북서유럽

Northwestern Europe

북서유럽의 최소 정의에 포함된 국가들의 지도

북서유럽(Northwest Europe) 또는 북서유럽(Northwest Europe)은 북유럽과 서유럽에 걸쳐 있는 유럽의 느슨하게 정의된 하위 지역입니다. 이 용어는 지리적,[1] 역사적,[2] 군사적 맥락에서 사용됩니다.[3]

지리적 정의

Geographically, Northwestern Europe is given by some sources as a region which includes Great Britain,[4] Ireland,[4] Belgium,[5] the Netherlands,[5] Luxembourg,[6] Northern France,[5] parts of or all of Germany,[7][6] Denmark,[4] Norway,[6] Sweden,[6] and Iceland.[2][8] 일부 작품에서는 스위스, 핀란드, 오스트리아도 북서유럽의 일부로 포함되어 있습니다.[6]

유럽지역개발기금(European Regional Development Fund)의 지원을 받는 인터레그 프로그램(Interreg program) 하에서, "북서유럽"(NWE)은 벨기에, 아일랜드, 룩셈부르크, 스위스, 네덜란드 및 프랑스와 독일의 일부를 포함하는 유럽 영토 협력 지역입니다.[7]

민족지학

종교개혁 기간 동안 북서부 유럽의 일부 지역은 개신교로 [9]전환하여 유럽의 다른 지역의 가톨릭 이웃들과 차별화했습니다.[10][11]

북유럽에 대한 정의는 19세기 후반에서 20세기 중반 사이의 일부 인류학자, 우생학자, 북유럽 학자들에 의해 사용되었는데, 그들은 이 용어를 북유럽 인종의 구성원들이 집중된 유럽 지역의 약어로 사용했습니다.[12][13][14][15] 예를 들어, 과학적 인종차별이라는 유사과학을 출판한 19세기 귀족 아서 드 고비노는 레온 바라다트가 묘사한 "아리안 천국"에 북서부 유럽의 일부를 포함시켰습니다.[16]

유전학

북서 유럽 개체군 사이에는 유전적으로 밀접한 친화성이 있으며,[17] 이 개체군 중 일부는 관련된 Corded Ware 및 Bell Beaker 개체군에서 내려와 많은 양의 스텝 조상을 보유하고 있습니다.[citation needed] 예를 들어, 라인강 하류의 비커족은 영국의 유전자 풀의 90%를 뒤집었고, 이전에 존재했던 바스크와 같은 신석기 시대의 인구를 대체했습니다.[18]

참고 항목

참고문헌

  1. ^ Pounds, Norman J. G. (September 1967). "Northwest Europe in the Ninth Century; Its Geography in Light of the Polyptyques". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. Taylor & Francis Ltd. 57 (3): 439–461. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1967.tb00615.x. JSTOR 2561644.
  2. ^ a b Loveluck, Christopher (2013). Northwest Europe in the Early Middle Ages, c.AD 600–1150. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107037632.
  3. ^ "North-West Europe campaign (1944–5)". Oxford Companion to Military History. Oxford University Press. 2001. ISBN 9780198606963.
  4. ^ a b c Barnes, R. J.; Barnes, Richard S. K. (1994). The Brackish-Water Fauna of Northwestern Europe. Cambridge University. ISBN 9780521455565. the area covered is northwestern Europe [..including..] the Atlantic coasts of Britain, Ireland and northern France, together with all English Channel coastlines and the fringes of the North Sea as far east as Skagerrak, and as far north as [..] Bergen in Norway
  5. ^ a b c Verhulst, Adriaan (1999). The Rise of Cities in North-West Europe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9782735108176.
  6. ^ a b c d e Boje, David M. (2015). Organizational Change and Global Standardization: Solutions to Standards and Norms Overwhelming Organizations. Routledge. ISBN 9781317633105. Northwestern Europe: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Scotland, United Kingdom, Switzerland
  7. ^ a b "Interreg North-West Europe". nweurope.eu. Interreg NWE. Retrieved 17 August 2023. The North-West Europe area [..] programme covers Belgium, Ireland, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Switzerland as well as parts of France and Germany
  8. ^ The World and Its Peoples. Marshall Cavendish. 2014.[확인할 수 있을 정도로 구체적이지 않음]
  9. ^ Boettiger, Louis Angelo (1938). Fundamentals of Sociology. Ronald Press. p. 325. Protestantism swept over those countries of northwestern Europe which have large proportions of Nordic elements represented in their populations
  10. ^ J. Richard, Carl (2006). The Battle for the American Mind: A Brief History of a Nation's Thought. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 20. ISBN 9780742534360. Retrieved 15 April 2015. Most of northwestern Europe converted to Protestantism, while most of southwestern Europe remained Catholic. Whether climate or ethnicity (northwestern Europe was more Germanic, southwestern Europe more latin) was the greater factor in this division remains a matter of dispute
  11. ^ Ciment, James; Radzilowski, John (2015). American Immigration: An Encyclopedia of Political, Social, and Cultural Change. Routledge. ISBN 9781317477174. The old immigrants, from northwestern Europe (Ireland, Great Britain, France, the Netherlands, the German states, and Scandinavia) [..] were primarily Protestants (except the Irish, who were mostly Catholic)
  12. ^ Hayes, Patrick J. (2012). The Making of Modern Immigration: An Encyclopedia of People and Ideas: An Encyclopedia of People and Ideas. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780313392030.
  13. ^ Porterfield, Austin Larimore (1953). Wait the Withering Rain?. Leo Potishman Foundation. ISBN 9780912646374. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
  14. ^ Hutton, Christopher (2005). Race and the Third Reich: Linguistics, Racial Anthropology and Genetics in the Dialectic of Volk. Polity. ISBN 9780745631776. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
  15. ^ d'Alroy Jones, Peter (1975). Since Columbus: Poverty and Pluralism in the History of the Americas. Heinemann. ISBN 9780435315252. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
  16. ^ Baradat, Leon P. (2015). Political Ideologies. Routledge. ISBN 9781317345558. Extending across northwestern Europe, Gobineau's Aryan heaven included Ireland, England, northern France [..], the Benelux countries and Scandinavia
  17. ^ Novembre, John; Johnson, Toby; Bryc, Katarzyna; Kutalik, Zoltán; et al. (2008). "Genes mirror geography within Europe". Nature. 456 (7218): 98–101. Bibcode:2008Natur.456...98N. doi:10.1038/nature07331. PMC 2735096. PMID 18758442.
  18. ^ Olalde, Iñigo; Brace, Selina; Allentoft, Morten E.; Armit, Ian; et al. (2018). "The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe". Nature. 555 (7695): 190–196. Bibcode:2018Natur.555..190O. doi:10.1038/nature25738. PMC 5973796. PMID 29466337. migration played a key role in the further dissemination of the Beaker Complex, a phenomenon we document most clearly in Britain, where the spread of the Beaker Complex [..] was associated with a replacement of ~90% of Britain's gene pool within a few hundred years