 억제될 때 증가한다고 보고되었다.MYC3' 미번역영역(UTR)에는 생체정보분석에 따라 let-7 결합부위가 존재하며, 세포배양에서의 let-7 과발현에 의해 MYC mRNA [26]수치가 저하되었다.따라서 MYC와 let-7 사이에는 이중 음성 피드백 루프가 있습니다.또한 let-7은 IMP1(/insulin-like growth factor [27]II mRNA-binding protein) 고갈을 초래하여 MYC mRNA를 불안정하게 하여 간접 조절 경로를 형성할 수 있다.
let-7의 목표
Oncogenes: RAS, HMGA2
Let-7은 인간[28] 세포에서 RAS 발현을 직접적으로 조절하는 것으로 입증되었습니다. 인간의 세 RAS 유전자, K-, N-, H-는 모두 3'UTRs에서 예측된 Let-7 결합 서열을 가지고 있습니다.폐암 환자 검체에서는 RAS와 let-7의 발현이 암세포에서는 let-7이 낮고 RAS가 높으며 정상세포에서는 let-7이 높고 RAS가 낮다.또 다른 종양유전자인 고이동성 그룹 A2(HMGA2)도 let-7의 표적으로 확인되었다.Let-7은 HMGA2의 3'에 결합함으로써 HMGA2를 직접적으로 억제한다.UTR.[29] 3'까지 let-7 결합부위 제거UTR 결실은 HMGA2의 과발현과 종양의 형성을 일으킨다.
세포주기, 증식, 아포토시스 조절제
마이크로어레이 분석 결과 사이클린 A2, CDC34, Aurora A 및 B 키나아제(STK6 및 STK12), E2F5, CDK8 등 [28]let-7 수준의 변화에 반응하는 세포주기와 세포증식을 조절하는 많은 유전자가 밝혀졌다.후속 실험은 CDC25A와 CDK6와 [30]같은 이러한 유전자 중 일부의 직접적인 영향을 확인했다.또한 Let-7은 DNA 복제 기계의 여러 구성 요소, 전사 인자, 심지어 일부 종양 억제 유전자 [28]및 검사점 조절제까지 억제합니다.또한 아포토시스는 Casp3, Bcl2, Map3k1 및 Cdk5 [31]변조를 통해 let-7에 의해 조절된다.
면역
Let-7은 병원성 물질에 대한 선천적 면역 반응의 전사 후 조절에 관여하고 있다.살아있는 박테리아 또는 정제된 미생물 성분에 의해 자극된 대식세포는 면역변조형 사이토카인 IL-6 및 [32][33]IL-10의 억제를 완화하기 위해 let-7 마이크로RNA 계열의 여러 구성원의 발현을 낮게 조절한다.또한 Let-7은 미생물 리포다당류의 주요 면역 수용체인 TLR4의 음성 조절과 미생물 및 원생동물 감염에 대한 Let-7의 하향 조절에 관여하고 있으며, TLR4의 신호 전달과 [34][35]발현을 높일 수 있다.또한 Let-7은 알레르기 기도 염증 중 T림프구에 의한 사이토카인 IL-13의 생성을 조절하는 것으로 보고되었으며, 따라서 이 마이크로RNA는 적응 면역과도 연결되어 있다.[36]인간 T 림프구에서 let-7 음성 조절기 Lin28b의 하향 조절은 초기 신생아 발달 중에 축적되어 면역 체계를 [37]방어 쪽으로 재프로그래밍하는 것으로 여겨진다.
암에서의 잠재적 임상적 사용
선충의 기능상실에 의한 세포과잉증식 및 미분화의 현저한 표현형 및 세포운명 결정에 대한 그 타깃의 역할을 고려할 때, let-7은 인간암과 밀접하게 관련되어 종양억제제로서 기능한다.
진단.
많은 보고서에서 let-7의 발현 수준이 자주 낮고 let-7의 염색체 클러스터가 많은 [4]암에서 종종 삭제된다는 것을 보여주었다.Let-7은 RAS 및 HMGA2와 같은 활성화된 종양유전자의 수치가 낮은 더 분화된 종양에서 더 높은 수준으로 발현된다.따라서 let-7의 발현 수준은 분화 [38]단계와 관련된 여러 암에서 예후 지표가 될 수 있다.예를 들어 폐암에서 let-7의 발현 감소는 수술 후 [39]생존 감소와 유의한 상관관계가 있다.let-7b 및 let-7g 마이크로RNA의 발현은 1262명의 유방암 [40]환자의 전반적인 생존과 유의하게 관련되어 있다.
테라피
let-7은 또한 종양 발생과 혈관 신생을 예방할 수 있는 매우 매력적인 잠재적 치료제이며, 전형적으로 let-7을 [41]잘 발현하지 못하는 암에서 그러하다.예를 들어 폐암은 p53, RAS 및 MYC를 포함한 몇 가지 주요 종양 유발 돌연변이를 가지고 있으며, 이들 중 일부는 let-7의 감소된 발현과 직접적으로 상관할 수 있으며 [39]let-7의 도입으로 억제될 수 있다.let-7의 비강내 투여는 이미 폐암의 [42]트랜스제닉 마우스 모델에서 종양 성장을 감소시키는데 효과적인 것으로 밝혀졌다.let-7의 유사한 복원은 유방암, 대장암, 간암, 림프종,[43] 자궁 평활근종의 세포 증식을 억제하는 것으로 나타났다.
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추가 정보
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