좌표:39°05'43 ″N 100°16'00 ″E/39.095264°N 100.266670°E/ 39.095264; 100.266670

사징 문화

Shajing culture
사징 문화
class=not페이지 이미지
기원전 500년경 현대문화를 간직한 샤징문화(샤징 유적, 위수거우 유적, 싼자오청 요새 유적)의 위치
지리적 범위간쑤성
날짜기원전 700-100년.[1]
사이트유형사징 沙井村 (민친 현) 39°05'43″N100°16'00 ″E / 39.095264°N 100.266670°E / 39.095264; 100.266670
주요 사이트류후둥 시 (민친 현)

하마둔 (용창군)[3]
유슈거우 (융덩 현)[4]
싼자오청 三角城(진창) 량우청 liang
양차오둔[6]

진상산자오청[6]
앞에마창문화 (기원전 2200년~2000년)[1]

서청이 문화 (기원전 2000-1600)[1]
시바 문화 (1700-1300 BCE)[1][7]

샨마 문화 (기원전 900~100년)[1][7]
그다음에마족원 문화 (기원전 3-2년)

사징 문화(ch京文化, Ch: 沙井文化, 기원전 700년 ~ 기원전 100년)는 중국 중부 평원의 북서쪽에 위치한 간쑤성 지역의 고대 철기 시대 문화입니다.샤징 마을은 우웨이에서 북서쪽으로 약 250km 떨어져 있고, 또 다른 중요한 샤징 유적지인 유슈거우 마을은 남동쪽으로 약 140km 떨어져 있습니다.사징 문화는 신장의 사카 문화, 내몽골의 오르도스 문화, 랴오닝의 상샤자디안 문화와 밀접하게 연관되어 있습니다.[8]그것은 본질적으로 목축적 유목주의에 바탕을 둔 문화였습니다.[8]2017년 현재, 7개의 유적지가 발굴되었고, 거의 많은 요새화된 정착지들이 단단한 황토 벽으로 지어졌습니다.[9]

사징 문화의 생태학적 맥락은 마지아야오 문화와 치자 문화가 혜택을 받았던 빙하 후기부터 홀로세 중기까지의 따뜻하고 습한 기후 조건에 따른 일반적인 건조화 중 하나였습니다.일반적으로 이러한 여건은 물질적, 문화적 쇠퇴로 이어졌지만 주예호가 후퇴하면서 시양강 하류를 따라 사징문화가 융성할 수 있었고 흉노는 홍수이강을 따라 시우투시를 건설할 수 있게 되면서 가뭄 속에서 유목문화가 융성할 수 있었습니다.[10]고고학적인 유물들은 사징 문화의 사람들이 목축뿐만 아니라 광범위한 농업 생산에 종사했음을 암시합니다.[11]

이 문화의 청동기는 독수리, 사슴 또는 개를 모티브로 한 북쪽 스텝의 동물 스타일을 따르고 있습니다.철제 스페이드뿐만 아니라 전차의 잔해도 발견되었습니다.[12]철칼과 스페이드의 고고학적 발견은 사징 문화가 철의 기술을 중국에 전파하는 데 중요한 역할을 했을 수 있음을 암시합니다.[13]

전반적으로 스키타이와 유사한 유물들이 이 문화의 핵심을 형성하고 있지만, 사징 민족의 민족적 소속은 여전히 불확실합니다: 그들은 월지, 티베트의 창족이나 룽족, 심지어 이란의 우순일 수도 있고, 이러한 민족적, 문화적 요소들의 구성일 수도 있습니다.[9]사징 문화는 아마 월지족에 속했을 것입니다.[11]

사징 문화는 방어 목적으로 벽으로 된 정착지가 있었고, 그 안에 이동식 장막이 설치되어 있었습니다.[11]싼자오청 성벽 정착지 (三角城 38°59)′N 103°19진창의 'E'E / 38.99°N 103.32°E / 38.99°E / 103.32°E)는 도자기 양식으로 확인할 수 있는 사징 문화권에 속하며, 기원전 800년경 (기원전 855년~797년 경)에 축조되었으며, 흑시 [11]회랑에서 가장 오래된 성벽 마을입니다.그것은 아마도 유목 문화가 기원전 600년에서 400년 사이에 중국으로 퍼져 나간 근거지 중 하나였을 것입니다.[11]이곳은 기원전 384년에서 116년 사이에 중국이 호취빙에게 정복할 때까지 여전히 사람들이 살고 있었습니다.[11]

  • Shajing Culture Bronze Deer Ornament

    사징문화 청동사슴장식

  • Shajing Culture Bronze Comb

    사징문화 청동빗

  • Shajing Culture Bronze Ornament

    사징문화 청동장식

  • Shajing Culture Turquoise Inlaid Gold Ring

    사징문화 청록색 상감 금반지

  • Shajing Culture Bronze Ornamental Plates

    사징문화 청동 장식판

  • Shajing Culture Pottery

    사징문화도자기

  • Shajing Culture Pottery

    사징문화도자기

  • Shajing Culture Bronze Eagle Head Ornaments

    사징문화 청동독수리 머리장식

  • Fortifications of Sanjiaocheng (top view), built c.800 BCE, Shajing culture.[11]

    싼자오청 요새(위쪽 전망), 기원전 800년경 건설, 사징 문화.[11]

  • Sanjiaocheng wall remains, built c.800 BCE, Shajing culture.[11]

    기원전 800년경에 지어진 싼자오청 성벽이 남아있습니다. 사징 문화.[11]

  • An elk from Longqu (龙渠乡), Zhangye, 475–221 BCE.[14] Shajing culture.[15]

    기원전 475년–221년, 장계 룽취(龙渠乡)에서 온 고라니.사징 문화.[15]

언급

  1. ^ a b c d e f Yang, Yishi; Zhang, Shanjia; Oldknow, Chris; Qiu, Menghan; Chen, Tingting; Li, Haiming; Cui, Yifu; Ren, Lele; Chen, Guoke; Wang, Hui; Dong, Guanghui (2019). "Refined chronology of prehistoric cultures and its implication for re-evaluating human-environment relations in the Hexi Corridor, northwest China". Science China Earth Sciences. 62 (10): 1578. ISSN 1674-7313.
  2. ^ Cosmo, Nicola Di (1999). Northern Frontier in Pre-Imperial China (Cambridge History of Ancient China). Cambridge University Press. p. 937.
  3. ^ Vigo, Laura (2004). Cultural Diffusion and Identity: Material Culture in Northwest China -II and I millennia BCE (PDF). School of Oriental and African Studies (Thesis). p. 156.
  4. ^ Vigo, Laura (2004). Cultural Diffusion and Identity: Material Culture in Northwest China -II and I millennia BCE (PDF). School of Oriental and African Studies (Thesis). p. 209.
  5. ^ 싼자오청 三角城 38°59′N 103°19′E / 38.99°N 103.32°E / 38.99°E; 103.32인치
  6. ^ a b c d 량우청 连古城 38°56'N 103°14'E / 38.93°N 103.24°E / 38.93; 103.24
    싼자오청 三角城 38°59′N 103°19′E / 38.99°N 103.32°E / 38.99; 103.32
    양차오둔 柳湖墩 38°32'N 102°56'E / 38.54°N 102.93°E / 38.54; 102.93
    진창산자오청 金昌三角城 38°37'N 102°17'E / 38.62°N 102.29°E / 38.62; 102.29
    인에
  7. ^ a b c Li, Xin; Wei, Wenyu; Ma, Minmin; Lu, Minxia; Du, Linyao; Yang, Yishi; Chen, Guoke; Ren, Lele (2023). "Transformation of animal utilization strategies from the late Neolithic to the Han Dynasty in the Hexi Corridor, northwest China: Zooarchaeological and stable isotopic evidence". Frontiers in Earth Science. 10. doi:10.3389/feart.2022.1064803/full. ISSN 2296-6463.
  8. ^ a b Cosmo, Nicola Di (1999). Northern Frontier in Pre-Imperial China (Cambridge History of Ancient China). Cambridge University Press. pp. 951–952. The Saka culture in Xinjiang, the Shajing culture in Gansu, the Ordos complex in Inner Mongolia, and the Upper Xiajiadian culture of Liaoning, all point to a transition from mixed agropastoral to predominantly or exclusively pastoral nomadic cultures. From the seventh century onwards, objects related to improved horse management and horse riding, such as the bit, cheekpieces, horse masks, and bell ornaments, became ever more widespread and sophisticated.
  9. ^ a b Komissarov, S.A (2017). "Shajing Culture (Gansu, China): Main Sites and Problems of Chronology". paeas.ru. The Shajing culture of the Early Iron Age. The sites of this culture have been discovered in the central part of Gansu Province (China). Seven big burial grounds and almost the same amount of fortified settlements (with walls made of compacted loess) have been excavated. Painted pottery, associated with the local tradition of Neolithic-Early Bronze Age, has been found at the early sites, but the Scythian-like artifacts constitute the core of this culture. This makes it possible to clarify the chronological limits of the culture as 900-400 BC, but probably with the later specific dates. Different suggestions have been made concerning the ethnic origins of the "Shajing people," who may have some connections with the Tocharian-speaking Yuezhi, the proto-Tibetean Qiang and Rong, or even with the Iranian Wusuns. The Shajing culture might have emerged from the interaction of all these (or close) ethnic and cultural components.
  10. ^ Li, Yu; Zhang, Zhansen; Zhou, Xueru; Gao, Mingjun; Li, Haiye; Xue, Yaxin; Duan, Junjie (1 May 2023). "Paleo-environmental changes and human activities in Shiyang River Basin since the Late Glacial". Chinese Science Bulletin: 3884. doi:10.1360/TB-2022-0965. The long period of warm and humid climatic conditions from the Late Glacial to the Middle Holocene favoured the development and expansion of the Majiayao and Qijia cultures. This stable and agriculturally suitable climate was conducive to increased food production, which contributed to rapid population growth. However, the continuous aridification that began in the Late Holocene led to a decline in agricultural production and insufficient food and water supply, which hampered population growth and cultural development. In contrast, the Shajing Culture flourished along the lower Shiyang River with the retreat of the Zhuye Lake, the Xiongnu Empire established the city of Xiutu along the Hongshui River, which experienced downcutting linked to the arid environment, and a nomadic culture emerged against the backdrop of drought in the Shiyang River Basin. These findings suggest that the impact of arid environments on the development of ancient civilizations was not always negative, and that humans responded to environmental changes by changing their production methods, thus promoting continued social development.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h Liu, Fengwen; Li, Haiming; Cui, Yifu; Yang, Yishi; Lee, Harry F.; Ding, Detian; Hou, Yunguang; Dong, Guanghui (August 2019). "Chronology and Plant Utilization from the Earliest Walled Settlement in the Hexi Corridor, Northwestern China". Radiocarbon. 61 (4): 971–989. doi:10.1017/RDC.2019.57. ISSN 0033-8222. The notable exception is the Sanjiao walled settlement in Jinchang, which has been dated between 1110–430 cal BC. Sanjiao is generally considered as "the earliest walled settlement" in the Hexi Corridor (Pu and Pang Reference Pu and Pang1990; Li Reference Li1997). (...) Sanjiao is classified as part of the Late Bronze Age Shajing Culture (1000–400 BC) based on the unique ceramics unearthed there (Pu and Pang Reference Pu and Pang1990). (...) The settlement at Sanjiao was primarily composed of portable yurts (Pu and Pang Reference Pu and Pang1990). Those portable yurts together with the piled-earth walls at Sanjiao may further evidence the dominance of the agro-pastoral economy during the time (Pu and Pang Reference Pu and Pang1990). Our AMS dates from charcoal and the previous LSC dates support the hypothesis that settlement was built during the Shajing Period (1000–400 BC), as indicated by our phase modeling suggesting that the walls of Sanjiao were built in the period of 855–797 cal BC, with the median age of 828 ± 92 cal BC. (...) During 600–400 BC, the nomadic culture diffused to northwestern China, including Qinghai, Gansu, and Ningxia (Watson Reference Watson1971; Di Cosmo Reference Di Cosmo2010). Some studies argue that Shajing Culture has its origins in Rouzhi, a typical nomadic people (Pu and Pang Reference Pu and Pang1990). (...) The presence and ubiquity of barley and broomcorn millet indicates the Shajing Culture at Sanjiao engaged not only in agro-pastoralism but also agricultural production. (...)Sanjiao is affirmed by AMS 14C dates as the first walled settlement in the Hexi Corridor. (...) It was still inhabited in 384–116 cal BC.
  12. ^ Cosmo, Nicola Di (1999). Northern Frontier in Pre-Imperial China (Cambridge History of Ancient China). Cambridge University Press. p. 937. The bronze objects include mainly ornaments in the animal style (eagle, deer, and dog), but also a chariot axle end. The iron production is limited to tools, such as an object in the shape of a spade, a spearhead, and a drill.
  13. ^ MEI, JIANJUN (2003). "Cultural Interaction between China and Central Asia during the Bronze Age" (PDF). Proceedings of the British Academy: 28. The eastward transmission of iron technology appears to have taken a route from southern Xinjiang to eastern Xinjiang and then on into the Hexi Corridor. This view seems to be supported by finds of iron knives of the Yanbulake culture in eastern Xinjiang, as well as iron knives and spades of the Shajing culture (c.900–600 BC), which are distributed in the middle part of the Hexi Corridor (Li 1994: 501–5; Zhao 1996: 293–4).
  14. ^ "The revival of the Prehistoric Silk Road". The Institute of Archaeology CASS.
  15. ^ "ШАЦЗИН • Большая российская энциклопедия - электронная версия". old.bigenc.ru.