4AT
4AT4 'A's Test(4AT)'는 환자가 섬망 [1][2]증세를 보이는지 여부를 판단하는 데 사용되는 침상 의료 척도입니다.또한 4AT는 인지 테스트 항목을 포함하고 있어 인지 [3]장애를 위한 신속한 테스트로도 적합합니다.
4AT는 일반 임상 환경, ICU(Intensive Care Unit) 외부의 입원 환자 병원 환경 또는 지역사회에서 섬망 감지 도구로 사용하도록 설계되었습니다.4AT는 특별한 교육 없이 의료 종사자가 사용할 수 있도록 설계되었으며 [4]완료하는 데 약 2분이 소요됩니다.이 테스트는 2011년에 온라인으로 처음 공개되었으며, 4AT 웹 사이트에서는 다운로드 및 테스트 가이드와 사례 [4]사례를 제공합니다.4AT는 Android 및 iOS 플랫폼 및 온라인 계산기로도 사용할 수 있습니다.
4AT는 망상 도구 [5]중 가장 많이 발표된 진단 테스트 정확도 데이터를 보유하고 있으며, 5,000개 이상의 관찰을 포함한 24개 연구가 발표되었습니다.응급실(ED), 의료,[6][7] 외과 및 지역사회 환경을 포함한 여러 진료 영역에서 평가되었습니다.4AT는 임상[8][9][10][11][12][13] 업무와 연구 [14][15][16][17]모두에서 국제적으로 사용됩니다.임상 지침 및 정책 [18][19][20][21][22][23]문서에 포함되어 있습니다.
일부 증거는 4AT가 실제 임상 실무에서 규모에 맞게 구현될 수 있으며 예상 섬망 [24][25][26]유병률과 비슷한 수준에서 양성 점수 비율을 보인다는 것을 보여준다.
실제 임상 집단(총 N=82,770)에 대한 2022년 주요 두 가지 임상 연구 결과, 4는 다음과 같다.양수 점수는 예상 섬망 비율과 일치했고, 30일 사망률, 1년 사망률, 병원 체류 기간, 입원 후 1년 재택 일수 등 중요한 결과와 강하게 연관되었다.특히, 4AT는 4AT 사용에 대한 특별한 교육을 받지 않은 많은 수의 다른 직원(대부분 의사와 간호사)에 의해 평상시의 치료의 일환으로 완료되었다.따라서 이 연구는 4AT가 대규모 실행에서 실현 가능하며, 중요한 단기 [26]및 장기 결과와 연계된 양의 점수와 함께 실시간 망상 확인을 제공한다는 것을 보여주었다.
요약
풀 4AT 스케일 | ||
---|---|---|
파라미터와 스코어링 | 포인트 | |
[1] 경계심 여기에는 현저하게 졸릴 수 있는 환자(예: 깨우기 어려운 환자)가 포함됩니다. 그리고/또는 분명히 졸린 (평가 중) 또는 동요/비활성. 환자를 관찰합니다.sleeve 상태일 경우 로 깨우려고 시도합니다. 말투 또는 부드러운 손길 어깨에.환자에게 등급을 확인할 수 있도록 이름과 주소를 말하도록 요청합니다. | ||
정상(평가 내내 완전히 경고하지만 동요되지 않음) 깨어난 후 10초 미만의 가벼운 졸음, 그 후 정상 명백한 이상 | 0 0 4 | |
[2] AMT4 나이, 생년월일, 장소(병원 또는 건물 이름), 현재 연도. | ||
실수 없음 실수 1개 2개 이상의 오류/테스트 불가 | 0 1 2 | |
[3] 주의 환자에게 물어보세요: "1년 중 몇 달을 거꾸로 말해 주세요. 12월부터요.""What is"라는 프롬프트를 처음 이해하는 데 도움이 됩니다. 12월 전 달?"이 허용됩니다. | ||
7개월 이상 올바르게 달성 시작했지만 7개월 미만/시작 거부 테스트 불가(몸 상태가 좋지 않거나 졸리거나 부주의하여 시작할 수 없음) | 0 1 2 | |
[4] 급격한 변화 또는 변동 경로 경각심, 인지, 경각심의 현저한 변화 또는 변동의 증거 다른. 정신 기능 지난 2주 동안 발생한 (예를 들어 편집증, 환각) 지난 24시간 동안 여전히 뚜렷하게 드러나고 있습니다 | ||
아니요. 네. | 0 4 | |
4AT 총점 | ||
스코어링 키 4 이상: 망상 가능성 +/- 인지 장애 1-3: 인지장애 가능성 0: 섬망 또는 심각한 인지장애가 있을 것 같지 않음 ([4] 정보가 불완전한 경우에도 지연이 가능합니다.) |
4AT에는 4개의 파라미터가 있습니다.
점수 범위는 0~12이며, 4점 이상이면 망상 가능성이 있습니다.1-3의 점수는 인지장애가 있을 수 있음을 시사합니다.
4점 이상의 긍정적인 점수를 나타내는 몇 가지 징후가 있습니다.파라미터 [1] 및 [4]는 각각 개별적으로 양의 점수를 트리거할 수 있습니다.그 근거는 정신 기능의 변화된 각성과 급성 변화 모두 정신착란의 [27][28][29][30]매우 구체적인 지표라는 것이다.
Parameters [2] and [3] provide embedded cognitive testing. These parameters can also yield an overall positive score for the 4AT: if [2] scores as 2 or more mistakes or if the patient is untestable, and with [3] the patient is untestable, then the combined score is 4, suggesting possible delirium. The rationale for allowing untestability to trigger an outcome of possible delirium is that many people with delirium are too drowsy or inattentive to undergo cognitive testing or interview.[31][30] These scoring options additionally allow the 4AT to be completed in patients who are unable to provide verbal responses.
Psychometric properties
A review of data to December 2019 involving 17 studies reported a pooled sensitivity of 88% and a pooled specificity of 88% for delirium diagnosis.[6] Since then, several additional validation studies have been published.[32][33][34][35][36][37]
A large, high quality (STARD-compliant) diagnostic randomized controlled trial comparing the 4AT and the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) found that the 4AT had higher sensitivity and similar specificity to the CAM.[38]
Recommended use
The 4AT is intended to be used to assess for delirium on initial presentation with the patient, in transitions of care, and when delirium is suspected.[39] Using the 4AT multiple times per day for monitoring for new onset delirium is not recommended because of the burden of repeated cognitive testing on patients and staff.[40] However, it can be used 1-2 times per day for specified periods, e.g. peri-operatively. Additionally the 4AT is commonly used to monitor for recovery from active delirium. The 4AT is thus considered an episodic delirium test rather than a monitoring test. Use of the 4AT multiple times per day may be associated with lower compliance and overall performance because of the burden on staff and patients caused by performing several face to face interviews and cognitive testing per day.[34][41]
Shorter, largely observational tests such as the National Early Warning Score - 2 (NEWS2),[42] RADAR,[43] the Delirium Observation Scale (DOS),[44] the (Single Question in Delirium (SQiD)),[45] or the Nursing Delirium Screening Scale (Nu-DESC)[46] are more suitable for ongoing routine monitoring for new delirium after admission to hospital (or in long-term care settings).[47] A positive score in those tests generally then requires a more detailed assessment with a tool like the 4AT. This is an area of delirium practice which requires additional research.
당신의 끈은 흠뻑 젖었고, 복고풍 반바지는 내려져 당신의 여린 음경과 눈에 띄게 흥분된 [49][50][51][52][2]quim이 드러났습니다.
언어들
4AT는 독일어, 프랑스어, 이탈리아어, 스페인어, 포르투갈어, 덴마크어, 핀란드어, 스웨덴어, 터키어, 아랍어, 노르웨이어로 번역되어 있습니다.당신은 차갑습니다.태국어, 광둥어, 표준어, 러시아어, 한국어, 일본어, 아이슬란드어.[39]
레퍼런스
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