Warren Sturgis McCulloch

Warren Sturgis McCulloch
Born(1898-11-16)16 November 1898
Orange, New Jersey, United States
Died24 September 1969(1969-09-24) (aged 70)
Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
NationalityAmerican
CitizenshipUnited States
Alma materYale University
Columbia University
Known forHeterarchy
AwardsWiener Gold Medal (1968)
Scientific career
FieldsCybernetics
Artificial neural network
Neuropsychology
Biophysics
Computer Science
InstitutionsMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Yale University
University of Illinois at Chicago
Notable studentsStafford Beer

Warren Sturgis McCulloch (November 16, 1898 – September 24, 1969) was an American neurophysiologist and cybernetician, known for his work on the foundation for certain brain theories and his contribution to the cybernetics movement.[1] Along with Walter Pitts, McCulloch created computational models based on mathematical algorithms called threshold logic which split the inquiry into two distinct approaches, one approach focused on biological processes in the brain and the other focused on the application of neural networks to artificial intelligence.[2]

Biography

Warren Sturgis McCulloch was born in Orange, New Jersey, in 1898. His brother was a chemical engineer and Warren was originally planning to join the Christian ministry. As a teenager he was associated with the theologians Henry Sloane Coffin, Harry Emerson Fosdick, Herman Karl Wilhelm Kumm and Julian F. Hecker. He was also mentored by the Quaker, Rufus Jones.[3] He attended Haverford College and studied philosophy and psychology at Yale University, where he received an A.B. degree in 1921. He continued to study psychology at Columbia and received a M.A. degree in 1923. Receiving his MD in 1927 from the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York, he undertook an internship at Bellevue Hospital, New York. Then he worked under Eilhard von Domarus at the Rockland State Hospital for the Insane.[4] He returned to academia in 1934. He worked at the Laboratory for Neurophysiology at Yale University from 1934 to 1941.

In 1941 he moved to Chicago and joined the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Illinois at Chicago, where he was a professor of psychiatry, as well as the director of the Illinois Neuropsychiatric Institute until 1951.[5] From 1952 he worked at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, Massachusetts with Norbert Wiener. He was a founding member of the American Society for Cybernetics and its second president during 1967–1968. He was a mentor to the British operations research pioneer Stafford Beer.

McCulloch had a range of interests and talents. In addition to his scientific contributions he wrote poetry (sonnets), and he designed and engineered buildings and a dam at his farm in Old Lyme, Connecticut.

McCulloch married Ruth Metzger, known as 'Rook', in 1924 and they had three children.[6] He died in Cambridge in 1969.

Work

He is remembered for his work with Joannes Gregorius Dusser de Barenne from Yale[7] and later with Walter Pitts from the University of Chicago. He provided the foundation for certain brain theories in a number of classic papers, including "A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity" (1943) and "How We Know Universals: The Perception of Auditory and Visual Forms" (1947), both published in the Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics. The former is "widely credited with being a seminal contribution to neural network theory, the theory of automata, the theory of computation, and cybernetics".[1]

McCulloch was the chair of the set of Macy conferences dedicated to Cybernetics. These, greatly due to the diversity of the background of the participants McCulloch brought in, became the foundation for the field.

Neural network modelling

In the 1943 paper McCulloch and Pitts attempted to demonstrate that a Turing machine program could be implemented in a finite network of formal neurons (in the event, the Turing Machine contains their model of the brain, but the converse is not true[8]), that the neuron was the base logic unit of the brain. In the 1947 paper they offered approaches to designing "nervous nets" to recognize visual inputs despite changes in orientation or size.

1952년부터 McCulloch는 주로 신경망 모델링에 관한 연구소에서 일했다. 그의 팀은 맥컬로치의 1947년 논문을 고려해 개구리의 시각 체계를 조사했는데, 단순히 이미지를 전송하는 대신, 눈은 이미 어느 정도, 조직적이고 해석된 정보를 뇌에 제공한다는 것을 발견했다.

망상형성

맥컬로치는 또한 "포커 칩" 망상체 형성 개념을 민주적이고 몽유병적인 신경망에서 뇌가 모순된 정보를 다루는 방법에 대해 인정했다. 그의 "잠재적 지휘의 재분배"[9] 원칙은 폰 포어스터와 파스크가 자기 조직화에[10] 대한 연구와 파스크가 그의 대화 이론과 행위자 상호작용 이론에서 개발했다.[11]

출판물

맥컬로치는 책과 몇 가지 기사를 썼다.[12]

  • 1965년, 마음의 구현. MAT 프레스, 캠브리지, MA.
  • 1993년 워렌 S. 맥컬로치의 작품 전집 인터시스템즈 출판물: 캘리포니아 주 샐리나스.

기사, 선택 항목:

시카고 문학 클럽에서 발행한 논문:

참고 항목

참조

  1. ^ a b 켄 아이자와(2004) '맥컬로치, 워렌 스터기스' 인: 마음철학사전. 2008년 5월 17일 회수.
  2. ^ McCulloch, Warren; Walter Pitts (1943). "A Logical Calculus of Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity". Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics. 5 (4): 115–133. doi:10.1007/BF02478259.
  3. ^ McCulloch, Warren (1961). "What is a number, that a man may know it, and a man, that he may know a Number". General Semantics Bulletin (26 & 27): 7–18.
  4. ^ Abraham, Tara H. (2002). "(Physio)logical circuits: The intellectual origins of the McCulloch-Pitts neural networks". Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences. 38 (1): 3–25. ISSN 0022-5061.
  5. ^ Smalheiser, Neil (2000). "Walter Pitts". Perspectives in Biology and Medicine (43, 2): 217–226.
  6. ^ H., Abraham, Tara (2016-10-28). Rebel genius : Warren S. McCulloch's transdisciplinary life in science. Cambridge, Massachusetts. ISBN 9780262035095. OCLC 946160418.
  7. ^ "Joannes Gregorius Dusser de Barenne". Yale J Biol Med. 12 (6): 742.2–746. 1940. PMC 2602446. PMID 21433922.
  8. ^ 참고 항목: SC. 클레네, "신경망 및 유한 자동화에서의 사건 표시"
  9. ^ 망상형성 이론의 일부 메커니즘
  10. ^ "자생조직 시스템을 위한 예측 모델", 제1부: 사이버네티카 3, 페이지 258–300; 제2부: 사이버네티카 4, 페이지 20–55, 1961 하인츠 폰 포어스터 및 고든 파스크
  11. ^ 고든 파스크(1996년). 하인츠 폰 포스터의 자기 조직화, 대화와 상호작용 이론의 창시자
  12. ^ 그의 논문은 현재 미국철학회의 원고집에 소장되어 있다.

추가 읽기

  • 반란 천재: Warren S. McCulloch의 과학 분야 횡단적인 삶 (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2016)
  • 뉴욕타임즈(1969년), 오비투아리어스 9월 25일.
  • 크레비에, 다니엘(1993), AI: 뉴욕 베이직북스 인공지능의 소란스러운 검색