마이코어메디피케이션

Mycoremediation
플뢰로투스 오스트레아투스

미코어메디피케이션(고대 그리스어 μμμμμμμμμμμμμμμμύs(mukss)와 접미사 -remedium(라틴어로 '균형 회복')에서 유래)은 곰팡이 기반 치료법이 환경을 [1]오염 제거하는데 사용되는 생물메디피케이션의 한 형태이다.곰팡이는 손상된 환경이나 폐수에서 광범위한 오염 물질을 제거하는 저렴하고 효과적이며 환경적으로 건전한 방법임이 입증되었습니다.이러한 오염 물질에는 중금속, 유기 오염 물질, 섬유 염료, 가죽 태닝 화학 물질과 폐수, 석유 연료, 다환 방향족 탄화수소, 의약품 및 개인 관리 제품, 육지, 담수 및 해양 환경의 살충제 및 제초제가[2] 포함됩니다.

교정조치의 부산물은 효소(락케이스[3] 등), 식용 또는 [4]약용 버섯과 같은 귀중한 재료일 수 있으며, 교정조치의 수익성을 더욱 높일 수 있다.일부 곰팡이는 기존의 치료 방법이 너무 비싸거나 극단적인 조건 때문에 사용할 수 없는 매우 추운 환경이나 방사능 환경에서 오염 물질을 생분해하는 데 유용합니다.캡슐화 방식을 통해 마이코어 메디에이션은 화재 관리에도 사용할 수 있습니다.이 과정은 아가로스로 코팅된 균류 포자를 펠릿 형태로 사용하는 것으로 구성됩니다.이 펠릿은 불에 탄 숲의 기질에 도입되어 환경 내의 독소를 분해하고 [5]성장을 촉진합니다.

오염 물질

곰팡이는 비특이적인 효소 덕분에 파라세타몰과 같이 일반적으로 박테리아 분해에 [6]저항하는 약물과 향을 포함한 많은 종류의 물질을 분해할 수 있습니다.예를 들어 Mucor hiemalis를 [7]사용하면 와인 증류소 [8]폐수의 페놀 및 색소, X선 조영제, 퍼스널 케어 [9]용품의 성분 등 전통적인 수처리 시 유독성이 있는 제품의 분해가 무독성으로 분해된다.

mycore mediation은 비용이 적게 드는 복구 방법이며, 일반적으로 값비싼 기기가 필요하지 않습니다.이러한 이유로 가정용 폐수의 [10]점액 여과 및 산업용 폐수 [11]여과와 같은 소규모 용도에 자주 사용됩니다.

2015년 연구에 따르면, 마이코어 매개는 다환 방향족 탄화수소(PAH) 토양 생분해에도 도움이 될 수 있습니다.크레오소테로 적신 토양에는 고농도의 PAH가 함유되어 있으며, 확산을 막기 위해 mycore mediation이 가장 성공적인 [12]전략으로 입증되었습니다.

금속 황화물 광산에서의 산광 배수

금속

금속으로 인한 오염은 매우 흔한데, 금속은 전기 도금, 직물,[13] 페인트, 가죽과 같은 많은 산업 공정에서 사용되기 때문이다.이들 산업으로부터의 폐수는 종종 농업 목적으로 사용되기 때문에 생태계에 즉각적인 피해를 주는 것 외에 금속은 먹이사슬을 통해 멀리 있는 생물과 인간으로 유입될 수 있다.mycore mediation은 이 [14]문제에 대한 가장 저렴하고 효과적이며 친환경적인 해결책 중 하나입니다.많은 곰팡이들은 과잉 축적체이기 때문에 나중에 제거하기 위해 과일 체내에 독소를 농축할 수 있다.이는 일반적으로 오염물질에 장기간 노출되어 높은 내성을 가진 모집단에 해당된다.과축적은 세포 표면의 생물 흡착을 통해 발생하는데, 여기서 금속은 세포 내 [15]흡수가 거의 없이 수동적으로 균사체로 들어갑니다.플뢰로투스, 아스페르길루스, 트리코데르마 등 다양한 균류는 해양 환경, 폐수 및 [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]육지에서의 [16][17]납, [17]카드뮴,[18][17] 니켈,[17] 크롬,[19] 수은, [20]비소,[16][21] 구리, [22]붕소, 철, 아연의[23] 제거에 효과적이라는 것이 입증되었습니다.

모든 종의 개체들이 독소의 축적에 같은 방식으로 효과적인 것은 아니다.개인은 보통 진흙이나 폐수 등 환경에 적응할 수 있는 오래된 오염환경에서 선발되며, 그 선발은 실험실에서[citation needed] 이뤄진다.물을 희석하면 [24]균류의 생체흡착 능력을 획기적으로 향상시킬 수 있다.

Coprinus comatus (샤기 잉크 캡)

땅에서 금속을 추출하는 특정 균류의 능력은 또한 생물 지표의 목적에 유용할 수 있으며 버섯이 식용 품종일 때 문제가 될 수 있습니다.예를 들어, 북반구에서 흔히 볼 수 있는 식용 버섯인 샤기잉크캡(Coprinus comatus)은 [25]수은의 매우 좋은 생물학적 지표가 될 수 있습니다.하지만, 샤기 잉크 뚜껑은 몸 안에 수은을 축적하기 때문에 [25]소비자에게 독이 될 수 있습니다.

버섯의 금속 흡수 능력은 또한 배지에서 귀금속을 회수하는 데 사용되어 왔다.예를 들어 핀란드의 VTT 기술 연구 센터에서는 마이코필테이션 [26]기술을 사용하여 전자 폐기물에서 금을 80% 회수했다고 보고했습니다.

유기 오염 물질

오일 슬립이 보이는 Deepwater Horizon 기름 유출 현장

곰팡이는 물질의 분해에 효율적이기 때문에 생태계의 주요 부생생물 중 하나이다.나무 썩은 곰팡이, 특히 흰 썩은 곰팡이는 식물섬유의 두 가지 주요 구성 요소인 리그닌과 셀룰로오스를 분해하는 세포외 효소와 산을 분비합니다.이들은 긴 사슬의 유기(탄소 기반) 화합물로, 구조적으로 많은 유기 오염 물질과 유사합니다.그들은 광범위한 효소들을 사용하여 이것을 달성한다.다환 방향족 탄화수소(PAHs)의 경우, 융합된 매우 안정적인 다환 방향족 고리를 가진 복합 유기 화합물의 경우, 곰팡이는 해양 [28]환경 외에도 매우[27] 효과적입니다.이러한 분해에 관여하는 효소는 리그닌 과산화효소, 다용도 과산화효소, 망간 과산화효소, 일반 리파아제, 락케이스 및 때로는 세포 내 효소, 특히 시토크롬 [29][30]P450을 포함한다.

다른 독소 곰팡이 무해한 화합물로 wastewater,[32]폴리 염화 비페닐(PCB)에 오염된 토양 에어로빅 그리고 혐기성 conditions,[34]에 매립지들이 에콰도르의 곰팡이 해충 두가지 종이를 사용하는 것의 아래에 조건과 같은 느타리 속 ostreatus,[33]폴리우레탄을 사용하는데 석유 fuels,[31일]페놀 등이 저하될 수 있다.alotiopsis,[35]고더 [36]많은 정보를 얻을 수 있습니다.

Pleurotus pulmonarius mushroom on the side of a tree
쯔바시카미

버섯이 개별적으로 오염 [38]물질을 제거하는 데 효과적이기보다는 후속 미생물 활동의 전조일 수 있기 때문에 분해 메커니즘이 항상 [37]명확한 것은 아닙니다.

살충제

농약 오염은 장기적이고 분해 과정과 영양 순환에 [39]큰 영향을 미칠 수 있다.따라서 열화는 비용이 많이 들고 어려울 수 있습니다.이러한 물질의 분해를 돕는 데 가장 일반적으로 사용되는 곰팡이는 백색 썩은 곰팡이이며, 라카세나 망간 과산화효소 같은 세포외 리그닌 분해 효소 덕분에 이러한 성분의 많은 양을 분해할 수 있다.예를 들어 살충제 엔도술판,[40] 이마잘릴, 티오판산메틸, 오르토페닐페놀, 디페닐아민, 폐수 중 클로르피리포스[41], 점토층 [42]토양 중 아트라진을 들 수 있다.

염료

염료는 종이 인쇄나 섬유와 같은 많은 산업에서 사용된다.이들은 종종 분해에 저항하며, 일부 아조 염료와 같이 발암성 또는 [43]독성이 있다.

균류가 염료를 분해하는 메커니즘은 그들의 리그 분해 효소, 특히 락케이스에 의한 것이므로, 흰 썩은 버섯이 가장 일반적으로 사용된다.[citation needed]

미코어메디케이션은 생분해 [45]과정에 저항적인 발암성 염료인 아스페르길루스 니제르와 파네로케테 크리소스포리움[44],[46] 콩고 레드와 같은 말라카이트 그린, 니그로신, 기본 푸치신과 같은 염료에 대한 저렴하고 효과적인 교정 기술로 증명되었다.

피토레메디에이션과의 시너지

식물성 매개는 식물 기반 기술을 사용하여 지역을 오염시키는 것입니다.대부분의 식물은 균류와 공생할 수 있으며, 두 생물 모두 이로부터 이점을 얻는다.이 관계를 균근이라고 합니다.연구자들은 균근에 [47]의해 식물성 중화가 강화된다는 것을 발견했다.균근은 식물의 뿌리와 공생 관계를 가지고 있으며 뿌리권에서 이용 가능한 중금속과 같은 영양과 토양 폐기물을 흡수하는 데 도움을 줍니다.균근에 의한 토양 오염물질의 제거를 균근화라고 [citation needed]한다.

균근균, 특히 관절근균(AMF)은 일부 식물의 식물성 개선 능력을 크게 향상시킬 수 있다.이것은 주로 AMF가 존재하면 오염물질이 크게 줄어들기 때문에 식물이 받는 스트레스 때문이다. 그래서 그들은 더 많이 자라고 더 많은 [48]바이오매스를 생산할 수 있다.곰팡이는 또한 더 많은 영양분을 공급하고, 특히 인을 공급하고, 전반적인 건강식물을 촉진합니다.균사체의 빠른 팽창은 또한 뿌리권 영향권(저온권)을 크게 확장시켜 식물이 더 많은 영양소와 오염 물질에 [49]접근할 수 있도록 합니다.뿌리권 전체의 건강 증가는 박테리아 개체수의 증가를 의미하며, 이는 생물 개선 [50]과정에도 기여할 수 있다.

이 관계는 유용한 Rhizophagus intraradices과 Robinia 아카시아 같은 많은 오염 물질로 납에 Glomus versiformevetiver 잔디에 납 removal,[52]AMF과 카렌듈라 officinalis 카드뮴에 접종을 받은 사람들과 오염된 soil,[53]고 일반적인 영향이었다 이어지soil,[51]Rhizophagus intraradices 오염된 입증된 바 있다.incre에 ive금속,[54][55] 석유 [56][57]연료 및 PAHs에 [50]대한 식물 생물 조정 능력으로 간주한다.습지에서는 AMF가 벤젠, 메틸 tert-부틸 에테르,[58] 암모니아와 같은 유기 오염 물질의 생분해 작용을 크게 촉진한다.

극한 환경에서의 실행 가능성

Metschnikowia sp., Cryptoccus gilvescens, Cryptoccus victoriae, Pichia caribbica, Leucosporidium creatinivorum과 같은 남극 곰팡이 종은 혹한에도 견딜 수 있고 오염물질의 [59]효율적인 생분해도 제공합니다.남극 대륙과 같은 더 추운 원격 환경의 특성상 오염된 매체의 물리적 제거와 같은 일반적인 오염 물질 복구 방법은 비용이 [60][61]많이 들 수 있습니다.대부분의 정신 병원성 남극 균류는 에너지 가용성 [62]감소, 얼어붙은 토양의 낮은 투과성 때문에 산소 수준이 감소, 그리고 동토 [63]주기에 의해 야기되는 영양소 수송 장애를 야기하는 ATP 생산의 감소에 저항합니다.이러한 종류의 곰팡이는 페놀, n-헥사데칸, 톨루엔, 다환 방향족 탄화수소와 같은 화합물을 이러한 가혹한 [64][59]조건에서 동화시키고 분해할 수 있습니다.이러한 화합물은 원유와 정제된 석유에서 발견됩니다.

Rhodotorula taiwanensis와 같은 몇몇 곰팡이 종은 방사성 폐기물에서 발견되는 매우 낮은 pH와 방사성 매질에 내성이 있으며 대부분의 다른 [65]유기체와 달리 이러한 조건에서 성공적으로 자랄 수 있습니다.그들은 또한 고농도의 수은과 [65]크롬이 있는 곳에서도 번성할 수 있다.PH가 낮고 방사선에 강한 특성이 [65]있어 방사성 폐기물을 생물적으로 개선하는 데 사용할 수 있다.Cs, Sr, Eu, Pu 및 [66][11]Am과 같은 특정 종류의 균류는 방사성핵종을 흡수하고 보유할 수 있다.사실, 죽은 균류의 일부 종의 세포벽은 산업용 폐수에 존재하는 중금속과 방사성핵종을 흡착할 수 있는 필터로 사용될 수 있어 [11]환경으로의 방출을 막을 수 있다.

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레퍼런스

  1. ^ Kulshreshtha S, Mathur N, Bhatnagar P (April 2014). "Mushroom as a product and their role in mycoremediation". AMB Express. 4 (1): 29. doi:10.1186/s13568-014-0029-8. PMC 4052754. PMID 24949264.
  2. ^ Deshmukh R, Khardenavis AA, Purohit HJ (September 2016). "Diverse Metabolic Capacities of Fungi for Bioremediation". Indian Journal of Microbiology. 56 (3): 247–64. doi:10.1007/s12088-016-0584-6. PMC 4920763. PMID 27407289.
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