평독선

Pyongdok Line
평덕선
개요
네이티브 이름평덕선(平德線)
상태운영
소유자선택된 정부 철도 (1911–1945)
서선 중앙 철도 (1939–1945)
국유철도 (1945년 이후)
로캘펑양 시
황해북도
남연간
북평간
터미대동강
구장춘영
스테이션37
서비스
유형중철도, 지역철도
디포펑양 시
역사
열린평양선: 1911-1918
설선 철도:1939-1945
덕팔선:1945-1954
기술
선 길이192.3km (192.5mi)
트랙 수싱글 트랙
트랙 게이지1,435 mm (4ft 8+1⁄2 인치) 표준 게이지
최소 반지름250m(820ft)
전기화3000V DC 카트리얼레
최대 경사20‰
노선도

DPRK-Pyongdok Line.png

레전설
평부선
대동강
고무 공장
직물 기계 공장
0.0
 대동강
방직 공장
곡물 가공 공장
엘리베이터 공장
평부선
직물 공장
3.3
 영교리
닫힌
3.2
 동평양
금평자동차공업
식품 공장
6.4
 쑹신
털 태닝
7.5
 사동
닫힌
공장 세 곳
KPA 11.2 공장
13.4
10.8
 미림
미림 블록 공장
19.3
 천룡
명당선
(브리지 appx 360m(1,180ft)
21.1
 립성리
코비 선
신고리 시멘트 복합체
25.9
 신고리
콘크리트 침로 공장
내 것
30.1
 만달리
(102 appx 120 m(802 ft))
(1987 appx 240m(790ft))
33.9
0.0
 화천
6.0
 차룡산
탄광
(1987 appx 425m(1,394ft))
38.6
 키목
(1902 appx 275m(902ft))
41.8
 송가
독산선
(1600ft(1,600ft) appapx 500m)
삼둥콜리에리 선
48.2
 삼둥 시
51.5
 흥령
탄광
(1987 appx 340m(1,120ft))
55.5
 신림
(1902 appx 275m(902ft))
(1987 appx 145m(476ft))
2.2
번데기 광산
(브리지 appx 120m(최대 ft))
64.0
0.0
 강동
(1987 appx 430m(1,280ft)
72.0
 배관
(1987 appx 230m(750ft))
(1987 appx 285m(935ft))
78.2
 순덕
닫힌
81.2
 경춘
(브리지 appx 255m(837ft)
88.2
 삼덕
(1987 appx 110m(360ft))
(102 appx 120 m(802 ft))
(980ft(980ft)의 apfx 300m)
(160 appx 160 m (160 ft)
(1987 appx 125 m (1987 ft))
평라선
94.3
 신성춘
평라선
101.7
 금영
(1987 appx 185m(607ft))
105.0
 윈창 시
영대선
111.0
 구정
차동선
(애플렉스 1,080m(3,540ft)
118.0
 송남춘
솔골콜리에리 선
122.0
 카창
지하 시설
(1987 appx 135m(443ft))
130.4
 푸창 시
관하선
쓰크창 선
(브리지 appx 115m(377ft))
133.9
 옥춘
(102 appx 120 m(802 ft))
136.3
 구현
잉포 선
(115 appx 115m(377ft))
(브리지 appx 165m(541ft))
139.7
 회안
탄광
(1987 appx 250m(820ft))
145.1
 남덕
탄광
149.1
 체남
탄광
152.8
 남덕천
덴남선
(브리지 appx 400m(1,300ft)
154.8
 촉천
쩡리 모터스
설창선
(105 appx 100 m(802 ft))
지하 시설
2.1
 묘향산
(비공개)
159.5
0.0
 향원
165.2
 향장
창상선
(1987 appx 225m(738ft))
(118 appx 210m(690ft))
169.4
 철영
(118 appx 410m(1,350ft)
(1987 appx 230m(750ft))
(118 appx 130 m (118 ft))
(105 appx 155m(509ft))
(최대 appx 200m(최대)
(1987 appx 170m (1980 ft))
(1987 appx 140m(460ft))
(1987 appx 205m(673ft))
(1180ft(1,180ft)
178.2
 함가 탄광
(1987 appx 150m(490ft))
(최대 appx 200m(최대)
180.4
 구단
닫힌
(1987 appx 145m(476ft))
(1987 appx 225m(738ft))
룡암선
지하 시설
만포 선
192.3
 구장춘영
만포 선
전연팔원선
평독선
조선글
평덕선
한차
수정 로마자 표기법평덕선
매쿠네-라이샤워평덕선

The P'yŏngdŏk Line is an electrified standard-gauge trunk line of the Korean State Railway in North Korea running from Taedonggang Station in P'yŏngyang, where it connects to the P'yŏngbu, P'yŏngnam, P'yŏngra and P'yŏngŭi Lines, to Kujang, where it connects to the Manp'o and Ch'ŏngnyŏn P'arwŏn Lines.[1]선의 총 길이는 192.3km(119.5mi)이다.

설명

평덕선은 현재 평양 철도국(대동강~)이 관할하고 있다.향원 구간), 개천 철도국(튜이룽-구장 구간)이다.[2]경제적으로는 평양과 북창, 촉산, 남북평안도의 탄광 및 공업 중심지를 연결하는 매우 중요한 노선이다.[1]

경대, 명학, 설창, 창상 등 수많은 2차선이 평덕선과 연결된다.이들 지선의 상당수는 북창화력발전단지에 석탄을 보내는 탄광과 다른 산업센터 및 발전소에 대한 것이다.[2]

대동강(평부선)과 신성춘(평라선), 구장춘(만포선)을 제외한 38개 역이 있다.이 가운데 33곳이 일반 중간역이다.미림에도 화물역, 1정거장, 3개 신호소가 있다.평덕선은 산악지대를 통과하여 많은 교량과 터널을 갖추고 있다.덕령 주변의 명향산맥은 경사가 20㎝, 곡선의 최소반경은 250m(820피트)인 반면, 신춘산맥은 신춘산맥이다.Tokcheon 구간은 17°이고 최소 곡선 반경은 300m(980ft)이다.총길이 3916m(1만2848ft)의 교량은 90개교로, 총길이 10,345m(3만3940ft)인 터널은 52개교로 노선 길이의 5.4%가 터널을 통과한다.[2]

역사

평덕선은 국철에 의해 평양콜리에리선과 설선, 뚝팔선이 합쳐져 형성된 노선이다.[3]

평양콜리리에 선

이 지역의 풍부한 무연탄 퇴적물을 착취하기 위해 P'yeonggang Colliery Line(P'yeonggang T'an'sang-seon, Heijo tanko-sen)이 선정 정부 철도(Sentetus)에 의해 2부로 개통되었다.[2]평양에서 사동까지 10.1km(6.3mi)의 1차 구간이 1911년 9월 1일 개통되었다.그로부터 7년 후인 1918년 5월 5일 사동에서 신고리까지 연장 15.8km(9.8mi)가 개통되었다.대동강과 사동의 역은 1911년에, 미림과 신호리의 역은 1918년에, 선교리의 역은 1920년 10월 15일에 개통되었다.그 후 센테쓰에는 1925년 11월 1일 충룡선과 명당선, 1934년 11월 1일 립성리와 고비선의 역이 개통되었다.[4]

Initially, the line was opened as a freight-only line, shipping around 127,000 t (140,000 short tons) of anthracite annually from the mines around Sadong to the Naval Briquette Factory in Tokuyama, Japan, via the port at Namp'o.[5] In 1919, the line was opened to passenger traffic, with two return trips operating between P'yŏngyang and Sŭnghori daily; these trains ran with third-class cars only, and a ticket for the full distance cost 40 sen in 1920.[5]

Sŏsŏn Line

The privately owned West Chosen Central Railway (서선중앙철도, Sŏsŏn Chung'ang Ch'ŏldo; 西鮮中央鐵道, Sōsen Chūō Tetsudō) opened its mainline, called the Sŏsŏn Line ("West Chosen Line") from Sŭnghori to Chang'an (now Namdŏk) in several stages between 1939 and 1945. The first section, 29.6 km (18.4 mi) from Sŭnghori to Sŏngrŭm, was opened on 29 June 1939,[6] followed five months later by an 8.5 km (5.3 mi) extension to P'yŏngnam Kangdong (now just Kangdong).[7]

On 1 October 1941 the West Chosen Central Railway opened a second section of the Sŏsŏn Line, isolated from the first, made up of a 36.1 km (22.4 mi) mainline running from Sinsŏngch'ŏn to Pukch'ang and a 4.4 km (2.7 mi) branchline from Kujŏng to Chaedong (the Chaedong Line).[8] The two sections of mainline remained isolated from each other until 18 September 1942, when the gap between P'yŏngnam Kangdong and Sinsŏngch'ŏn, a distance of 30.3 km (18.8 mi) was closed.[9] The newly built line did not long remain part of the West Chosen railway, as on 1 April 1944 the line from Sŭngho-ri all the way to Sinsŏngch'ŏn was transferred to Sentetsu and incorporated into the P'yŏngyang Colliery Line.[10]

The West Chosen Central Railway nevertheless continued expanding its truncated mainline, receiving approval from the Railway Bureau on 21 June 1940 to extend its line to Tŏkch'ŏn and thence onwards to the Changsang coal fields,[11] in order to transport coal from the mines in the area opened in 1938 by the Chosen Anthracite Company.[12] The first of these extensions was a 5.9 km (3.7 mi) stretch from Pukch'ang to Okch'ŏn opened on 28 December 1944,[13] which was followed by a second extension, 6.4 km (4.0 mi) to Chang'an, opened on 25 May 1945.[14] Tokch'ŏn was reached a few months later.

Tŏkp'al Line

See also: Chongnyon Parwon Line

The plan was to continue from Tŏkch'ŏn via Changsangri to Kujang, where it would link up with Sentetsu's Manp'o Line, and on to P'arwŏn, but construction of this line - called the Tŏkp'al Line - was finished only as far as Changsangri by the end of the Pacific War. The terrain beyond Changsangri proved too difficult to work through, necessitating a new route to Kujang. After adding a new station at Hyangjang, 5.7 km (3.5 mi) from Hyangwŏn towards Changsangri, construction on what became the current alignment of the line to Kujang began. However, this wasn't completed before war's end; it was only in 1954[15] after the end of the Korean War that the connection to P'arwŏn (the line's name came from the two termini, Tŏkch'ŏn and P'alwŏn) via Kujang was finally made.[2]

P'yŏngdŏk Line

After the end of the Pacific War and subsequent partition of Korea, both the West Chosen Central Railway and the parts of Sentetsu within the newly established DPRK were nationalised, becoming part of the Korean State Railway.[1] The P'yŏngyang Colliery Line (P'yŏngyang–Sinsŏngch'ŏn) and the Sŏsŏn Line (Sinsŏngch'ŏn–Tŏkch'ŏn) were merged to form the P'yŏngdŏk Line (the name coming from the two termini, P'yŏngyang and Tŏkch'ŏn); after the Tŏkp'al Line was extended to Kujang after the end of the Korean War, the Hyangjang–Kujang was later merged with the P'yŏngdŏk Line (the Kujang–P'arwŏn section became part of the Ch'ŏngnyŏn P'arwon Line, but the line's name was not changed. Also, the section from Taedonggang to Mirim was subsequently realigned after the end of the Korean War, during which the line was heavily damaged. The new alignment was about 1.5 km (0.93 mi) longer than the old section.[16] Electrification of the line was completed in June 1979.[2][17]

Line Section Opened Builder Notes
P'yŏngyang Colliery Line P'yŏngyang–Sadong 1 September 1911 Chosen Government Railway
P'yŏngyang Colliery Line Sadong–Sŭnghori 5 May 1918 Chosen Government Railway
Sŏsŏn Line Sǔnghori–Sŏngnŭm 29 June 1939 West Chosen Central Railway to Sentetsu 4/1/1944
Sŏsŏn Line Sŏngnŭm–P'yŏngnam Kangdong November 1939 West Chosen Central Railway to Sentetsu 4/1/1944
Sŏsŏn Line Sinsŏngch'ŏn–Pukch'ang 1 October 1941 West Chosen Central Railway
Chaedong Line Kujŏng–Chaedong 1 October 1941 West Chosen Central Railway
Sŏsŏn Line P'yŏngnam Kangdong–Sinsŏngch'ŏn 18 September 1942 West Chosen Central Railway to Sentetsu 4/1/1944
Sŏsŏn Line Pukch'ang–Okch'ŏn 28 December 1944 West Chosen Central Railway
Sŏsŏn Line Okch'ŏn–Chang'an 15 May 1945 West Chosen Central Railway
Sŏsŏn Line Chang'an–Tŏkch'ŏn 1945 West Chosen Central Railway
Tŏkpal Line Tŏkch'ŏn–Changsangri 1945 West Chosen Central Railway
Tŏkpal Line Hyangjang–Kujang–P'arwŏn 1954 Korean State Railway

Modernisation

On 21 October 2014 a groundbreaking ceremony for the Sŭngri ("Victory") project to modernise the P'yŏngnam Line from Namp'o to P'yŏngyang and the P'yŏngdŏk Line from P'yŏngyang to Chedong was held. The project, supported by Russia, is intended to form the first stage of a larger-scale cooperation with the Russian Railways as part of a 20-year development project that would modernise around 3,500 km (2,200 mi) of the North Korean rail network, and would include the construction of a north-south freight bypass around P'yŏngyang. The overall project cost is estimated to be around US $25 billion, and it is expected that exports of coal, rare-earth and non-ferrous metals from the DPRK to Russia will provide the funding for the project.[18]

Services

Freight

On the P'yŏngdŏk Line, freight traffic is vastly greater in the southbound direction than northbound - 3.5-8 times greater on the Taedonggang–Sinsŏngch'ŏn section and 6-15.3 times greater on the Sinsŏngch'ŏn–Tŏkch'ŏn–Kujang section. The bulk of the southbound freight traffic is anthracite from the coal fields of North and South P'yŏngan provinces, accounting for anywhere from 55.4% to 99.2% of southbound freight.[2] However, it also accounts for 35.4% of northbound freight on the Sinsŏngch'ŏn–Pukch'ang section, as some of the anthracite extracted at the Ryŏngdae, Chaedong and Solgol mines are shipped to the Pukch'ang Thermal Power Complex - the largest in the DPRK - for fuel.[2]

Cement, ore, stone, fertiliser, wood and metals make up the largest part of northbound cargo. Between Taedonggang and Sinsŏngch'ŏn it is mostly cement, ore, grain, fertilisers and metals, whilst on the Sinsŏngch'ŏn–Tŏkch'ŏn–Kujang section it is primarily wood, cement and fertiliser.[2]

Cement is shipped from the Sŭngho-ri Cement Factory at Sŭnghori. Steel and metals from the Ch'ŏllima Steel Complex on the P'yŏngnam Line and from the Hwanghae Iron & Steel Complex at Changch'ŏlli on the Songrim Line are shipped via the P'yŏngdŏk Line to various factories along the line, including the Sŭngri Motor Plant at Tŏkch'ŏn.[2]

The freight-only station at Mirim is responsible for handling freight for the Taedonggang-guyŏk, Taesong-guyŏk and Sadong-guyŏk districts of P'yŏngyang. The main commodities arriving there are anthracite from Namdŏk, Hŭngryŏng and elsewhere, and cement from Sŭnghori.[2]

The freight yard at Kangdong station handles freight for Kangdong and Hoech'ang counties, and for P'yŏngyang's Samsŏk-kuyŏk district. The main commodities arriving there are fertiliser, steel and cement. Cement arrives from the Sŭnghori Cement Factory, from the 2.8 Cement Complex at West Pongsan on the Pongsan Line, and from Taegŏn on the Taegŏn Line. Steel is from the Hwanghae Iron & Steel Works on the Songrim Line, while fertiliser comes from the Namhŭng Youth Chemical Complex at Namhŭng on the Namhŭng Line, from Hŭngnam and Chisu on the P'yŏngra Line, and from Namp'o. The main commodities shipped from Kangdong are chrysotile asbestos and thread.[2]

The main commodities arriving at Sŏngch'ŏn freight yard are anthracite and fertiliser. Anthracite is shipped here from Sŏch'ang, Namdŏk, Chaedong and Ryŏngdae; fertiliser comes from Hŭngnam and Namhŭng. The main shipments from Sŏngch'ŏn are non-ferrous metal ores, sand, tobacco, metal and logs. The ores and logs are shipped to Munch'ŏn and Haeju, while the sand and tobacco is shipped to P'yŏngyang.[2]

Sŭnghori and Pukch'ŏn are important stations on the P'yŏngdŏk Line. Arriving freight at Sŭnghori is mostly destined for the Sŭnghori Cement Factory, including coal from Hŭngryong, marble from P'yŏngsan on the P'yŏngbu Line and gypsum from Sujin on the Tŏkhyŏn Line. Although most of the cement produced there is sent to P'yŏngyang, a portion is sent to places along the P'yŏngdŏk Line such as Kangdong, Sŏngch'ŏn, Pukch'ang and Tŏkch'ŏn. At Pukch'ŏn the main customer is the massive Pukch'ŏn Thermal Power Complex, receiving tens of thousands of tons coal daily from Okch'ŏn, Ryongsan and Sŏksan on the Soksan Line, Myŏnghak, Solgol, Chenam, Hoe'an, Sŏch'ang, Hyangwŏn, Changsang and Tŏngnam. In addition, Pukch'ang has a large aluminium plant, a soybean-processing plant and a machinery factory.[2]

Passenger

See also: List of passenger train services in North Korea

The following passenger trains are known to operate on this line:[1]

  • Semi-express trains 117/118, operating between Taedonggang and P'yŏnggang, run on this line between Taedonggang and Sinsŏngch'ŏn;
  • Semi-express trains 138-139/140-141, operating between Manp'o Ch'ŏngnyŏn and Changyŏn, run on this line between Kujang and Taedonggang;
  • Regional trains 226-227/228-229, operating between Tŏkch'ŏn and P'yŏngnam Onch'ŏn, run on this line between Tŏkch'ŏn and P'yŏngyang;
  • Regional trains 231/232 operate between Taedonggang and T'ŏkch'ŏn;
  • Regional trains 236-237/238-239, operating between Sariwŏn Ch'ŏngnyŏn and T'ŏkch'ŏn, run on this line between Taedonggang and Tŏkch'ŏn;
  • Local trains 302-303/304-305, operating between Sunan and Kangdong, run on this line between P'yŏngyang and Kangdong;
  • Local trains 702/703 and 704/705, operate between East P'yŏngyang and Myŏngdang;
  • Local trains 723/724 operate between Tŏkch'ŏn and Hyŏngbong;
  • Local trains 781/782 operate between Tŏkch'ŏn and Kujang.

Route

A yellow background in the "Distance" box indicates that section of the line is not electrified.

Distance (km)
Current Original Station Name Former Name
Total S2S Total S2S Transcribed Chosŏn'gŭl (Hanja) Transcribed Chosŏn'gŭl (Hanja) Connections
(former)
-2.6 -2.6 -2.6 -2.6 P'yŏngyang 평양 (平壤) P'yŏngŭi Line, P'yŏngdŏk Line,
Logo of the Pyongyang Metro.svg● Ch'ŏllima Line Yŏnggwang Station
Tram interchange●Tram Line 1
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Taedonggang 대동강 (大同江) P'yŏngbu Line
Tram interchange ● Tram Line 2
3.2 3.2 -- -- East P'yŏngyang 동평양 (東平壤)
-- -- 3.3 3.3 Sŏn'gyori 선교리 (船橋里) Closed
6.4 3.2 -- -- Songsin 송신 (松新)
-- -- 7.5 4.2 Sadŏng 사덩 (寺洞) Closed
13.4 7.0 10.8 3.3 Mirim 미림 (美林)
19.3 5.9 16.7 5.9 Ch'ŏngryong 청룡 (靑龍) Myŏngdang Line
21.1 1.8 18.5 1.8 Ripsŏngri 립석리 (立石里) Kobi Line
25.9 4.8 23.3
0.0 		4.8
0.0 		Sŭnghori 승호리 (勝湖里) Formerly division point between
P'yŏngyang Colliery Line and Sŏsŏn Line.
30.1 4.2 4.2 4.2 Mandalli 만달리 (晩達里)
33.9 3.8 8.0 3.8 Hwach'ŏn 화천 (貨泉)
38.6 4.7 12.7 4.7 Kŭmok 금옥 (金玉)
41.8 3.2 15.9 3.2 Songga 송가 (松街) (Tŏksan Line)
48.2 6.4 22.3 6.4 Samdŭng 삼등 (三登) (Samdŭng Colliery Line)
51.5 3.3 25.6 3.3 Hŭngryŏng 흑령 (黑嶺)
55.5 4.0 29.6 4.0 Sŏngrŭm 석름 (石廩)
64.0 8.5 38.1 8.5 Kangdong 강동 (江東) P'yŏngnam Kangdong 평남강동
(平南江東)
72.0 8.0 46.1 8.0 Paegwŏn 백원 (百源)
↓ ↓ 52.3 6.2 Sundŏk 순덕 (順德) Closed.
81.2 9.2 55.3 3.0 Sŏngch'ŏn 성천 (成川) P'yŏngnam Sŏngch'ŏn 평남성천
(平南成川)
88.2 7.0 62.3 7.0 Samdŏk 삼덕 (三德)
94.3 6.1 68.4 6.1 Sinsŏngch'ŏn 신성천 (新成川) P'yŏngra Line
101.7 7.4 75.8 7.4 Kŭmp'yŏng 금평 (錦坪) P'ungp'yŏng 풍평 (豊坪)
107.4 5.7 81.5 5.7 Wŏnch'ang 원창 (院倉) Ryŏngdae Line
111.0 3.6 85.1 3.6 Kujŏng 구정 (九井) Chaedong Line
118.0 7.0 92.1 7.0 Songnam Ch'ŏngnyŏn 송남청년
(松南靑年) 		Songnam 송남 (松南) Solgol Colliery Line
122.0 4.0 96.1 4.0 Kach'ang 가창 (假倉)
130.4 8.4 104.5 8.4 Pukch'ang 북창 (北倉) Kwanha Line, Tŭkchang Line
133.9 3.5 108.0 3.5 Okch'ŏn 옥천 (玉泉) Tŭkchang Line
136.3 2.4 110.4 2.4 Kuhyŏn 구현 (鳩峴) Ingp'o Line
139.7 3.4 113.8 3.4 Hoe'an 회안 (檜安)
145.1 5.4 119.2 5.4 Namdŏk 남덕 (南德) Chang'an 장안 (長安)
149.1 4.0 123.2 4.0 Chenam 제남 (濟南)
152.8 3.7 126.9 3.7 Namdŏkch'ŏn 남덕천 (南德川) Tŏngnam Line
154.8 2.0 128.9
0.0 		2.0
0.0 		Tŏkch'ŏn 덕천 (德川) Sŏch'ang Line
Formerly division point between
Sŏsŏn Line and Tŏkpal Line.
159.5 4.7 4.7 4.7 Hyangwŏn 향원 (鄕元)
165.2 5.7 10.4 5.7 Hyangjang 향장 (鄕長) Changsang Line
169.4 4.2 14.6 4.2 Tuillyŏng 두일령 (杜日嶺)
178.2 7.8 22.4 7.8 Hamga 함가 (咸家)
↓ ↓ 24.6 2.2 Kudan 구단 (坵丹) Closed.
192.3 14.1 36.5 11.9 Kujang Ch'ŏngnyŏn 구장청년 (球場靑年) Kujang 구장 (球場) Ch'ŏngnyŏn P'arwŏn Line,
Manp'o Line,
Ryong'am Line

References

  1. ^ a b c d Kokubu, Hayato, 将軍様の鉄道 (Shōgun-sama no Tetsudō), ISBN978-4-10-303731-6
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "평덕선".
  3. ^ 한국민족문화대백과 평덕선
  4. ^ Japanese Government Railways (1937), 鉄道停車場一覧. 昭和12年10月1日現在(The List of the Stations as of 1 October 1937), Kawaguchi Printing Company, Tokyo, p. 486
  5. ^ a b Official Guide to Eastern Asia vol. 1 Chōsen & Manchuria, Siberia, p. 121, Department of Railways, Tokyo, 1920
  6. ^ 朝鮮総督府官報 (The Public Journal of the Governor-General of Korea), Shōwa No. 3736, 5 July 1939 (in Japanese)
  7. ^ 朝鮮総督府官報 (The Public Journal of the Governor-General of Korea), Shōwa No. 3851, 20 November 1939 (in Japanese)
  8. ^ 朝鮮総督府官報 (The Public Journal of the Governor-General of Korea), Shōwa No. 4410, 4 October 1941 (in Japanese)
  9. ^ 朝鮮総督府官報 (The Public Journal of the Governor-General of Korea), Shōwa No. 4699, 25 September 1942 (in Japanese)
  10. ^ 朝鮮総督府官報 (The Public Journal of the Governor-General of Korea), Shōwa No. 5143, 29 March 1944 (in Japanese)
  11. ^ 朝鮮総督府官報 (The Public Journal of the Governor-General of Korea), Shōwa No. 4021, 18 June 1940 (in Japanese)
  12. ^ - 植民地朝鮮における石炭産業 - 大阪経済大学
  13. ^ 朝鮮総督府官報 (The Public Journal of the Governor-General of Korea), Shōwa No. 5376, 10 January 1945 (in Japanese)
  14. ^ 朝鮮総督府官報 (The Public Journal of the Governor-General of Korea), Shōwa No. 5500, 6 June 1945 (in Japanese)
  15. ^ Choe, Un-sik, 한국의 전통 사회 운송 기구, ISBN 978-89-7300-728-8, pp. 112
  16. ^ 百年の鉄道旅行 (The railway travel for 100 years): Pyongyang Archived 2015-12-19 at the Wayback Machine (in Japanese)
  17. ^ Choe, Un-sik, 한국의 전통 사회 운송 기구, ISBN 978-89-7300-728-8, pp. 115
  18. ^ "North Korea launches Victory railway upgrade".