영국령 인도 주요 기근 연표
Timeline of major famines in India during British rule영국 통치 기간 동안 인도의 주요 기근 |
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이것은 1765년부터 1947년까지 영국 통치 기간 동안 인도 아대륙의 주요 기근들의 연대표다. 여기에 포함된 기근은 영국령 국가(인도 통치자들이 관리하는 지역), 영국령 인도(영국령 동인도 회사(British East India Company, British Raj, 1858년 ~ 1947년) 및 영국령으로부터 독립된 인도령인 마라타 제국(Maratha 제국)에서 모두 발생했다.
1765년은 영국 동인도 회사가 그 해, Buxar 전투에서 승리한 후, 벵골 지역에서 디와니(땅 수익에 대한 권리)를 부여받았기 때문에 시작 연도로 선택된다(Nizamat, 즉 법과 질서의 통제를 부여받은 1784년까지 벵갈을 직접 관리하지는 않겠지만). 1947년은 영국 라즈가 해체되고 인도의 도미니언과 파키스탄의 도미니언의 새로운 후계국이 세워진 해이다.
타임라인
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갤러리
1877년 10월 The Graphic에서 판화하여 1876–1878년의 대기근 때 영국령 인도 마드라스 대통령 벨라리 지구의 동물과 인간들의 곤경을 보여준다.
1943년 벵골 기근 이후 벵골의 미래를 상상하는 포스터.
정부 기근 구호 아흐메다바드, 1901년
1877년 10월, 벨라리, 마드라스 대통령, 더 그래픽의 기근 구호.
1877년 영국 인도의 1876–1878년 대 기근의 희생자들. 이 기근은 결국 67만 평방 킬로미터(257,000평방 미)의 면적을 덮었고, 총 5,850,000명의 인구를 고통스럽게 했다. 이 기근으로 인한 사망자 수는 550만 명으로 추산된다.[8]
참고 항목
메모들
- ^ 필자와 은퇴한 인도 공무원 찰스 맥민에 따르면, 랑셋의 추정치는 1891년부터 1901년까지 인도의 인구 변화에 대한 실수에 근거한 과대평가였다. 맥민 주(州) 란셋은 인도 전체에서 인구가 280만 명 증가하는 데 그쳤으며 그에 따르면 실제 증가는 750만 명이라고 선언했다. 랭싯 소스는 맥민 주장과 달리 인구가 2873만7048명에서 294만266만702명(2.42%)으로 늘었다고 밝히고 있다. 1901년 4월 13일자 란셋 기사에 따르면, 인구 조사의 변화에 적응하면서, 인도의 총 인구 증가율은 1891년에서 1901년 사이에 1.49%에 불과했는데, 이는 1881년에서 1891년 사이에 관측된 11.2%의 퇴폐적인 변화에서 크게 줄어든 것이다. 그것은 인구 변화율의 감소를 연이은 기근과 전염병으로 인한 과잉 사망 탓으로 돌리고 있다.[14]
- ^ a b The Lancet에 발표된 1901년 추정에 따르면, 1891년에서 1901년 사이에 인도의 이것과 다른 기근들이 "성경 또는 거기서 발생하는 질병"으로 1,900만 명의 사망자를 발생시켰다고,[10][13] 작가와 은퇴한 인도 공무원 찰스 맥민에 의해 비판되었다.[15]
인용구
- ^ 인도의 제국 가제터 vol. III 1907, 페이지 501-502
- ^ 쿠마르 1983 페이지 528.
- ^ 쿠마르 1983, 페이지 299.
- ^ Grove 2007, 페이지 80
- ^ Grove 2007, 페이지 83
- ^ a b c d e 필드하우스 1996, 페이지 132
- ^ 쿠마르 1983 페이지 529.
- ^ a b 인도의 제국 가제터 vol. 1907년 3월, 페이지 488
- ^ 홀 매튜즈 2008, 페이지 4
- ^ a b 데이비스 2001, 페이지 7
- ^ a b C.A.H. 타운센드, 1905-1910년 히사르 지구의 3분의 1 수정 세입 결산 최종 책임자, 하리아나 세무 재난 관리부의 가제터 22페이지 11페이지.
- ^ "Churchill's policies contributed to 1943 Bengal famine – study". 29 March 2019.
- ^ 기근이 인도 인구에 미치는 영향, The Lancet, Vol. 157, No. 4059, 1901년 6월 15일, 페이지 1713-1714
Sven Beckert (2015). Empire of Cotton: A Global History. Random House. p. 337. ISBN 978-0-375-71396-5. - ^ 인도의 인구조사, The Lancet, 157권, 4050호, 페이지 1107–1108
- ^ C.W. 맥민, 기근 진리, 반 진리, 거짓 진리 (Calcutta: 1902), p.87.[a]
- ^ 데이비스, 마이크(2002-06-17). 빅토리아 시대 후기 홀로코스트: 엘니뇨 기민과 제3세계 만들기 (151-158 페이지) 베르소 북스. 킨들 에디션
- ^ 데이비스, 마이크(2002-06-17). 빅토리아 시대 후기 홀로코스트: 엘니뇨 기민과 제3세계 만들기 (p. 171-173) 베르소 북스. 킨들 에디션
- ^ 쿠마르 1983 페이지 531.
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