올람 인터내셔널

Olam International
올람 인터내셔널 리미티드
유형공기업
SGX: O32
산업아그리비즈니스
설립됨나이지리아 (1989년 (1989년)
본부
싱가포르
,
싱가포르
주요인
수익Increase 32,992.7만 달러(2019년)[1]
Increase 10억 5620만 달러(2019년)
Increase 4억9820만 달러(2019년)
총자산Increase 25,67040만 달러(2019년)
총자본Increase 6,4320만 달러(2019년)
소유자테마섹홀딩스(54%)
미쓰비시 주식회사(17%)
직원수
41,172 (2019) [1]
사단올람 식품 성분(OFI)
OGA(Olam Global Agri)
웹사이트olamgroup.com

올람인터내셔널은 주요 식품·농산업체로, 60개국에서 운영되고 있으며 전 세계 19,800여 고객사에 식품·산업용 원료를 공급하고 있다.[2] 올람은 코코아 콩과 제품, 커피, 면, 쌀의 세계 최대 공급 업체 중 하나이다.[3][4][5]

역사

1989년, 케왈람 찬라이 그룹은 나이지리아에서 영업하고 있는 다른 그룹 회사의 외환 요구 조건을 충족시키기 위해 경화 수익을 확보하기 위해 올람 나이지리아 PLC를 설립하여 나이지리아에 비석유 기반 수출 사업을 설립하였다. 이번 작전의 성공으로 올람은 독자적 수출작전을 수립하고 다른 농산물을 소싱·수출하는 성과를 거두었다. 이 그룹의 농업 사업은 1996년까지 런던에 본사를 두고 있으며, 찬라이 인터내셔널 리미티드라는 이름으로 운영되었다. 이 사업은 나이지리아에서 캐슈를 수출하면서 시작되었고, 나이지리아에서 면화, 코코아, 쉐너츠 등의 수출로 확대되었다.[6][7]

싱가포르로 이동

1993년에서 1995년 사이에 사업은 단일 사업에서 복수의 기원으로 성장했는데, 처음에는 서아프리카 내에서, 그 다음에는 동아프리카와 인도로 성장했다.[8][9] 복수 원산지로의 이 같은 움직임은 농산물 시장의 규제 완화와 맞물렸다.[10]

올람 인터내셔널 리미티드는 1995년 7월 4일 싱가포르에서 공기업으로 법인화되었다.[11] 1996년 싱가포르 무역개발위원회(현 기업 싱가포르)의 초청으로 올람은 전 사업장을 런던에서 싱가포르로 이전했다. 또한, 싱가포르 정부는 올람에게 공인된 국제 무역자 지위(현재의 글로벌 무역 프로그램)를 부여하였고, 2004년에 올람은 10%의 [10]양허세율을 5%로 인하하였다. 싱가포르로 이전하면서, 그룹의 농업 사업은 싱가포르에 있는 Olam International Limited사가 전적으로 소유하도록 재편되었다.[6]

IPO

2002년에 AIF 캐피털은 그 회사의 지분을 가져간 최초의 외부 투자자가 되었다.[12][13] 2003년 싱가포르 국영 테마섹홀딩스는 100% 소유한 자회사 셀레타 인베스트먼트를 통해 올람의 지분을 인수했고 국제금융공사(IFC)가 그 뒤를 이었다.[14] 2005년 2월 11일, 올람 인터내셔널 리미티드사는 싱가포르 거래소 메인보드에 상장되었다. 테마섹은 2009년 올람에 추가 투자를 했다.[15]

2014년 12월 현재, 자발적 일반[16] 제안 Temasek이 Olam의 80%에 근접하게 개최되었다.[17] 2020년에는 53.4%[18]로 감소했다. 2015년 미쓰비시 주식회사가 20%의 지분을 인수해 2대 주주가 됐다.[19]

올람의 경영진은 총 발행주식 자본의 6.3%에 가까운 지분을 보유하고 있다. 공주가 보유한 올람의 유동자금은 2020년 전체 발행주식 자본의 약 15.9%를 차지한다.[18]

합병 및 분할 가능성

2010년, Olam International은 주요 경쟁 회사 중 하나인 제네바에 본사를 둔 Louis Dreyfus Company와 합병 가능성을 논의하였다. 이 아이디어는 2011년 초에 폐기되었다.[20]

Olam announced in July 2013, that it would sell its cotton assets in Zimbabwe, with the preferred buyer being a private equity company.[21][22]

In 2019, the company announced plans to sell its sugar, rubber, wood products and fertiliser units.[23]

Restructuring

In January 2020, Olam International announced division of its portfolio of diverse products into two new operating businesses, Olam Food Ingredients (OFI) and Olam Global Agri (OGA). The decision followed from its 2019 business review, and a multi-year plan announced early in 2019 to invest US$3.5 billion into key growth areas, such as edible nuts, coffee and cocoa, while shedding other sectors.[24] In the statement released by the firm, Olam Food Ingredients (OFI), will consist of its cocoa, coffee, edible nuts, spices and dairy businesses, Olam Global Agri (OGA) will include grains and animal feed, edible oils, rice, cotton and commodity financial services.[25]

Community Involvement

Eradicating Child Labour

In 2020, Olam Cocoa, a subsidiary of Olam International, rolled out a new initiative in partnership with the Fair Labor Association (FLA) and local cocoa farming cooperatives to digitally register its nearly 7,000 farmer suppliers in Cameroon and their households.[26] This also include introducing rigorous tractability and reporting systems, educating local communities about child labor, as well as setting up dedicated child labor monitoring and remediation systems (CLMRS). In 2018/2019, Olam found more than 7,000 instances of inappropriate child labor in its supply chain, remediating approximately 70% of them. [27] This is the first instance of professional application of such initiatives at such a scale in Cameroon.[28] Forward, the company plans to expand its initiative to cover nearly 223,000 farmers in three countries across West Africa.[26]

Sustainable Rice Platform (SRP)

Olam International currently one of the founding members of the Sustainable Rice Platform (SRP),[29] a multi-stakeholder platform, co-convened by United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) and the International Rice Research Institute to promote resource efficiency and sustainable trade flows, production and consumption operations, and supply chains in the global rice sector.[30][31]

지속 가능한 코코아 이니셔티브

올람 코코아는 네트워크의 농작물 수확량을 개선하기 위해 20개국 16만 명 이상의 코코아 농부로부터 데이터를 수집하기 위해 디지털 정보 시스템인 OFIS(Olam Farmer Information System)를 도입하여 코코아 나무 나이와 토양 유형을 포함한 다양한 농장 수준 데이터 포인트를 추적하고 있다.[32] 2020년 성장기 동안, 올람 코코아는 가나 코코아 보드 (COCOCOBOD)와 함께 그 나라에서 코코아 소싱 작업을 하는 코코아 농부들에게 현지에서 조달한 비료를 분배하는 프로그램에 합류했다.[33]

혐의

삼림 관련 야자유, 코코아, 고무

2011년과 2015년 사이에 올람의 팜유 거래량은 7만1000톤에서 153만톤으로 약 20배 증가했다.[34] 올람은 RSPO 인증을 받은 야자유에 대한 약속에도 불구하고 야자유 생산을 확대하면서 투명성을 피했다.[35][36]

2016년 12월 12일 NGO 마이티 어스와 가봉에 본사를 둔 NGO 브레인포리스트가 발표한 보고서에[37] 따르면 올람은 특히 아시아에 있는 제3자 협력업체들과 전세계적으로 비밀리에 야자석유를 거래하고 있었다. 올람은 광범위한 삼림 벌채로 인해 고릴라, 침팬지, 숲 코끼리의 숲 서식지를 위태롭게 했다는 비난을 받았다.[38] 가봉에서는 올람이 야자유를 얻기 위해 2만6000헥타르(6만4000에이커)의 숲을 베었다는 사실이 밝혀졌다.[39]

비정부기구(NGO) 보고서에 실린 사진과 영상에는 올람 불도징 가보네즈 열대우림을 고무로 만들고 이들이 아프리카 최대 야자유 농장으로 만들려는 의도가 담겨 있다. 분석 결과 올람은 가봉에서 2012년[40][41][42][43] 이후 4차례에 걸쳐 야자수 기름 양허를 가로지르는 약 2만6000ha의 숲과 고무를 위한 추가 숲을 개간한 것으로 나타났다.

두 비정부기구는 또한 올람이 가봉의 고무를 위해 북부 가봉의 온전한 숲 풍경에서 워싱턴 DC 크기의 지역을 잘라냈다는 것을 기록했다.[44]

마이티 어스는 보고서가 공개된 직후인 2016년 12월 16일 올람에 대해 올람의 산림 황폐화 및 FSC 정책 위반 혐의로 정식 고발장을 산림관리위원회(FSC)에 제출했다.[45] 이런 의혹에 대해 올람은 2017년 2월 21일 가봉의 산림 추가 개간 작업을 최소 1년 이상 중단했다.[46] 그 결과 마이티 어스는 캠페인을 중단했다.[45][47][48][49][50]

The agreement between Mighty Earth and Olam was renewed in 2018.[51] In its inaugural Excellence Awards in 2019, the industry-led Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil recognized Olam International for its conservation leadership in developing sustainable palm oil plantations having a positive impact on forest conservation, species conservation and emission reduction in Gabon.[52]

On September 13, 2017 NGO Mighty Earth released a second report[53] documenting findings that Olam purchases cocoa grown illegally in national parks and other protected forests in the Ivory Coast. The report accused Olam of endangering the forest habitats of chimpanzees, elephants and other wildlife populations by purchasing cocoa linked to deforestation.[54][55][56] As a result of cocoa production, 7 of the 23 Ivorian protected areas have been almost entirely converted to cocoa.[57] Olam was notified of the findings of Mighty Earth's investigation and did not deny that the company sourced its cocoa from protected areas in the Ivory Coast.

In 2020 the FSC, Olam and Mighty Earth commissioned SmartCert Group to perform a retrospective assessment of previous deforestation for Olam's palm oil plantations in Gabon.[58] A second investigation will focus on Olam's rubber plantations in Gabon.[59][60]

Muddy Waters allegations

In November 2012, Carson Block of Muddy Waters Research accused Olam of "deciding to take huge leverage and invest in illiquid positions",[61] questioning its accounting practices and accusing its board of an "abject failure of leadership".[62] Olam called the allegations "baseless rumour-mongering" and sued Block for libel,[63][64] but its shares nevertheless fell 21%.[61]

Forced evictions and land clearance in Laos

The company is involved in the production of coffee in Laos and the clearance of forests and villages to plant large plantations. Areas of land that were acquired by the company were previously inhabited and farmed by villagers who had paid their land taxes and were also farming coffee alongside other products.[65] Compensation was only partly paid, with many evicted landholders being paid only in rice. Many landholders are now facing challenges to grow enough food to survive. This development of large industrial plantations at the sacrifice of the small holding family unit is argued by some to be counterproductive to the development of Laos; as it reduces the overall agricultural productivity; and increases poverty amongst the families, while a few officials and the company benefit.[66]

Child Slavery

In 2021, Olam International was named in a class action lawsuit filed by eight former child slaves from Mali who allege that the company aided and abetted their enslavement on cocoa plantations in Ivory Coast. The suit accused Olam (along with Nestlé, Cargill, Mars, Incorporated, Barry Callebaut, The Hershey Company, and Mondelez International) of knowingly engaging in forced labor, and the plaintiffs sought damages for unjust enrichment, negligent supervision, and intentional infliction of emotional distress.[67]

See also

References

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External links