CENPA 라고도 알려진 Centromere 단백질 A 는 인간에게 CENPA 유전자 에 의해 암호화된 단백질 이다.[5] CENPA는 히스톤 H3 변종 으로 인간을 포함한 대부분의 진핵생물 에서 각 염색체 의[6] 키네토코어 위치 를 결정하는 중요한 요인이다.
함수 CENPA는 각 염색체에서 센트롬의 위치를 후생적 으로 규정하는 단백질로,[7] 유사시 자매 크로마티드 응집체의 최종 부위가 결정된다. CENPA 단백질은 히스톤 H3 변종으로, 센트로메릭 크로마틴 내 뉴클레오솜 의 서브셋에서 하나 또는 둘 다 표준 H3 히스톤 을 대체한다.[8] [9] CENPA는 히스톤 H3 변종에서 가장 큰 시퀀스 다양성을 가지며, 표준 히스톤 H3와 48%만 유사하며, H3K4, H3K9, H3K27 등 특성화된 히스톤 수정 사이트가 많이 부족한 N단자 꼬리 가 고도로 분리되어 있다.[10]
히스톤의 경우 비정상적으로 CENPA 뉴클레오솜은 DNA 복제 와 함께 로드 되지 않고 다른 유기체에서 다른 세포 주기 단계에서 로드된다: 인간의 G1 위상,[11] M [12] 퐁베 의 G2상.[13] 이 특수 로드를 조정하려면 CENPA별 히스톤 샤페론 이 있다. 인간에서는 HJURP , 드로소필라 에서는 CAL1, S. 폼베 에서는 Scm3.[14] 대부분의 eukaryotes에서 CENPA는 고도로 반복적인 위성 DNA 의 큰 영역으로 로드된다.[15] 위성 DNA 내의 CENPA의 위치는 순수 후생유전 메커니즘을 통해 단백질 수준에서 유전 될 수 있다.[16] 이는 게놈에 대한 CENPA 단백질 결합의 위치가 세포분할 에 따라 기초 DNA 서열과 독립된 두 딸세포에 복사된다는 것을 의미한다. CENPA가 염색체로부터 상실되는 상황에서 CENPB 가 CENPA 뉴클레오솜으로 센트롬을 재복제하기 위해 위성 DNA 결합 영역 을 통해 CENPA를 모집하는 인간 세포에 Fail-safe 메커니즘이 설명되어 왔다.[17]
CENPA는 CENPC 와 CENPN 을 포함한 단백질을 통해 내부 키네토코르 와 직접 상호작용한다.[18] [19] 이러한 상호작용을 통해 미세관들 은 유사시 염색체 를 정확하게 분리 할 수 있다.
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기본 개념 종류들 과정 그리고 진화 구조물들
참고 항목
