두장옌

Dujiangyan
도시는 두장옌 시를 참조한다.다른 용도는 두장옌(동음이의)을 참조한다.
유네스코 세계유산
Dujiang Weir.jpg
두장옌 관개 시스템
위치중국 쓰촨성 청두 두장옌시
의 일부칭청산과 두장옌 관개시설
기준문화: (ii)(iv)(vi)
참조1001
비문2000년(24회)
좌표31°0′6″N 103°36′19″E/31.00167°N 103.60528°E/ 31.00167; 103.60528좌표: 31°0′6″N 103°36′19″E / 31.00167°N 103.60528°E / 31.00167; 103.60528
Dujiangyan is located in Sichuan
Dujiangyan
쓰촨성 두장옌의 위치
Dujiangyan is located in China
Dujiangyan
두장옌(중국)

두장옌(중국어: 都江堰; 핀인:두지앙옌)은 중국 쓰촨성 두장옌 시의 고대 관개 시스템이다.원래 진나라가 관개·홍수 관리사업으로 기원전 256년경에 건설한 것으로, 오늘날에도 여전히 사용되고 있다.이 시스템의 인프라는 양쯔강의 가장 긴 지류인 민강(민장)에서 발전한다.이 지역은 쓰촨 분지와 티베트 고원 사이의 청두 평야 서쪽에 있다.원래 민씨네는 민산에서 급히 내려와 청두평야에 도달한 후 갑자기 속도를 줄여서 수로를 실트로 메워 인근 지역이 홍수에 심하게 걸리기 일쑤였다.진의 자오왕이 이 사업을 의뢰했고, 두장옌의 건설은 단순히 댐을 쌓는 것이 아니라 새로운 수로 방식으로 강을 메우고 물을 나누었다.이 지역의 5,300 km2 (2,000 sq mi) 이상의 땅에 물을 대는 물 관리 계획은 오늘날에도 여전히 사용되고 있다.[1]두장옌, 산시의 정궈 운하, 광시의 링쿠 운하는 "진나라의 3대 수력 공학 프로젝트"로 통칭된다.[2]

역사

계획

두장옌 프로젝트의 계획을 보여주는 지도
두장옌의 수력 기술자인 리빙의 동한상(25–220 CE)

미국 전쟁 기간 동안 민강의 둑을 따라 살던 사람들은 매년 홍수로 시달렸다.진 수문학자 리빙은 문제를 조사하여 강물이 아래로 느리게 움직이고 심하게 실어진 스트레칭에 이르렀을 때 둑을 터트린 지역 산에서 흐르는 샘 용해수로 인해 불어난 것을 발견했다.[3]

한 가지 해결책은 댐을 건설하는 것이겠지만 진은 군선이 변경에 병력을 공급할 수 있도록 수로를 열어두기를 원했기 때문에,[4] 대신 인공 제방을 건설하여 강의 흐름의 일부를 방향을 바꾼 다음 그 너머의 마른 청두 평야에 여분의 물을 방류하기 위해 율리산을 통과하는 수로를 뚫었다.[5]

건설

진의 자오왕은 이 프로젝트에 은 10만 타를 할당하고 수만 타에 달하는 팀을 보냈다.제방은 마차라는 나무 삼각대가 제자리에 들고 있는 주롱이라고[6] 알려진 돌로 엮은 대나무로 긴 소시지 모양의 바구니를 만들었다.[7]물고기의 입을 닮은 물놀이 제방 건설은 완료하는데 4년이 걸렸다.[8]

화약이 발명되기 전, 당시 사용 가능한 도구들이 산의 단단한 바위를 관통할 수 없었기 때문에, 불과 물의 조합은 열을 사용하고 바위가 갈라져서 제거될 때까지 열을 식혀주었기 때문에 수로를 절단하는 것은 훨씬 더 큰 문제임이 입증되었다.[9]8년간의 작업 끝에, 폭 20미터(66피트)의 통로가 산을 관통했다.[10]

레거시

두장옌

시스템이 끝난 후, 더 이상의 홍수는 발생하지 않았다.이 관개는 쓰촨을 중국에서 가장 생산적인 농업 지역으로 만들었다.그 건설은 또한 지역 사람들에게 삶에 대한 느긋한 태도를 준 공로를 인정받고 있다;[11] 재난을 제거하고 규칙적이고 풍성한 수확을 보장함으로써, 그들에게 충분한 자유 시간을 주었다.[12]

원래의 두장얀 관개 시설은 1933년 다이시 지진에 의해 파괴되었다.현재의 대지진 이후 장위안 부부와 그의 아들들에 의해 재건되었다 관개시설은 1933년 다이시 두장옌.장위안(張元)과 그의 아들은 장위안(張元)과 그의 아들 장실링(張 shiling)을 가리킨다.[citation needed]

2000년에 두장옌은 유네스코 세계문화유산이 되었다.오늘날 이곳은 쓰촨의 주요 관광 명소가 되었다.[citation needed]

2008년 쓰촨 대지진

주요기사 : 2008년 쓰촨 대지진

2008년 5월 12일 두장옌 지역을 포함한 쓰촨 서부의 광대한 지역에서 대규모 지진이 발생했다.최초 보고에 따르면 유즈이 제방에는 균열이 생겼지만 크게 파손되지는 않았다.[13][14]강물이 돌면서 흐르는 것을 여전히 볼 수 있었다.[citation needed]

내천의 파노라마

엔지니어링 구성

어구 레벨
수로지도

관개 헤드

관개 시스템은 홍수 방지 및 밭에 물이 잘 공급되도록 하기 위해 서로 조화를 이루는 세 가지 주요 공사로 구성된다.

물고기의 입을 닮았다고 하는 원뿔형 머리로 이름 붙여진 유즈이 또는 물고기 입 제방이 건축의 핵심 부분이다.물을 내하천과 외하천으로 나누는 인공제방이다.[15]내류는 깊고 좁으며, 외류는 비교적 얕지만 넓다.이 특별한 구조는 내부 하천이 건기에 강 유량의 약 60%를 관개 시스템으로 운반하는 것을 보장한다.홍수 때는 이 양이 40%로 줄어 홍수로부터 국민을 보호한다.외부 하천은 나머지를 배수하여, 실트와 침전물의 많은 부분을 쏟아낸다.[16]

페이샤얀(Feishayan)이나 플라잉 샌드위르(Flying Sand Weir)는 내류와 외류를 연결하는 폭 200m(660ft)의 개구부를 가지고 있다.[17]이것은 물의 자연적인 소용돌이치는 흐름이 내부로부터 외부 하천으로 여분의 물을 빼내도록 함으로써 홍수를 방지한다.그 소용돌이는 또한 외부 하천으로 들어가지 못한 실트와 침전물을 배출한다.현대적인 철근 콘크리트 보가 원래의 무게의 대나무 바구니를 대체했다.[18]

산을 관통하는 바오핑커우(Baoopingkou) 또는 보틀넥(Bottle-Neck) 채널은 이 시스템의 마지막 부분이다.이 수로는 청두 평야의 농경지에 물을 배급하고, 그 이름을 붙인 좁은 입구는 견제구로 작용하여 날아다니는 모래 울타리 위로 넘치는 물을 운반하는 소용돌이의 흐름을 만들어 홍수를 방지한다.[19]

안란 현수교

안란 또는 부부의 다리는 인공섬과 두 둑을 연결하는 강의 전폭에 걸쳐 있으며 중국의 오대교 중 하나로 알려져 있다.원래의 주푸 대교는 제방과 율리산 기슭을 연결하는 내천에 걸쳐 있을 뿐이었다.이것은 송나라 때 명나라 말기를 알리는 전쟁 중에 불타버린 핑시교로 대체되었다.[20]

청나라 때인 1803년, 한 지역 남성인 헤샨데와 그의 부인은 두 개울에 걸쳐서 나무판과 대나무 난간으로 대체되는 교체를 건설하자고 제안했고, 이것은 그들의 명예로 부부의 다리라는 별명이 붙여졌다.이것은 1970년대에 철거되었고 현대적인 다리로 대체되었다.[21]

템플 사이트

투킹스 템플

두장옌의 에르왕사

에르왕 또는 두 왕사는 율리산 기슭의 강둑에 있다.고대 슈 왕을 기리기 위해 지어진 원래의 왕디 사원은 옮겨졌고, 그래서 현지인들은 이곳에서 사원의 이름을 바꾸었다.[22]

10,072m의 청나라 목조 단지는2 남북 축을 따르지 않는다는 점을 제외하고는 전통적인 사찰 설계 기준에 부합한다.[23]현대적인 리빙의 동상이 담긴 본관은 오페라 무대를 마주한 뜰 위로 개방된다.[24]음력 7월 24일, 리빙의 전통 생일에는 대중을 위한 지역 오페라가 공연되었고,[25][26] 무덤 쓸기 날에는 물 던지기 축제가 열린다.

뒤쪽 홀에는 얼랑 신(Erlang Shen)의 현대적인 동상이 있다.[27]어떤 이들은 얼랑 심이 리 얼랑이었다고 말하지만, 역사적 기록에 의하면 이것을 확인하지는 못하며, 그가 거짓 신으로서 현지인에 의해 발명되었을 가능성도 있다.[28]관란틴 정자는 단지 위에 서 있으며, 리빙의 지혜로운 글귀가 새겨져 있는데, "강물이 지그재그로 흐를 때는 곧은 수로를 자르고, 강바닥이 넓고 얕을 때는 더 깊이 파라.[29]

드래곤 길들이기 사원

두장옌의 파이팡

리두이 공원의 풀롱관 또는 드래곤 길들이기 사원은 3세기에 판창성을 기리기 위해 설립되었다.리빙의 죽음 이후 그를 기리기 위해 이곳에 홀이 세워졌고 그를 둘러싼 용과 싸우는 전설들을 기념하기 위해 신전의 이름을 바꾸었다.[30]리빙의 전설적인 아들 에를랑 셴이 인간 제물을 모으기 위해 강신사에서 자신과 일곱 친구들이 매복하여 포획한 용을 사슬로 묶었다고 전해지는 곳이 바로 여기에 있다.이 조치는 그 이후로 이 지역을 홍수로부터 보호해 주었다고 한다.[31]

동한시대에는 강에 리빙 동상을 두어 물의 흐름을 관찰하였는데, 수위가 어깨 위로 올라가 홍수를 나타내고 종아리 아래로 내려가 가뭄을 나타낸다.1974년 강에서 복구되어 본관에 전시된 이 석상은 중국에서 가장 오래된 것으로 알려진 석상이다.[32][33]

참고 항목

참조

  1. ^ Zhang, Kan; Hu Changshu (2006). World Heritage in China. Guangzhou: The Press of South China University of Technology. pp. 95–103. ISBN 7-5623-2390-9.
  2. ^ The Lingqu Canal, one of "The Three Great Hydraulic Engineering Projects of the Qin Dynasty" (秦代三大水利工程之一：灵渠) (in Chinese), sina.com, July 26, 2005
  3. ^ "Dujiangyan Irrigation System". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20, 2008. More than 2,000 years ago, Li Bing (c.250-200 BC) served as a local governor of Shu State. At that time, the Mingjiang River flowed quickly down from the mountains. As it ran across the Chengdu Plain, it frequently flooded the Chengdu agricultural area where local farmers suffered much from the water disaster. Li Bing and his son designed this water control system and organized thousands of local people to construct the project.
  4. ^ China Heritage Project. "Taming the Floodwaters". The Australian National University. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved April 22, 2008. Li Bing was commissioned to conduct an extensive hydraulic survey to regulate the unpredictable course of the swiftly flowing spring-thaw waters of the Min River that regularly flooded areas and settlements on the plains around Chengdu, and simultaneously ensure that the Min River flowed unimpeded through Chengdu, facilitating navigation by military vessels that could service Qin's logistical supply lines.
  5. ^ China Heritage Project. "Taming the Floodwaters". The Australian National University. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved April 22, 2008. By 270 BCE he had drawn up plans to mitigate the Min River's floodwaters for year-round irrigation on the Chengdu Plain and navigability to Chengdu. The original plan called for the construction of weirs or levees to harness the Min River at Dujiangyan, where the hills meet the Chengdu Plain, and of a diversion channel to irrigate the plain that would cut straight through the natural barrier posed by Mount Jian.
  6. ^ "Zhulong". Dujiangyan Irrigation System Museum. It is also called Zhuo, Zhou, etc. which is a long sausage-shaped basket of woven bamboo filled with stones used to protect the riverbed or served as a dam. While the Dujiangyan Irrigation Project under the guidance of Li Bing, Zhulong was widely used. It was simple and cheap but effective and has been passed down from generation to generation. Even today it is still widely adopted in flood control.
  7. ^ "Zhulong". Dujiangyan Irrigation System Museum. They are wood tripods used to support a temporary dam to cut off a river, control flood or regulate water, etc. They are one kind of flexible convenient and effective engineering facilities.
  8. ^ China Heritage Project. "Taming the Floodwaters". The Australian National University. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved April 22, 2008. In 268 BCE, Li Bing is said to have personally led ten of thousands of workers in the initial stage of construction on the Min River banks. The workers made bamboo cages and threw cages of rocks into the middle of the river. It took them four years to complete a water-diversion levee resembling a fish's mouth. When the water reaches Yuzu, the 'fish's mouth,' it is naturally diverted into the inner and outer flows. The inner flow is the diversion channel that leads to Chengdu.
  9. ^ China Heritage Project. "Taming the Floodwaters". The Australian National University. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved April 22, 2008. Prior to the invention of gunpowder, manual labourers using only drill rods and stone hammers would have taken 30 years to cut through the mountain. Qin military planners required more immediate results, so Li Bing proposed using the expeditious and simple technology of using controlled blazes to scorch the rocks and then dousing them with cold water. The seemingly limitless forest resources of the region at that time – evidence of which is provided by the Shu kingdom period tree trunk coffins recently unearthed in downtown Chengdu – made such an option possible. King Zhao of Qin allocated 100,000 taels of silver for the project.
  10. ^ China Heritage Project. "Taming the Floodwaters". The Australian National University. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved April 22, 2008. It took a further eight years to cut through the mountain, and the 20-meter (66 ft)-wide culvert allows the water to flow into the Chengdu Plain. The key part of the project was the diversion gate called Baopingkou that resembles the neck of a bottle, and through this passage, the waters of the Min River could irrigate the Chengdu Plain in perpetuity. In 256 BCE, after 14 years of arduous labor, the Dujiangyan project was completed. That at least is one received historical account, but it is undeniable that for more than two millennia this irrigation project has been in use on the Chengdu Plain.
  11. ^ Lee, Don (February 8, 2006). "People's Party Animals". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 22, 2008. [Luo Xinben, a professor at Southwest University for Nationalities] and other scholars say Chengdu's laid-back culture was spawned by its 2-millennium-old irrigation system.
  12. ^ Lee, Don (February 8, 2006). "People's Party Animals". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 22, 2008. [Tan Jihe, a researcher at the Sichuan Provincial Academy of Social Sciences] says Du Jiang Yan, and Chengdu's fertile soil and moist air, made it easy to plant rice, corn, potatoes and a rich assortment of citrus and other fruits, giving farmers not only good harvests but also plenty of time for leisure.
  13. ^ Hornby, Lucy. "China quake weakens Sichuan dams, cuts off river". Relief Web. Retrieved 2008-05-14.
  14. ^ Chen, Lydia. "Most historical relics survive Sichuan quake". Shanghai Daily. Retrieved 2008-05-14.
  15. ^ "At The Fish Mouth Water-Dividing Dam". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20, 2008. The Fish Mouth Water-Dividing Dam is built in the middle of the river. It is the main part of Dujiangyan Irrigation system. The Fish mouth functions to divide the river into an inner canal and an outer canal. Long ago, when Li Ping worked as the local governor of the Shu State, he found the old river canal was too narrow to hold much water, which often overflowed the banks and caused disastrous floods. Based on natural geographic conditions, Li Bing organized the people to build a man-made dam. The whole dam looks like a fish, and the front dam has a circular cone shaped like a fish mouth.
  16. ^ "At The Fish Mouth Water-Dividing Dam". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20, 2008. It is the dam that diverts water into the outer canal and the inner canal. The inner water canal functions as the main stream for irrigation purposes; the outer river is mainly used to drain excessive water and sand. During flood seasons the inner canal holds 40 percent of the water in the river, and 60 percent of the water flows into the outer river. It is vice versa in dry seasons. About 80 percent of the silt is carried away along the outer river.
  17. ^ "At the Flying Sand Fence". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20, 2008. The water flows along the inner canal towards the Bottle-Neck Channel. On the way it passes the Flying Sand Fence, which has a 200-meter (660 ft)-wide opening from south to north. The Fence joins the inner and outer canals. The fence functions to control the flow of water and discharge excess into the outer canal from the inner canal.
  18. ^ "At the Flying Sand Fence". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20, 2008. During the dry seasons the fence doesn't work much, but when floods occur, the river rushes forward along the inner canal. As it approaches the fence, the river begins to turn fast, and soon many whirlpools are formed. The whirlpools change quickly, swee-ping away sand and pebbles, and throwing them into the outer canal. During the flood seasons, this spillway transports 80 percent of the sediments into the outer river, and at the same time excessive water flows over the Flying Sands Fence into the outer river. In ancient times, there was no cement in use. Instead, huge bamboo cages were used as the fence. They were filled with stones and pebbles. However, at present, a reinforced concrete weir has replaced the ancient fence.
  19. ^ "At the Bottle-Neck Channel". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20, 2008. The inner canal leads to the Bottleneck Channel, which is the entrance of the extensive irrigation system. A trunk canal cuts the mountain into two parts. The small part was later called Li Dui, which means an isolated hill. Chengdu looks like a large bottle, and the trunk canal between the mountain and the hill takes the shape of a bottleneck. During the flood seasons, the water will not overflow into the trunk canal. Instead, it flows in whirlpools into the outer canal. The trunk canal works as a check gate to safeguard the Chengdu Plain.
  20. ^ "Anlan Bridge". Dujiangyan Irrigation System Museum. The bridge is 261 meters long across both the inner river and the outer river. It was called Zhupu Bridge in ancient times and was rebuiltin the Song Dynasty and called Pinshi Bridge. In the late Ming Dynasty(1368–1644), it was burned in a war. In the 8th year of Jiaqing Reign(1803 A.D.) of the Qing Dynasty, He Xiande,a native, and his wife proposed rebuilding it and as a result the people on both banks could cross the raging waves in safety, hence it was called Anlan Bridge and also called Couple Bridge at that time.
  21. ^ "Anlan Suspension Bridge". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20, 2008. Anlan Suspension Bridge is one of the five ancient bridges in China. The total length is 320 m. Its ancient name was called the Rope Suspension Bridge or the Bamboo and Cane Suspension Bridge. Unfortunately, a fire caused by war towards the end of the Ming dynasty destroyed the original bridge. In 1803, a new bridge was built. It was made with local bamboo rope chains, and the bridge bottom floor was replaced with wooden plates. The old bridge lasted until the 1970s when it was replaced by a steel chains bridge.
  22. ^ "Two Kings' Temple at DuJianYan". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20, 2008. Erwang (Two King's) Temple was built to commemorate Li Bing and his son. Erwang means two kings. Originally, the temple was called Wangdi Temple in memory of Duyu, the king of the ancient Shu. Later Wangdi Temple was relocated in Pixian county during the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Local people renamed the temple Chongdemiao to express respect for Li Bing and his son. Chongde means worship of virtue or reverence. During the Song Dynasty the temple was called Wangmiao, which means the king's temple. Down to the Qing Dynasty it was called Erwang Temple. People offered Li Bing and his son the posthumous title of Wang (king).
  23. ^ "Two Kings' Temple at DuJianYan". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20, 2008. The temple complex occupies an area of 10,072 square meters. the ancient timber buildings remain similar in design and style to other ancient Chinese architecture. The broad roof, perfect decoration, strict size and traditional use of color meet in harmony with the mountaintop environment. However, the temple buildings are not placed based on the concept of the north-south axis.
  24. ^ "Two Kings' Temple at DuJianYan". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20, 2008. The main hall is devoted to Li Bing himself. The statue is newly molded. The old statue was a larger-than-life painted statue, and the figure looked like a wise scholar looking at the rushing river below. The newly molded figure has a silk map in his hand, and appears to be thinking about the blueprint of the project.
  25. ^ "Two Kings' Temple at DuJianYan". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20, 2008. According to Folk tale, July 24 of the Chinese Lunar Calendar is Li Ping's birthday. On that day many local people visit the temple where they prostrate themselves before the image of Li Ping and his son and burn incense to honor them. At the same time, the beatings of drums and gongs resound to the sky as incense smoke curls upwards.
  26. ^ "Two Kings' Temple at DuJianYan". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20, 2008. Li Bing's hall is a compound. The hall faces an opera stage across the courtyard below, surrounded by other buildings. On July 24 of the Chinese Lunar Calendar during the Ming and Qing dynasties entertainers performed local operas on the stage. People gathered in the courtyard to watch the performance. Legend says the actors offered the performance mainly for Li Bing, as tribute for his great contribution to local people.
  27. ^ "Two Kings' Temple at DuJianYan". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20, 2008. The rear hall is devoted to Li Bing's son. His son's statue is newly molded. The figure stands firmly with a tool in his hands as ready to level mountains. Behind the statue is the Minjiang River, which serves as the background. Li Bing's son had a name called Erlang.
  28. ^ "Two Kings' Temple at DuJianYan". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20, 2008. Erlang is a popular legendary figure in Chinese folk literature. In the folk stories, he has a close relationship with Li Bing. It should be pointed out that no recorded historical evidence could be found to show Erlang was Li Bing's son. In Chinese feudal society, it was a great problem for a family to have no offspring, so local people regarded Erlang as Li Bing's son. They sincerely wished Li Bing would have a son so that Li's family tree would continue.
  29. ^ "Two Kings' Temple at DuJianYan". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20, 2008. There is a delicate pavilion called Guanlantin. Carved characters are on both sides of stonewalls. These are quotations of how to manage the Dujiangyan Irrigation System. One of the famous inscriptions engraved on the wall is an eight-character quotation from Li Ping. It says: When the river flows in zigzags, cut a straight channel; when the riverbed is wide and shallow, dig it deeper.
  30. ^ "On the way to Fulonguan (The Dragon-Taming Temple)". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20, 2008. The Dragon-Taming Temple is located in Lidui Park, which is close to the city. It was built in the 3rd century. Originally, it was devoted to Fan Changsheng, the founder of Tianshi Dao, one Daoist sect in the Jin Dynasty (266–420). During the Five Dynasties and Ten States, Li Bing was conferred the posthumous title called Da'anwang, and his hall was set up here in honor of him. A popular legend during the Song Dynasty was that Erwang, Li Bing's son, had subdued an evil dragon here. So the temple was renamed as the Dragon-Taming Temple accordingly.
  31. ^ Cheng Manchao (1995). The Origin of Chinese Deities. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. pp. 170–180. ISBN 7-119-00030-6.
  32. ^ "On the way to Fulonguan (The Dragon-Taming Temple)". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20, 2008. In 1974, a stone statue of Li Bing was unearthed from the river base. Now it is placed in the middle of the main hall. It is 2.9 m in height and 4.5 tons in weight. Based on archeological studies, the statue was carved in 168 during the East Han Dynasty.
  33. ^ Wintle, Justin (2002). The Rough Guide History of China. London: Rough Guides Ltd. p. 78. ISBN 1-85828-764-2.