남아메리카의 곰포터 화석 목록

List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America is located in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
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남아메리카에서 발견된 곰포테이 화석의 위치, 나방 등에[1] 의한 현대적 분류
Red pog.svg아마후아카테리움 페루비움
Blue pog.svg쿠비에로니우스효돈
Brown pog.svg노티오마스토돈 플라텐시스
화이트 포그.svg곰보더리과.

이것은 남아메리카에서 발견된 곰포터 화석의 목록이다.곰포테레스는 중미오세(약 1200만년 전)부터 홀로세(BP 6000년 전)까지 살았던 코끼리 같은 포유류였다.

다음과 같은 종들이 남아메리카에 관한 20, 21세기 고생물학 문헌에 설명되어 있다.[2]대안 제안은 과학계 내에서 검토되고 있으며,[3][4][5][6] 아래에 열거되어 있다.

현대 분류

구구분

List of gomphothere fossils in South America is located in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
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보고된 바와 같이 남아메리카에서 곰포터 화석이 발견된 장소
Red pog.svg아마후아카테리움 페루비움
Blue pog.svg쿠비에로니우스효돈
Cyan pog.svg열대우림
Yellow ffff80 pog.svg하플로마스토돈 sp.
Orange pog.svgH. 침보라지
Gold pog.svgH.과야센시스
Yellow pog.svgH. 와링기
Brown pog.svgcf. Notiomastodon(플라텐시스)
Green pog.svg스테고마스토돈 sp.
SpringGreen pog.svgS. 플라텐시스
Turquoise pog.svgS. 슈퍼버스
Lightgreen pog.svgS. 와링기
그린안도란지 pog.svg하플로마스토돈 & 스테고마스토돈
블루 골드 포그.svg쿠비에로니우스 & 하플로마스토돈
노란색-퍼플 도트.svg하플로마스토돈 & 노티오마스토돈
황갈색-파란색 점.svg쿠비에로니우스, 노티오마스토돈 & 스테고마스토돈
화이트 포그.svg곰보더리과.
원본구분
  • 곰포테리과
    • 키비에로니나아과
      • 쿠비에로니우스 (1923년 태어남
        • C. arllanoi (오초테레나 & 실바 1970)
        • C. 효돈(=C). 험볼티) (Fischer 1814) (유형)
        • C. 프리스틀리 (헤이앤쿡 1930)
        • C. 타리옌시스 (카브레라 1929)
        • C. 트로피쿠스 (Cope 1884) (=C. 올리고부니스 (Cope 1893)
      • 하플로마스토돈 (1950년 호프스테터)
        • H. 침보라지 (프로아뇨 1922년)
        • H.과야센시스 (호프스테터 1952)
        • H. 와링기(홀랜드 1920) (유형)
      • 노티오마스토돈 (카브레라 1929)
        • N. ornatus (=S. 플라텐시스)
        • N. 플라텐시스(Moté et al. 2012) (유형)
        • N. 비달리 (카스텔라노스 1948년)
      • 스테고마스토돈 (Phhlig 1912)
        • S. 신기리쿠스(Leidy 1858) (= "S. 후계자, S. 아리조나에, S. 텍사누스") (타입)
        • S. 플라텐시스 (아메기노 1888)
        • S. 프리미티부스 (Osborn 1936) (=S. 렉스로덴시스)
        • S. 슈퍼버스 (카사미구엘라 외 1996년)
        • S. 와링기 (1950년 호프스테터)

곰포테이르 화석이 발견되다

포메이션은 그들의 가장 어린 나이에 따라 주문된다.

아르헨티나

List of gomphothere fossils in South America is located in Argentina
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B
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C
C
P
P
RD
RD
SC
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PP
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RC
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List of gomphothere fossils in South America
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아르헨티나에서 발견된 곰포테이르 화석의 위치
Brown pog.svg노티오마스토돈(cf) 플라텐시스
Green pog.svg스테고마스토돈 sp.
SpringGreen pog.svgS. 플라텐시스(TL)
Turquoise pog.svgS. 슈퍼버스
Lightgreen pog.svgS. 와링기
White pog.svg곰보더리과.
나이 포메이션 위치 현재 고도 화석 메모들
후기 플리스토세 우룬델 FM. 퀘브라다델아게이, 살타 596m(1,955ft) 스테고마스토돈 sp.
[7]
리오 둘체, 산티아고 델 에스테로, 산티아고 델 에스테로 194m(636ft) 스테고마스토돈 플라텐시스
[8]
[주 1]
산타클라라 FM. 부에노스아이레스 마르 치키타 파르티도 산타클라라 델 마르 1m(3.3ft) 스테고마스토돈 플라텐시스
[9]
산니콜라스 데 로스 아로요스, 부에노스아이레스 10m(33ft) 스테고마스토돈 플라텐시스(TL 1)
[9]
[주 1]
플레이스토세 중후반 유포이 FM. 아로요 토로피 레벨 3, 벨라비스타, 코리엔테스 61m(200ft) 스테고마스토돈 sp.
[10][11]
루잔 FM. 부에노스아이레스 루잔 21m(69ft) 스테고마스토돈 슈퍼버스
[12][13]
플레이아 델 바르코, 몬테 헤르모소, 엘 쿤볼라도, 카스다 팔렌톨라마, 페후엔 코, 부에노스아이레스 1m(3.3ft) 스테고마스토돈 플라텐시스(TL 2)
[14][15]
[주 1]
아비아 테라이, 차코 102m(335ft) 스테고마스토돈 플라텐시스
[16][17]
바란케라스, 차코 49m(제곱 피트) 스테고마스토돈 sp.
[16][18]
차라타, 차코 100m(평방 피트) 스테고마스토돈 sp, 스테고마스토돈 cf. 플라텐시스
[16][19]
카스텔리, 차코 100m(평방 피트) 스테고마스토돈 cf. 플라텐시스
[16][20]
플리스토세 엘 팔마르 Fm. 에스탄시아 엘 팔마르, 엔트레 리오스 29m(95ft) 스테고마스토돈 플라텐시스
[21][22]
[23][24]
부에노스아이레스 펀타인디오의 펀타피에드라스 1m(3.3ft) 스테고마스토돈 sp.
[25]
리오 카르카라냐, 리오 테르세로, 산타페 65m(213ft) 마스토돈 sp.
[26][27]
[주 1]
바하다 데 산타페, 엔트레 리오스 12m(39ft) 스테고마스토돈 sp.
[27]
코르도바 팜파 데 올라엔 900m(3,000ft) cf. 노티오마스토돈 플라텐시스
[28]
아로요 펠리시아노 Fm. 산호세 데 펠리시아노, 엔트레 리오스 50m(160ft) 스테고마스토돈와링기
[22][29]
부에노스아이레스 타팔퀘 95m(312ft) 스테고마스토돈와링기
[22]
아로요 페루초 베르나 Fm. 빌라 엘리사, 엔트레 리오스 27m(89ft) 스테고마스토돈와링기
[22]
샤르보니에 FM. 코르도바 주, 발레 드 로스 레아르트 870m(2,520ft) 스테고마스토돈 플라텐시스("=Notiomastodon sp.")
[30]
타피델발레FM 투쿠만 주 타피 델 발레 2,000m(6,600ft) 곰보더리과.
[31]

볼리비아

List of gomphothere fossils in South America is located in Bolivia
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볼리비아에서 발견된 곰포터 화석의 위치
Blue pog.svg쿠비에로니우스 효돈(="C. andinum")
Brown pog.svg노티오마스토돈 플라텐시스
Green pog.svg스테고마스토돈 sp.
Yellow-brown-blue dot.svg쿠비에로니우스, 노티오마스토돈 & 스테고마스토돈
나이 포메이션 위치 현재 고도 화석 메모들
플리스토세 타리자 리오루제로 1,718m(5,636ft) 쿠비에로니우스효돈
[32]
울로마 FM. 오루로, 울로마, 리오 데사과데로 3,880m(12,730ft) 쿠비에로니우스효돈
[33][34]
안잘도, 코차밤바 3,038m(9,967ft) 쿠비에로니우스 sp.
[35]
포토시와 수크레 사이의 베탄조스 분지 3,420m(11,120ft) 쿠비에로니우스효돈
[33]
카미리와 카라구아 사이의 발레 드 카로하이초 1,080m(3,540ft) 쿠비에로니우스 "안디눔"
[33]
치키토스 167m(548ft) 쿠비에로니우스 "안디눔"
[36]
빌라 몬테스, 타리자 413m(1,355ft) 노티오마스토돈 플라텐시스
[37]
미드 플리스토세 냐푸아 FM. 추키사카 뇨푸아 1, 595m(1,952ft) 스테고마스토돈 sp.
[38][39]
초기 플리스토세 타리자 FM. 타리자, 타리자 973m(3,620ft) 쿠비에로니우스 효돈, C. 트로피쿠스, 노티오마스토돈 sp, 스테고마스토돈 sp.
[40]
[41][42]

브라질

List of gomphothere fossils in South America is located in Brazil
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
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List of gomphothere fossils in South America
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List of gomphothere fossils in South America
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그것
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List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
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브라질 곰포터 화석이 발견된 장소
Red pog.svg아마후아카테리움 페루비움
Yellow ffff80 pog.svg하플로마스토돈 sp.
Orange pog.svgH. 침보라지
Brown pog.svg노티오마스토돈 플라텐시스
Lightgreen pog.svg스테고마스토돈와링기
Yellow-purple dot.svg하플로마스토돈 & 노티오마스토돈
Greenandorange pog.svg하플로마스토돈 & 스테고마스토돈
White pog.svg곰보더리과.
나이 포메이션 위치 현재 고도 화석 메모들
홀로세네 라고아 두 루모/차파다 디아만티나, 바이아 그란데 400m(1,300ft) 스테고마스토돈와링기
[43][44]
[45]
후기 플리스토세 가린초, 상라이문도 노나토, 피아우이 390m(1,380ft) 하플로마스토돈침보라지
[46]
[주 1]
토카다야넬라다바라두안토나오상라이문도노나토피아우이 300m(980ft) 하플로마스토돈 sp.
[47][48]
[주 1]
그루타 도스 브레지스, 모로 도 차페우, 바이아 500m(1,600ft) 스테고마스토돈와링기
[49][50]
토카 도스 오소스, 우롤란디아, 바이아 770m(2,520ft) 스테고마스토돈와링기
[49][51]
파젠다 스세 2세, 비토리아 다 콘페스티스타, 바이아 900m(3,000ft) 스테고마스토돈와링기
[52]
야나우바, 미나스 제라이스 580m(1,900ft) 스테고마스토돈와링기
[49][53]
그루타 도 잉가, 진통, 미나스 제라이스 700m(2,300ft) 스테고마스토돈와링기
[54][55]
[56]
[주 1]
포테, 미나스 제라이스 560m(1,840ft) 스테고마스토돈와링기
[49][57]
라파 두 카에타노, 페드로 레오폴도, 미나스 게라이스 685m(2,247ft) 스테고마스토돈와링기
[58]
[59][60]
[주 1]
라제도 데 에스카다, 아포디, 리오 그란데 두 노르트 122m(400ft) 스테고마스토돈 와링기("= Notiomastodon 플라텐시스")
[61][62]
카베르나 두 자포네스 & 나센테 두 포모소, 세라 다 보도쿠에나, 보니토, 마토 그로소 두 술 373m(1,224ft) 스테고마스토돈와링기
[49][63]
[64]
피코스 2세, 피라냐스, 알라고아스 255m(837ft) 노티오마스토돈 플라텐시스
[65]
투로 파소 에프엠. 투로 파소 크리크, 우루과이아나, 리오 그란데 도 술 52m(제곱 피트) 곰보더리과.
[66]
플리스토세 아그아스두아락사, 미나스제라이스 973m(3,620ft) 하플로마스토돈와링기, 스테고마스토돈와링기
[67]
[68][69]
[주 1]
이나자 FM. 이나야, 페르남부코 355m(1,520ft) 하플로마스토돈침보라지
[70]
레게 그란데, 페스케이라, 페르남부코 740m(2,520ft) 하플로마스토돈 침보라지, 노티오마스토돈 비달리
[71][72]
[73][74]
[주 1]
로사도 & 퀴사비냐, 페르남부코, 가솔린디아 320m(1,050ft) 하플로마스토돈 sp.
[71]
산타크루즈 두 카피바리베 & 판나스, 페르남부코 440m(1,420ft) 하플로마스토돈 sp. (="스테고마스토돈")
[71][75]
아구아스 벨라스 & 산타 마리아 다 보아 비스타, 페르남부코 360m(1,180ft) 곰보더리과.
[72]
라고아 다스 페드라스, 살게이로, 페르남부코 430m(1,420ft) 하플로마스토돈와링기
[72][76]
라고아 라진하, 가솔리나, 페르남부코 390m(1,380ft) 스테고마스토돈 와링기(=H. 와링기)"
[72]
파젠다 노바, 브레조 다 마드레 데우스, 페르남부코 470m(1,540ft) 스테고마스토돈 sp. (=하플로마스토돈 sp.)", S. 와링기, 노티오마스토돈 플라텐시스
[77][78]
[79]
지라우 & 주앙 카티보, 이타피포카, 세아라 65m(213ft) 노티오마스토돈 플라텐시스
[78]
타구아라/아라스, 노바 마모레 & 포르투 벨호, 론드니아 150m(490ft) 노티오마스토돈 플라텐시스
[78]
[주 1]
시티오노보, 마티나, 바이아 490m(1,420ft) 노티오마스토돈 플라텐시스
[44]
바이아 주, 비토리아 다 콘스탄티스타 950m(3,120ft) 노티오마스토돈 플라텐시스
[44]
파젠다 카라바, 코로넬 주앙사, 바이아 266m(873ft) 스테고마스토돈 와링기, 노티오마스토돈 플라텐시스
[80][81]
세로 두 그론다, 에스피리토 산토 25m(82ft) 하플로마스토돈침보라지
[82]
타페로아, 파라이바 530m(1,740ft) 하플로마스토돈 sp.
[83]
상파울루 리베이라 주 360m(1,180ft) 스테고마스토돈와링기
[84][85]
토르토니아어 솔리메이스 Fm. 리오아크레, 아크레 274m(899ft) 아마후아카테리움 페루비움
[86]

칠리

List of gomphothere fossils in South America is located in Chile
RS
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List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
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List of gomphothere fossils in South America
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List of gomphothere fossils in South America
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칠레에서 발견된 곰포터 화석의 위치
Blue pog.svg쿠비에로니우스효돈
Green pog.svg스테고마스토돈 sp.
White pog.svg곰보더리과.
나이 포메이션 위치 현재 고도 화석 메모들
플리스토세 타구아타과, 오히긴스 206m(676ft) C. 효돈(Stegomastodon sp. 개정)
[87][88]
[주 1]
티에라스 블랑카스 & 로스 빌로스, 라 리구아, 발파라이소 943m(3,094ft) C. 효돈(Stegomastodon sp. 개정)
[87][88]
[주 1]
파랄, 카우퀘네스, 마우레 150m(490ft) 쿠비에로니우스효돈
[87]
산파블로 데 트람말후에, 필라우코 바조, 오소르노 14m(46ft) 쿠비에로니우스효돈
[87]
[주 1]
발디비아 리오 부에노 10m(33ft) 쿠비에로니우스효돈
[87]
파레도네스 & 콜차과 55m(180ft) 쿠비에로니우스효돈
[87]
테무코 알토 데 보로아 131m(제곱 피트) 쿠비에로니우스효돈
[87]
리마후이다, 리오쵸아파 282m(925ft) 쿠비에로니우스효돈
[87]
카사블랑카 313m(1,027ft) 쿠비에로니우스효돈
[87]
칠란 138m(453ft) 쿠비에로니우스효돈
[89]
몬테 베르데 59m(제곱 피트) C. 효돈(Stegomastodon sp. 개정)
[87][88]
[주 1]
라구니야스, 발파라이소 212m(696ft) cf. 효돈
[87]
카타필코, 라 리구아 103m(338ft) cf. 효돈
[87]
콜차구아 주 마르지구에 170m(평방피트) 스테고마스토돈 sp.
[88]
[주 1]
엘 트레발 1, 메트로폴리탄 지역 후르타도 신부 424m(1,391ft) 스테고마스토돈 플라텐시스
[90]
리오 살라도 1, 치우치우 3,012m(9,882ft) 곰보더리과.
[91]
퀘브라다 케레오 Fm. 케레오 20m(66ft) 곰보더리과.
[87][92]
산티아고 말로코 482m(1,581ft) 곰보더리과.
[87]
알가로보 5m(16ft) 곰보더리과.
[87]
멜리필라 269m(883ft) 곰보더리과.
[87]
세릴로스, 산티아고 516m(1,693ft) 곰보더리과.
[87]
콜차구아 주, 초로 데 라 비에야 1,813m(5,948ft) 곰보더리과.
[87]
카차과 5m(16ft) 곰보더리과.
[87]
에스테로 데 코얀코, 라자 121m(397ft) 곰보더리과.
[87]
플리오세 라스 포자스/차카부코 695m(2,195ft) C. 트로피쿠스 (Stegomastodon sp. 개정)
[88][93]
[주 1]

콜롬비아

List of gomphothere fossils in South America is located in Colombia
M
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List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
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List of gomphothere fossils in South America
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CA
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List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
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Y
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Tu
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티
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콜롬비아에서 발견된 곰포티어 화석의 위치
Yellow ffff80 pog.svg하플로마스토돈 sp.
Orange pog.svgH. 침보라지
Yellow pog.svgH. 와링기
Green pog.svg스테고마스토돈 sp.
Lightgreen pog.svgS. 와링기
Blue-gold pog.svg쿠비에로니우스 & 하플로마스토돈
White pog.svg곰보더리과.
나이 포메이션 위치 현재 고도 화석 메모들
홀로세네 2차 알루비움 염보, 발레델카우카 855m(2,805ft) 스테고마스토돈와링기
[94][95]
투르바나, 볼리바르 80m(최대 ft) 스테고마스토돈와링기
[96][97]
[주 1]
후기 플리스토세(루야니아어) 사바나 FM. 티비토, 체쿠아, 보사, 과스카, 과타비타, 소하, 툰쥬엘리토, 푸벤자 & 모스크라, 토칸시파, 보고타 사바나, 쿤디나마르카 2,600m(8,500ft) 쿠비에로니우스 효돈, 하플로마스토돈 와링기 또는 H. 침보라지
[94][98]
[99][100]
[주 1]
쿠리티, 산탄데르 1,400m(4,600ft) 하플로마스토돈침보라지
[98][101]
소아타 FM. 소아타, 보야카 1,420m(6,400ft) 하플로마스토돈와링기
[102][103]
[104][105]
로티넷 FM. 로티네, 레플론, 아틀란티코 8m(26ft) 하플로마스토돈와링기
[106][107]
[108]
미들플리스토세 쿤디나마카 토카이마 432m(1,417ft) 하플로마스토돈와링기
[109][110]
[주 1]
플리스토세 아르볼레다, 나리뇨 2,170m(7,120ft) 하플로마스토돈 sp.
[94]
[주 1]
메르카데레스, 카우카 1,170m(3,840ft) 하플로마스토돈 sp.
[94]
엘레몰리노, 타미낭고, 나리뇨 1,210m(4,820ft) 하플로마스토돈 sp.
[94]
[주 1]
토로, 발레델카우카 970m(3,180ft) 스테고마스토돈 sp.
[94]
안티오키아 메데인 1,500m(4,900ft) 곰보더리과.
[94]
보야카 엘코쿠이 2,750m(9,020ft) 곰보더리과.
[94]
두이타마, 보야카 2,600m(8,500ft) 곰보더리과.
[94]
사치카, 보야카 2,150m(7,050ft) 곰보더리과.
[111]
소코타, 보야카 2,320m(8,010ft) 곰보더리과.
[94]
툰자, 보야카 2,820m(9,250ft) 곰보더리과.
[94]
비야 데 레이바, 보야카 2,150m(7,050ft) 곰보더리과.
[94]
살라미나, 칼다스 1,820m(5,970ft) 곰보더리과.
[94]
후사가사가, 쿤디나마르카 1,750m(5,740ft) 곰보더리과.
[112]
카리잘, 우리비아, 라과지라 53m(제곱 피트) 곰보더리과.
[94]
카브레라 & 산 알폰소, 빌라비에야, 힐라 430m(1,420ft) 곰보더리과.
[94]
쿠쿠타, 노르트 데 산탄데르 320m(1,050ft) 곰보더리과.
[113]
팸플로나, 노르트 데 산탄데르 2,320m(7,680ft) 곰보더리과.
[94]
아구알린다, 르브리아, 산탄데르 1,050 m(3,520 ft) 곰보더리과.
[111]
벨레스, 산탄데르 2,050m(6,730ft) 곰보더리과.
[94]
이바게, 톨리마 1,260 m(4,200 ft) 곰보더리과.
[94]
오르테가, 톨리마 2,680m(8,790ft) 곰보더리과.
[94]
라 빅토리아, 발레 델 카우카 900m(3,000ft) 곰보더리과.
[94]
자르잘, 발레 델 카우카 900m(3,000ft) 곰보더리과.
[94]

에콰도르

List of gomphothere fossils in South America is located in Ecuador
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List of gomphothere fossils in South America
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에콰도르 곰포티어 화석이 발견된 장소
Blue pog.svg쿠비에로니우스효돈(TL)
Orange pog.svg하플로마스토돈침보라지
Gold pog.svgH.과야센시스
White pog.svg곰보더리과.
나이 포메이션 위치 현재 고도 화석 메모들
플레이스토세 중후반 타블라조 Fm. 리오 카냐스, 몬테크리스티, 마나비 100m(평방 피트) 하플로마스토돈침보라지
[114][115]
플리스토세 임바부라, 임바부라 3,200m(10,500ft) 쿠비에로니우스효돈(TL)
[116]
라파스 지방 2,690m(8,830ft) 하플로마스토돈침보라지
[117][118]
하치엔카 푸카라, 카르치 3,000m(9,800ft) 하플로마스토돈침보라지
[117][119]
칼데론/카라핑고, 키토, 피친차 2,320m(8,420ft) 하플로마스토돈침보라지
[117][120]
알랑가시, 키토, 피친차 2,539m(8,520ft) 하플로마스토돈침보라지
[117][121]
[주 1]
푸닌, 찰란, 침보라조 2,994m(9,823ft) 하플로마스토돈침보라지
[117][122]
[주 1]
텀바코, 피친차 2,360m(7,740ft) 하플로마스토돈침보라지
[117][123]
라노 치코, 키토, 피친차 2,320m(8,420ft) 하플로마스토돈침보라지
[117][124]
퀘브라다 라 톨라, 키토, 피친차 2,343m(7,687ft) 하플로마스토돈침보라지
[117][125]
체카, 피친차 2,320m(8,420ft) 하플로마스토돈침보라지
[117][126]
라 캐롤라이나, 산타 엘레나 5m(16ft) 하플로마스토돈과야센시스
[117][127]
[주 1]
탄케로마, 산타 엘레나 21m(69ft) 곰포테리과(cf. N. 플라텐시스)
[128]
퀘브라다 피스투드, 볼리바르, 카르치 2,760m(9,060ft) 하플로마스토돈침보라지
[129]
[주 1]
바뇨스, 쿠엔카 2,760m(9,060ft) 쿠비에로니우스효돈
[130]

파라과이

List of gomphothere fossils in South America is located in Paraguay
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파라과이 곰포티어 화석이 발견된 위치
Brown pog.svgcf. Notiomastodon
Green pog.svg스테고마스토돈 sp.
나이 포메이션 위치 현재 고도 화석 메모들
플리스토세 브루게르 장군/리아초 네그로 대통령, 헤이즈 55m(180ft) 스테고마스토돈 sp.
[131][132]
[133][134]
[주 1]
푸에르토 산타 로사, 산 페드로 72m(제곱 피트) cf. Notiomastodon
[135]

페루

List of gomphothere fossils in South America is located in Peru
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페루에서 발견된 곰포테이르 화석의 위치
Red pog.svg아마후아카테리움 페루비움
Blue pog.svg쿠비에로니우스효돈
Green pog.svg스테고마스토돈 sp."=하플로마스토돈"[136]
Lightgreen pog.svgS. 와링기
나이 포메이션 위치 현재 고도 화석 메모들
후기 플리스토세 라 브레아, 탈라라, 피우라 3m(9.8ft) 스테고마스토돈 sp.
[136][137]
큐피니스크 사막, 라 리베르타드 2m(6.6ft) 스테고마스토돈 sp.
[136]
오쿠카제, 이카 500m(1,600ft) 스테고마스토돈 sp.
[136]
퀘브라다 엘 자와이, 아레키파 1m(3.3ft) 스테고마스토돈 sp.
[136]
[주 1]
라후아카, 피우라 17m(56ft) 스테고마스토돈 sp.
[136]
[주 1]
쿠스코 아유밤바 3,500m(11,500ft) 쿠비에로니우스효돈
[138]
키판, 칸타, 리마 2,200m(7,200ft) 스테고마스토돈와링기
[139]
[주 1]
리마 파사마요 채석장 10m(33ft) 스테고마스토돈와링기
[140]
Pleistocene Sacaco 2, Arequipa 750 m (2,460 ft) Stegomastodon sp.
[141][142]
Celendín, Cajamarca 2,500 m (8,200 ft) Stegomastodon sp.
[136][143]
Tortonian Madre de Dios Fm. Cerro Colorado, Madre de Dios 300 m (980 ft) Amahuacatherium peruvium
[144]

Uruguay

List of gomphothere fossils in South America is located in Uruguay
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Locations of gomphothere fossil finds in Uruguay
Lightgreen pog.svgStegomastodon waringi
Age Formation Location Present elevation Fossils Notes
Late Pleistocene Dolores Fm. Campo Viñoles, Cerro Largo 105 m (344 ft) Stegomastodon waringi
[145][146]
[note 1]
Mid to Late Pleistocene Casil Quarry, Montevideo 17 m (56 ft) Stegomastodon waringi
[147][148]
[149]

Venezuela

List of gomphothere fossils in South America is located in Venezuela
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List of gomphothere fossils in South America
List of gomphothere fossils in South America
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Cyan pog.svg?Cuvieronius sp.
Orange pog.svgHaplomastodon chimborazi
Greenandorange pog.svgH. sp. &/= Stegomastodon waringi
Green pog.svgStegomastodon sp.
White pog.svgGomphotheriidae indet.
Age Formation Location Present elevation Fossils Notes
Late Pleistocene Cucuruchú, Barquisimeto 566 m (1,857 ft) Haplomastodon chimborazi ("=Stegomastodon")
[150][151]
Taima-Taima, Falcón 40 m (130 ft) Haplomastodon sp., (=)Stegomastodon waringi
[151][152]
[153]
[154][155]
[note 1]
San Miguel, Lara 998 m (3,274 ft) ?Stegomastodon sp.
[151]
Quíbor, Lara 694 m (2,277 ft) ?Stegomastodon sp.
[151]
Quebrada de Guadalupe, Lara 590 m (1,940 ft) Stegomastodon sp.
[151]
San Juan de los Morros, Guárico 450 m (1,480 ft) Stegomastodon sp.
[151]
[note 1]
Los Guamos, Trujillo 1,200 m (3,900 ft) ?Cuvieronius sp.
[151]
Minas de Guaniamo, Cedeño, Bolívar 250 m (820 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[151]
Los Guayos, Guacara, Carabobo 440 m (1,440 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[151]
Zanja de Lira, Cojedes 70 m (230 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[151]
La Ciénega, Pueblo Nuevo [es], Falcón 60 m (200 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[151]
Coro, Falcón 28 m (92 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[151]
Camaguán, Guárico 50 m (160 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[151]
Barbacoas, Lara 1,500 m (4,900 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[151]
Carora, Lara 425 m (1,394 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[151]
La Cruz, Guardagallos, Quebrada del Totumo, Urdaneta, Lara 185 m (607 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[151]
El Anís, Mérida 499 m (1,637 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[151]
Maturín, Monagas 90 m (300 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[151]
Mundo Nuevo, Monagas 900 m (3,000 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[151]
Orocual, Monagas 145 m (476 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[151]
Cumanacoa, Sucre 231 m (758 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[151]
Agua Viva, Trujillo 120 m (390 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[151]
Serranía del Perijá, Zulia 175 m (574 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[151]
Minas de Guasare-Socuy, Zulia 26 m (85 ft) Gomphotheriidae indet.
[151]

Proposed reclassification

Some authors, Lucas, Mothé, Avilla et al., propose a reclassification of the South American gomphotheres as follows:[3][4][5][6]

  • Stegomastodon (Pohlig, 1912) is an exclusively North American genus
  • Haplomastodon (Hoffstetter 1950) is a South American genus, but synonymous with Notiomastodon (Cabrera 1929)
  • as Notiomastodon was defined earlier, all Haplomastodon species should be considered part of Notiomastodon
  • all formerly described species as Stegomastodon sp., Haplomastodon sp. and Notiomastodon sp. belong to a single species; Notiomastodon platensis
  • Cuvieronius is the only remaining South American genus outside of Notiomastodon, containing the single local species C. hyodon

Other researchers as Labarca, Prado and Alberdi agree with the placement of species into Notiomastodon, but reject the idea of a single species. They continue to use Stegomastodon waringi for South American gomphotheres from Chile.[90]

Evolution

  • Lucas (2010, 2013) proposes that Notiomastodon evolved from Cuvieronius inside South America[3]
  • Mothé et al. (2012, 2015, 2016) propose that Notiomastodon and Cuvieronius reached South America in two separate migration waves[156]

Gallery

  • Global distribution Gomphotheriidae

  • Cuvieronius hyodon

  • Haplomastodon

  • Notiomastodon

  • Notiomastodon and Stegomastodon

  • Reconstructed gomphotheres, Osorno, Chile

See also

Notes and references

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Reclassified as Notiomastodon platensis by Mothé et al. (2015)[1]

References

  1. ^ a b Mothé & Avilla, 2015, pp.25-27
  2. ^ Defler, Thomas. author. (2018-12-19). History of Terrestrial Mammals in South America How South American Mammalian Fauna Changed from the Mesozoic to Recent Times. ISBN 9783319984490. OCLC 1086568896. {{cite book}}: last= has generic name (help)
  3. ^ a b c Lucas, 2013
  4. ^ a b Mothé et al., 2012
  5. ^ a b Mothé et al., 2016a
  6. ^ a b Mothé et al., 2016b
  7. ^ Zacarías et al., 2012
  8. ^ Alberdi et al., 2008
  9. ^ a b Alberdi & Prado, 2008, p.179
  10. ^ Miño et al., 2005, p.2
  11. ^ Arroyo Toropí-Level 3 at Fossilworks.org
  12. ^ Tonni et al., 1985, p.259
  13. ^ Luján at Fossilworks.org
  14. ^ Tomassini et al., 2010
  15. ^ Prado et al., 2012, p.624
  16. ^ a b c d Zurita et al., 2004
  17. ^ Aviá Terai at Fossilworks.org
  18. ^ Barranqueras at Fossilworks.org
  19. ^ Charata at Fossilworks.org
  20. ^ Castelli at Fossilworks.org
  21. ^ Tonni, 1987
  22. ^ a b c d Chimento & Agnolin, 2011
  23. ^ Isla et al., 2013, p.162
  24. ^ Estancia El Palmar at Fossilworks.org
  25. ^ Pomi, 2008
  26. ^ Iriondo & Kröhling, 2007, p.7
  27. ^ a b Fernicola et al., 2009
  28. ^ Krapovickas & Tauber, 2016
  29. ^ Isla et al., 2013, p.32
  30. ^ Isla et al., 2013, p.108
  31. ^ Isla et al., 2013, p.407
  32. ^ Río Rujero at Fossilworks.org
  33. ^ a b c Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.644
  34. ^ Río Desaguadero at Fossilworks.org
  35. ^ Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.643
  36. ^ Pardo et al., 2003, pp.350-351
  37. ^ (in Spanish) Registran una nueva especie de mastodonte en Villa Montes
  38. ^ Ñuapua 1 at Fossilworks.org
  39. ^ Ñuapua 2 at Fossilworks.org
  40. ^ MacFadden & Shockey, 1997
  41. ^ Tarija-1 at Fossilworks.org
  42. ^ Tarija 2 at Fossilworks.org
  43. ^ Da Costa & De Souza, 2009
  44. ^ a b c Souza Lobo et al., 2015, p.333
  45. ^ Lagoa do Rumo/Chapada Diamantina at Fossilworks.org
  46. ^ Garrincho at Fossilworks.org
  47. ^ Guérin et al., 1999, p.136
  48. ^ Toca da Janela da Barra do Antoniao at Fossilworks.org
  49. ^ a b c d e Alberdi et al., 2002, p.219
  50. ^ Gruta dos Brejoes at Fossilworks.org
  51. ^ Toca dos Ossos at Fossilworks.org
  52. ^ Fazenda Suse II at Fossilworks.org
  53. ^ Janauba at Fossilworks.org
  54. ^ Alberdi et al., 2002, p.218
  55. ^ De Oliveira et al., 2007, p.410
  56. ^ Gruta do Ingá at Fossilworks.org
  57. ^ Poté at Fossilworks.org
  58. ^ Alberdi et al., 2002, p.220
  59. ^ Lapa do Caetano at Fossilworks.org
  60. ^ (in Spanish) Fossils of Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais – Pueblos Originarios
  61. ^ De Souza Barbosa, 2013, p.5
  62. ^ Lajedo de Escada at Fossilworks.org
  63. ^ Parisi et al., 2016, p.2
  64. ^ Bonito at Fossilworks.org
  65. ^ Asakura et al., 2014, p.5
  66. ^ Kerber et al., 2014, p.254
  67. ^ Simpson & De Couto, 1957
  68. ^ Aguas do Araxa at Fossilworks.org
  69. ^ Aguas do Araxá 2 at Fossilworks.org
  70. ^ Lage Grande Level 2, Penambuco at Fossilworks.org
  71. ^ a b c Marinho da Silva et al., 2003, p.2
  72. ^ a b c d Da Silva Alves, 2007, p.46
  73. ^ Lage Grande Level 1 at Fossilworks.org
  74. ^ Lage Grande Level 2 at Fossilworks.org
  75. ^ Da Silva Alves, 2007, p.45
  76. ^ Guérin, 1993, p.17
  77. ^ Oliveira et al., 2009, p.81
  78. ^ a b c De Araújo et al., 2012, p.99
  79. ^ Da Silva Alves, 2007, p.47
  80. ^ Trindade Dantas & Zucon, 2007, p.192
  81. ^ Fazenda Caraíba at Fossilworks.org
  82. ^ Serro do Gronda at Fossilworks.org
  83. ^ Taperoa at Fossilworks.org
  84. ^ Ghilardi et al., 2011
  85. ^ Upper Ribeira at Fossilworks.org
  86. ^ Rio Acre at Fossilworks.org
  87. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Frassinetti & Alberdi, 2000, p.207
  88. ^ a b c d e Frassinetti & Alberdi, 2005, p.103
  89. ^ Pardo et al., 2003, p.353
  90. ^ a b Labarca et al., 2016
  91. ^ López et al., 2010, p.13
  92. ^ Labarca & Alcaraz, 2011, p.160
  93. ^ Las Pozas/Hacienda Chacabuco at Fossilworks.org
  94. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Rodríguez Flórez et al., 2009
  95. ^ Stegomastodon waringi at Fossilworks.org
  96. ^ Pardo Jaramillo, 2012
  97. ^ Turbaná at Fossilworks.org
  98. ^ a b De Porta, 1969, p.92
  99. ^ Correal Urrego, 1990, p.77
  100. ^ Hammen, 1986, p.29
  101. ^ Curití at Fossilworks.org
  102. ^ Villarroel et al., 1996
  103. ^ Hernández & De Porta, 1960, p.46
  104. ^ Hoffstetter, 1971, p.54
  105. ^ Soatá at Fossilworks.org
  106. ^ Páramo & Escobar, 2010, p.55
  107. ^ Villarroel & Clavijo, 2005, p.353
  108. ^ Haplomastodon waringi, Rotinet at Fossilworks.org
  109. ^ De Porta, 1961, p.52
  110. ^ Bürgl, 1956
  111. ^ a b (in Spanish) Mastodontes en Colombia
  112. ^ Hoffstetter, 1971, p.53
  113. ^ Hoffstetter, 1971, p.52
  114. ^ Cantalamessa et al., 2001
  115. ^ Río Canas at Fossilworks.org
  116. ^ Carrión, s.a.
  117. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Hoffstetter, 1952
  118. ^ Region de La Paz at Fossilworks.org
  119. ^ Hacienda Pucará at Fossilworks.org
  120. ^ Calderón/Carapungo at Fossilworks.org
  121. ^ Alangasí at Fossilworks.org
  122. ^ Punín, Chalán at Fossilworks.org
  123. ^ Tumbaco at Fossilworks.org
  124. ^ Llano Chico at Fossilworks.org
  125. ^ Quebrada La Tola at Fossilworks.org
  126. ^ Checa at Fossilworks.org
  127. ^ La Carolina at Fossilworks.org
  128. ^ Lindsey & López, 2015, p.70
  129. ^ Ferretti, 2010, p.667
  130. ^ Marshall et al., 1984, p.50
  131. ^ Hoffstetter, 1978
  132. ^ Ríos et al., 2013
  133. ^ Báez et al., 2004
  134. ^ General Bruguer/Riacho Negro at Fossilworks.org
  135. ^ Ríos et al, 2014
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  137. ^ La Brea Talara at Fossilworks.org
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  139. ^ Alberdi et al., 2004, p.446
  140. ^ Alberdi et al., 2004, p.426
  141. ^ Pujos & Salas, 2004b
  142. ^ Sacaco 2 at Fossilworks.org
  143. ^ Celendín at Fossilworks.org
  144. ^ Campbell et al., 2009, p.114
  145. ^ Alberdi et al., 2007
  146. ^ Campo Viñoles, Cerro Largo at Fossilworks.org
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  148. ^ Alvarenga et al., 2010
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  150. ^ Cucuruchu at Fossilworks.org
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  152. ^ Morón, 2015
  153. ^ Bryan et al., 1978
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  156. ^ Mothé & Avilla, 2015, p.33

Bibliography

Publications are in chronological order, most recent first, because of the advances in taxonomy and research

Publications South America
  • Prado, José Luis; María Teresa Alberdi; Beatriz Azanza; Begonia Sánchez, and Daniel Frassinetti. 2005. The Pleistocene Gomphotheriidae (Proboscidea) from South America. Quaternary International 126. 21–30. Accessed 2017-05-07.
  • Prado, José Luis; María Teresa Alberdi; Begonia Sánchez, and Beatriz Azanza. 2003. Diversity of the Pleistocene Gomphotheres (Gomphotheriidae, Proboscidea) from South America. Deinsea 9. 347–363. Accessed 2017-05-07.
  • Alberdi, María Teresa, and José Luis Prado. 1995. Los mastodontes de América Del Sur. Monografías Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC 12. 277–292. Accessed 2017-05-07.
  • Marshall, Larry G.; Annalisa Berta; Robert Hoffstetter; Rosendo Pascual; Osvaldo A. Reig; Miguel Bombin, and Álvaro Mones. 1984. Mammals and stratigraphy: geochronology of the continental mammal bearing Quaternary of South America, 1–76.
Publications Argentina
Publications Bolivia
Publications Brazil
Publications Chile
Publications Colombia
Publications Ecuador
Publications Paraguay
Publications Peru
Publications Uruguay
Publications Venezuela
Publications proposed reclassification