라벤탄

라벤탄(스페인어: 라벤텐스) 시대는 네오겐 중기 마이오세 시대의 지질학적 시간(13.8~11.8Ma)으로, 특히 남아메리카의 SALMA 분류에서 사용된다.그것은 콜로뉴란을 따르고 마야 시대보다 ^[1][2]앞선다.

어원학

그 나이는 중세의 풍부한 생물다양성이 혼다 ^[2]그룹으로부터 회복된 Miosene Lagerstette La Venta의 이름을 따서 명명되었다.

편대

형성 굵은 글씨는 활자	나라	분지	메모들
혼다 그룹	콜롬비아	상부 막달레나 계곡	[3]
혼다 그룹	볼리비아	케브라다 혼다 분지	[4]
아이솔 포메이션	아르헨티나	산 라파엘 블록	[5]
바히아 잉글레사 포메이션	칠리	칼데라 분지	[6]
카파다르 포메뉴	베네수엘라	팔콘 분지	[7]
초케코타층	볼리비아	알티플라노 분지	[8]
퀴라말린 그룹	칠리	퀴라말린 분지	[9]
이푸루로층	페루	우카얄리 분지	[10]
파라나 포메이션	아르헨티나	파라나 분지	[11]
페바스층	브라질 콜롬비아 에콰도르 페루	아마존 분지	[10][12]
피스코 형성	페루	피스코 분지	[13]
산타 이네스 층	베네수엘라	베네수엘라 동부 분지	[14]
시슬레호 포메이션	콜롬비아	신우산 자신토 분지	[15]
소코로층	베네수엘라	팔콘 분지	[16]
우루마코층	베네수엘라	팔콘 분지	[17]

화석 내용물

그룹.	화석	형성	메모들
포유동물	작은불독박쥐(녹틸리오 알비벤트리스), 라발원반날개박쥐(티로프테라 라발리), 스픽스원반날개박쥐(티로프테라 삼색기), 아카레키미스 민트티시무스, 아나디시스 그라실리스, 아나다시스혼다누스, 보레인덴시스텐시스, 보레마maddeni, Glossotheriopsis pascuali, Granastrapotherium snorki, Hiladelfys fieldsi, Huilabradys magdalenis, Huilaterium Pluplicatus, Kiotomops roppsi, Lagonico continucatus, LystropisM. paradoxalis, Microsteiromys jacobs, Miocallicebus villaviejai, Miocchilius anomopodus, Mohanico hershkovitzi, Mormopterus colombiensis, Nanoastegotherium prostatum, Ne oralis, Nealis, Neombelatus, Nealis, Neombellatus, Neombellatus, Nealism 마이너, Palynephyllum Antimaster, Patasola magdalenae, Pedrolypeutes praecursor, Pericotoxodon platignathus, Pithiculites chenche, Potamops mascaheenis, Prodolichotis gere, Pralphalphrium.ae, Ricardomys longidens, Saimiri annectensi, S. fieldsi, Screromys colombia, S. scirmanni, scirrotherium hondaensis, Stirtonia tatacoensis, S. victoriae, Tylamys colombolombia, Tylambia, Thylambia, Thyrobusta, Titaroi, Totorius, Titaroi, Titaroi, Titoius,Theosodon sp., Steiromys sp., Dolichotinae sp., ?Echimyidae sp., Megalonychidae sp., Nothrotheriinae sp., Dashypodidae sp., Leontinae sp., Proteriidae sp.	혼다 그룹. 콜롬비아	[18][19][20] [21][22][23] [24][25][26] [27][28][29] [30][31][32] [33][34][35] [36][37][38] [39][40][41] [42][43][44] [45][46][47] [48][49][50] [51][52][53] [54][55][56] [57][58][59] [60][61][62] [63][64][65] [66][67][68] [69][70][71] [72][73][74] [75][76][77] [78][79][80]
	아시온 myctoderos, Australogale 렙토그나투스, Kimeralestes mombulus, Guiomys unica, Hapalops angustipalatus, Hemihegotherium 3엽충, Hiskatherium sa saintrei, Hondalagatus altiplanensis, Lakulus anensis, Miopta, Mioctos mios mios miocatus, Miocodus, Mios mius, Mius.iensis, Acarechimys sp., cf. Paratrigodon sp., cf. Prozaedyus sp., Lagostominae indet., Mesotheriinae indet., Borhyaenidae indet., Caenolestidae indet.아포테륨 인데트	혼다 그룹. 볼리비아	[81][82] [83][84] [85]
	네소돈 타웨레투스, CF 아스트라포테륨, CF Theosodon sp., Lomaphorini indet., Mylodontinae indet., Propalaehophorinae indet., Toxodontidae indet.	아이솔	[86][87]
	마이크로타이포테리움 초케코텐스, 프로제다이스, 친칠라과 인데트, 글리토돈과 인데트, 헤게토리아과 인데트.	초케코타	[88]
	헤테롭소미아과(aff). 아카레키미스과(Aff. Alloiomys) sp., Prolagostomus sp., Caviomorpha indet., Dasypodidae indet.Typeotheria Indet.	퀴라말린	[89]
	Drytomomys cf. aquitoralis, Granastrapotherium cf. snorki, Miocchilius anomopodus originalis, Parapropalaehophorus septentriolis, Pericoxodon cf. platus cf. platignus, pothus, cf. Theosodon sp., Acarechimys sp., Boreostemma sp., Megathericulus sp., cf. 테트라메로히누스, 우루마코테리움, 크세나스트라피테리움, 보르히에노아이디어 인데트, 델피니다 인데트, 마크로치니과 인데트, 메갈로니과 인데트, 옥토데타미다.	이푸루로	[90][91][92] [93][94][95]
	Pontistes rectifrons, Prionodelphis rovereti, Properiptychus argentinus, Protautoga longidens, cf. 발레놉테라 스펜서크리소프리, 디오플라테리움, 발라네과 인데,물떼새과, 물떼새과, 물떼새과, 물떼새과.	파라나	[96]
	옥토돈토과 인데트, ? 옥토돈토이데아 인데트.	페바스	[97]
	보레오스템마베네솔렌시스	산타 이네스	[98]
	네오글리프타텔루스슬레야누스	시슬레호	[15][99]
	미란다브래디스 소코렌시스, 메가테리아과 인데트.	소코로	[100][101]
	cf. Olenopsis sp., Mylodontidae indet.	우루마코	[102]
새들	아라무스팔루디그루스, 갈불라히로코레테스, 호아지노이데스막달레나에	혼다 그룹. 콜롬비아	[103][104]
	인데트과 인데트.	아이솔	[87]
	Pygoscelis calderensis, Speniscus megaramphus, S. urbinai, Pelagornis sp., aff. 탈라샤르슈 스펜서	바히아 잉글레사	[105]
	칠면조개	카파다레	[106]
파충류 & 양서류	지팡이 두꺼비(Bufo marinus), Chelus colombiana, Chelonoidis hesterna, Colombophis portai, Dracaena colombiana,?유넥테스 스털토니, 포도크네미스 메데미, 그리포수쿠스 콜롬비아스, 랑스토니아 휴일렌시스, 푸루사우루스 네이벤시스, 발라네로구스 로지머스, 캐릭터스쿠스 필즈시, 모라수쿠스 아토푸스, 에오카이만스, 가비알리스, 세베쿠스, 악어대.	혼다 그룹. 콜롬비아	[107][108][109] [110][111][112] [113][114][115] [116][117][118] [119][120][121]
	크로코딜리아 스펜서	아이솔	[87]
	베어데미스탈라시카	카파다레	[122]
	바리나수쿠스아벨로이	이푸루로	[90]
	카이만완랑스토니, Gnatusuchus pebasensis, Gryposuchus pachakamue, Purussaurus neivensis, Kuttanacaiman iquitosensis, Mourasuchus atopus, Paleosuchus sp., Palodocnemis sp.	페바스	[123] [97][124]
	콜럼보피스 스피노소스, 이카노가비알리스 가메로이, 카이만 스펜서, 모라수쿠스 스펜서, 푸루사우루스 스펜서,테카캄프사, 알레시노피디아 인데트, 보이내 인데트.	소코로	[100][125] [126]
	Globidentosuchus cf. brachyrostris, 카이만 sp., 모라수쿠스 sp., 푸루사우루스 sp.	우루마코	[127]
피쉬 & 갑각류 동물	거인종, Lepidosyren paradoxa, cf. 아칸티쿠스, 아라파이마, 브라키플라티스토마 cf. B. vaillanti, Brachyplatystoma promagdalena, Sylviocarcinus piriformis, cf. 코리도라스 시, 호플리아스 시, Hoplosternum sp., Hydroycus sp., Prractocephalus hemioliopterus, Serrasalmus sp., Pygocentrus sp. 또는 Pristobrycon sp. (cf. 미레테스(Myletes sp.), 미레테스(Ariidae indet.), 미레테스(Characidae) cf. 테트라고놉테리아과, 시클리드과, 도라디과, 로리카리과, 포타모트리곤과.	혼다 그룹. 콜롬비아	[128][129] [130][131]
	Megalodon, Carcharias acutissima, Carcharodon hastalis, Galeocerdo aduncus, Hemipristis serra, Carcharhinus sp., Hetherodon sp., Squartina sp., Dasyatoidea Indet, Indet.	파라나	[96]
	cf. Hydroycus sp., Leporinus sp., Potamotrygon sp., Pristis sp., Anostomidae indet.	페바스	[97]
	Megalodon, Aetobatus arcuatus, Hemipristis serra, Mugil cephalus, Carcharhinus sp., Citharichthys sp., Galeocerdo sp., Rinoptera sp., Sphyrna sp.	소코로	[132]
곤충들	마크로텔리아 야구아룸, 시코락스페루엔시스	페바스	[133]
식물군	Astomiumxylon parabalansae, Piptadenioxylon paraxelsa, Solanumxylon paranensis	파라나	[134]

상관 관계

라벤탄(13.8~11.8Ma)은 다음과 관련이 있다.

• 나루마
  • 최신 바르스토비안(15.97-13.65 ^[135]Ma)
  • 초기 Clarendonian (13.65-10.3 Ma)^[136]
• 캘리포니아 시대
  • 루이스 (15.5-13.5 Ma)
• ELMA - 아스타라시안(15.97-11.608 Ma)^[137]
• CPS^[138]
  • 바덴어(13.65-12.7 Ma)^[139]
  • 사르마티아어(12.7-11.608 Ma)^[140]
• 뉴질랜드 지층학 - 사우스랜드 시대(15.9-10.92 Ma)^[141]
  • 릴버니언(15.1-12.98 Ma)^[142]
  • 초기 와이아우안 (12.98-10.92 ^[143]Ma)
• 오스트레일리아 시대
  • Bairnsdalian (15.0-10.5 Ma)
• 일본 시대
  • 토자완(15.97~13.5Ma)
• NMAC - 퉁구리안 (13.65-11.1 Ma)^[144]

남아메리카의 라벤탄 상관 관계

형성	혼다	혼다	아이솔	퀴라말린	피스코	이푸루로	페바스	카파다레	우루마코	이네스	파라나	지도
분지	VSM	혼다	산 라파엘	칼데라	피스코	우카얄리	아마존	팔콘		베네수엘라	파라나	라벤탄(남미)
나라	콜롬비아	볼리비아	아르헨티나	칠리	페루			베네수엘라			아르헨티나
보레오스템마
하팔롭스
미오코실리우스
테오소돈
크세나스트라포테리움
미로돈과
스파라소돈타
영장류
설치류
새들
공포새
파충류
메가로돈
식물군
곤충들
환경	강변			플루비오 델타		플루비오 라쿠스트린		플루비오 델타			강변	라벤탄 화산 폭발 라벤탄 동물군 라벤탄 식물군
화산	네.

레퍼런스

참고 문헌

라벤탄

• Madden, R.H.; J. Guerrero; R.F. Kay; J.J. Flynn; C.C. Swisher III, and A.H. Walton. 1997. The Laventan Stage and Age, 499–519. Kay, R.F., Madden, R.H., Cifelli, R.L., Flynn, J.J. (eds.), Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics. The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia: Washington D.C., Smithsonian Institution Press. Accessed 2019-02-28.

콜롬비아 혼다 그룹

• Cadena, Edwin; Carlos Jaramillo, and María E. Páramo. 2008. New material of Chelus colombiana (Testudines; Pleurodira) from the Lower Miocene of Colombia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28. 1206–1212. Accessed 2017-05-04.
• Croft, Darin A. 2007. The Middle Miocene (Laventan) Quebrada Honda Fauna, southern Bolivia and a description of its Notoungulates. Palaeontology 50. 277–303.
• Czaplewski, Nicolas J.; Masanaru Takai; Tiffany M. Naeher; Nobuo Shigehara, and Takeshi Setoguchi. 2003. Additional bats from the middle Miocene La Venta fauna of Colombia. Revista Académica Colombiana de Ciencias Naturales XXVII. 263–282. Accessed 2017-05-04.
• Defler, Thomas. 2004. Historia natural de los primates colombianos, 1–613. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Accessed 2017-05-04.
• Estes, Richard, and Richard Wassersug. 1963. A Miocene toad from Colombia, South America. Breviora 193. 1–13. Accessed 2017-05-04.
• De la Fuente, Marcelo; Juliana Sterli, and Ignacio Maniel. 2013. Origin, Evolution and Biogeographic History of South American Turtles, 1–168. Springer Science & Business Media. Accessed 2017-05-04.
• Hoffstetter, Robert. 1971. Los vertebrados cenozóicos de Colombia: yacimientos, faunas, problemas planteados, 37–62. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Accessed 2017-05-04.
• Hsiou, Annie S.; Adriana M. Albino, and Jorge Ferigolo. 2010. Reappraisal of the south American Miocene snakes of the genus Colombophis, with description of a new species. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 55. 365–379.
• Kay, Richard F., and Richard H. Madden. 1997. Mammals and rainfall: paleoecology of the middle Miocene at La Venta (Colombia, South America). Journal of Human Evolution 32. 161–199. Accessed 2017-05-04.
• Lundberg, John G., and Barry Chernoff. 1992. A Miocene Fossil of the Amazonian Fish Arapaima (Teleostei, Arampaimidae) from the Magdalena River Region of Colombia - Biogeographic and Evolutionary Implications. Biotropica 24. 2–16. Accessed 2017-05-04.
• Marshall, Larry G. 1976. New Didelphine Marsupials from the La Venta Fauna (Miocene) of Colombia, South America. Journal of Paleontology 50. 402–418.
• Meldrum, D.J., and R.F. Kay. 1997. <407::AID-AJPA8>3.0.CO;2-R Nuciruptor rubricae, a new pitheciin seed predator from the Miocene of Colombia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 102. 407–427. Accessed 2017-05-04.
• Miller, Alden H. 1953. A fossil Hoatzin from the Miocene of Colombia. Auk 70. 484–495. Accessed 2017-05-04.
• Organ, Jason M., and Pierre Lemelin. 2011. Tail Architecture and Function of Cebupithecia sarmientoi, a Middle Miocene Platyrrhine from La Venta, Colombia. The Anatomical Record 294. 2013–2023.
• Pardo Jaramillo, Mauricio. 2010. Reporte de un nuevo ejemplar de Granastrapotherium snorki en el Valle Superior del Magdalena, Desierto de la Tatacoa, Huila. Colombia. Revista Académica Colombiana de Ciencias Naturales 34. 253–256. Accessed 2017-05-04.
• Rasmussen, Tab. 1997. Vertebrate paleontology in the neotropics - the Miocene fauna of La Venta, Colombia, _. Smithsonian Institution Press.
• Rosenberger, A.L.; T. Setoguchi, and W.C. Hartwig. 1991. Laventiana annectens, new genus and species: fossil evidence for the origins of callitrichine New World monkeys. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 88. 2137–2140.
• Setoguchi, Takeshi, and Alfred L. Rosenberger. 1988. A fossil owl monkey from La Venta, Colombia. Kyoto University Overseas Research Reports of New World Monkeys 6. 1–6. Accessed 2017-05-04.
• Setoguchi, T. 1985. Kondous laventicus, a new ceboid primate from the Miocene of the La Venta, Colombia, South America. Folia Primatol 44. 96–101.
• Suárez, Catalina; Analía M. Forasiepi; Franciso J. Goin, and Carlos Jaramillo. 2015. Insights into the Neotropics prior to the Great American Biotic Interchange: new evidence of mammalian predators from the Miocene of Northern Colombia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology e1029581. 1–10. Accessed 2017-05-04.
• Takai, Masanaru; Federico Anaya; Hisashi Suzuki; Nobuo Shigehara, and Takeshi Setoguchi. 2001. A New Platyrrhine from the Middle Miocene of La Venta, Colombia, and the Phyletic Position of Callicebinae. Anthropological Science, Tokyo 109. 289.
• Takai, Masanaru; Takeshi Setoguchi; Carlos Villarroel A.; Alberto Cadena G., and Nobuo Shigehara. 1991. A New Miocene Molossid Bat from La Venta, Colombia, South America. Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University. Series of Geology and Mineralogy 56. 1–9. Accessed 2017-05-04.
• Tejedor, Marcelo F. 2013. Sistemática, evolución y paleobiogeografía de los primates Platyrrhini. Revista del Museo de la Plata 20. 20–39. Accessed 2017-05-04.
• Vallejo Pareja, M.C.; J.D. Carrillo; J.W. Moreno Bernal; M. Pardo Jaramillo; D.F. Rodríguez González, and J. Muñoz Duran. 2015. Hilarcotherium castanedaii, gen. et sp. nov., a new Miocene astrapothere (Mammalia, Astrapotheriidae) from the Upper Magdalena Valley, Colombia. Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich _. 1–14. Accessed 2017-05-04.
• Villarroel A., Carlos S. 2000. Un nuevo Mylodontinae (Xenarthra, Tardigrada) en la Fauna de La Venta, Mioceno de Colombia: el estado actual de la Familia Orophodontidae. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales 24. 117–127. Accessed 2017-05-04.
• Villarroel A., Carlos S. 1997. La Estructura de la Dentición Caduca de Huilatherium pluriplicatum, Leontiniidae (Notoungulata) del Mioceno de Colombia. Geología Colombiana 22. 139–149. Accessed 2017-05-04.
• Villarroel A., Carlos; Takeshi Setoguchi; Jorge Brieva, and Carlos Macia. 1996. Geology of the La Tatacoa "Desert" (Huila, Colombia): Precisions on the Stratigraphy of the Honda Group, the Evolution of the "Pata High" and the Presence of the La Venta Fauna. Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University. Series of Geology and Mineralogy 58. 41–66. Accessed 2017-05-04.
• Wheeler, Brandon. 2010. Community ecology of the Middle Miocene primates of La Venta, Colombia: the relationship between ecological diversity, divergence time, and phylogenetic richness. Primates 51. 131–138.

볼리비아 혼다 그룹

• Croft, Darin A. 2007. The Middle Miocene (Laventan) Quebrada Honda Fauna, southern Bolivia and a description of its Notoungulates. Palaeontology 50. 277–303.
• Engelman, Russell K.; Federico Anaya, and Darin A. Croft. 2018. Australogale leptognathus, gen. et sp. nov., a second species of small sparassodont (Mammalia: Metatheria) from the middle Miocene locality of Quebrada Honda, Bolivia. Journal of Mammalian Evolution in press. _. Accessed 2018-10-01.
• Engelman, Russell K.; Federico Anaya, and Darin A. Croft. 2016. New palaeothentid marsupials (Paucituberculata) from the middle Miocene of Quebrada Honda, Bolivia, and their implications for the palaeoecology, decline and extinction of the Palaeothentoidea. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 15. 787–820. Accessed 2019-02-12.
• Pujos, François; Gerardo De Iuliis; Bernardino Mamani Quispe, and Ruben Andrade Flores. 2014. Lakukullus anatisrostratus, gen. et sp. nov., a new massive nothrotheriid sloth (Xenarthra, Pilosa) from the middle Miocene of Bolivia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34. 1243–1248. Accessed 2019-02-12.

아이솔 포메이션

• Forasiepi, Analía M.; Esperanza Cerdeño; Mariano Bond; Gabriela I. Schmidt; Maximiliano Naipauer; Fiona R. Straehl; Agustín G. Martinelli; Alberto C. Garrido, and Mark D. Schmitz and James L. Crowley. 2015. New toxodontid (Notoungulata) from the Early Miocene of Mendoza, Argentina. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 89. 611–634. Accessed 2019-02-13.
• Forasiepi, Analía M.; Agustín G. Martinelli; Marcelo S. De la Fuente; Sergio Dieguez, and Mariano Bond. 2011. Paleontology and stratigraphy of the Aisol Formation (Neogene), San Rafael, Mendoza, 135–154. Cenozoic Geology of the Central Andes of Argentina, SCS Publisher, Salta. Accessed 2017-10-01.

바히아 잉글레사 포메이션

• Achurra, L.E.; J.P. Lacassie; J.P. Le Roux; C. Marquadt; M. Belmar; J. Ruiz Del Solar, and S.E. Ishman. 2009. Manganese nodules in the Miocene Bahía Inglesa Formation, north-central Chile: Petrography, geochemistry, genesis and palaeoceanographic significance. Sedimentary Geology 217. 128–139. Accessed 2017-08-15.
• Achurra, L.; C. Marquadt; J.P. Lacassie, and J.P. Le Roux. 2003. Nódulos de Mn de la Formación Bahía Inglesa: geoquímica, génesis e implicancias paleoambientales, 1–10. X Congreso Geológico Chileno. Accessed 2017-08-15.
• Acosta Hospitaleche, Carolina, and Jhoann Canto. 2005. Primer registro de cráneos asignados a Palaeospheniscus (Aves, Spheniscidae) procedentes de la Formación Bahía Inglesa (Mioceno Medio-Tardío), Chile. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 78. 489–495. Accessed 2017-08-15.
• Benson, Richard D. 2015. A new species of penguin from the late Miocene of Chile, with comments on the stratigraphic range of Palaeospheniscus. Scientific Publications of the Science Museum of Minnesota 8. 5–22. Accessed 2019-02-13.
• Chávez Hoffmeister, Martín Felipe. 2008. La ornitofauna de la Formación Bahía Inglesa, Caldera, Chile (MSc. thesis), 1–165. Universidad Austral de Chile. Accessed 2017-08-15.
• Chávez, Martín F. 2007. Sobre la presencia de Paraptenodytes y Palaeospheniscus (Aves: Sphenisciformes) en la Formación Bahía Inglesa, Chile. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 80. 255–259. Accessed 2017-08-15.
• Chávez, Martín. 2007. Spheniscus megaramphus Stucchi et al. 2003 (Aves: Sphenisciformes) en la Formación Bahía Inglesa, Chile. Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica del Perú 102. 101–107. Accessed 2017-08-15.
• Le Roux, Jacobus P.; Luciano Achurra; Álvaro Henríquez; Catalina Carreño; Huber Rivera; Mario E. Suárez; Scott E. Ishman; Nicholas D. Pyenson, and Carolina S. Gutstein. 2016. Oroclinal bending of the Juan Fernández Ridge suggested by geohistory analysis of the Bahía Inglesa Formation, north-central Chile. Sedimentary Geology 333. 32–49. Accessed 2017-08-15.
• Le Roux, Jacobus P.; Luciano Achurra; Álvaro Henríquez; Catalina Carreño, and Huber Rivera. 2015. Lithostratigraphy, depositional environments and tectonic setting of the Bahía Inglesa Formation west of Copiapó, north-central Chile, 821–824. XIV Congreso Geológico Chileno. Accessed 2017-08-15.
• Oyanadel Urbina, Pablo; Jorge Carrillo Briceño; Jaime Villafaña; Victor Castelleto; Cristian Varas; Alex Alballay, and Marcelo Rivadeneira. 2015. Nuevo registro de familias de peces óseos en Formación Bahía Inglesa, 1–4. XIV Congreso Geológico Chileno. Accessed 2017-08-15.
• Staig, Felipe; Sebastián Hernández; Patricio López; Jaime A. Villafaña; Cristian Varas; Luis Patricio Soto, and Jorge D. Carrillo Briceño. 2015. Late Neogene Elasmobranch fauna from the Coquimbo Formation, Chile. Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 18. 261–272. Accessed 2017-08-15.
• Suárez, Mario E. 2011. Línea de base paleontológica proyecto Puerto Santa Fe, 1–29. Comuna de Caldera Región de Atacama. Accessed 2017-08-15.
• Valenzuela Toro, Ana, and Carolina S. Gutstein. s.a. Mamíferos marinos fósiles (excepto Cetacea) de Formación Bahía Inglesa: Registro, implicancias paleoambientales y perspectivas de estudio. . .. 770–772. Accessed 2017-08-15.

카파다르 포메뉴

• Ferreira, Gabriel S.; Ascanio D. Rincón; Andrés Solórzano, and Max C. Langer. 2015. The last marine pelomedusoids (Testudines: Pleurodira): a new species of Bairdemys and the paleoecology of Stereogenyina. PeerJ 3. e1063. Accessed 2019-02-13.
• Penín Cendón, José Antonio, and Vanessa Ilia Villarroel Estaba. 2005. Integracrón y actualización geológica del área de Jacura y Capadare, Estado Falcón, 1–199. Universidad Central de Venezuela. Accessed 2017-08-15.

Choquecota 및 Mauri 포메이션

• Marshall, Larry G., and Thierry Sempere. 1991. The Eocene to Pleistocene vertebrates of Bolivia and their stratigraphic context: A review. Revista técnica de YPFB 12. 631–652. Accessed 2017-08-15.

퀴라말린 그룹

• Flynn, John J.; Reynaldo Charrier; Darin A. Croft; Phillip B. Gans; Trystan M. Herriott; Jill A. Wertheim, and André R. Wyss. 2008. Chronologic implications of new Miocene mammals from the Cura-Mallín and Trapa Trapa formations, Laguna del Laja area, south central Chile. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 26. 412–423. Accessed 2017-10-20.
• Shockey, Bruce J.; John J. Flynn; Darin A. Croft; Phillip Gans, and André R. Wyss. 2012. New leontiniid Notoungulata (Mammalia) from Chile and Argentina : comparative anatomy, character analysis, and phylogenetic hypotheses. American Museum Novitates 3737. 1–64. Accessed 2019-02-15.
• Utgé, Silvana; Andrés Folguera; Vanesa Litvak, and Víctor A. Ramos. 2009. Geología del sector norte de la Cuenca de Cura Mallín en las Lagunas de Epulaufquen, Neuquén. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 64. 231–248. Accessed 2017-10-01.

그란바호델구미초층

• Reichler, Valeria A. 2010. Estratigrafía y paleontología del Cenozoico marino del Gran Bajo y Salinas del Gualicho, Argentina, y descripción de 17 especies nuevas. Andean Geology 31. 177–219. Accessed 2018-09-11.

이푸루로층

• Antoine, Pierre-Olivier; M. Alejandra Abello; Sylvain Adnet; Ali J. Altamirano Sierra; Patrice Baby; Guillaume Billet; Myriam Boivin; Ysabel Calderón, and Adriana Candela, Jules Chabain, Fernando Corfu, Darin A. Croft, Morgan Ganerød, Carlos Jaramillo, Sebastian Klaus, Laurent Marivaux, Rosa E. Navarrete, Maëva J. Orliac, Francisco Parra, María Encarnación Pérez, François Pujos, Jean-Claude Rage, Anthony Ravel, Céline Robinet, Martin Roddaz, Julia Victoria Tejada Lara, Jorge Vélez Juarbe, Frank P. Wesselingh, Rodolfo Salas Gismondi. 2016. A 60-million-year Cenozoic history of western Amazonian ecosystems in Contamana, eastern Peru. Gondwana Research 31. 30–59. Accessed 2017-08-15.

파라나 포메이션

• Cione, Alberto Luis; Daniel Alfredo Cabrera, and María Julia Barla. 2012. Oldest record of the Great White Shark (Lamnidae, Carcharodon; Miocene) in the Southern Atlantic. Geobios 45. 167–172. Accessed 2017-10-22.
• Martín Pérez, Leandro. 2013. Sistemática, tafonomía y paleoecología de los invertebrados de la Formación Paraná (Mioceno), Provincia de Entre Ríos, Argentina (PhD thesis), 1–398. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Accessed 2017-08-15.

페바스층

• Antoine, Pierre-Olivier; M. Alejandra Abello; Sylvain Adnet; Ali J. Altamirano Sierra; Patrice Baby; Guillaume Billet; Myriam Boivin; Ysabel Calderón, and Adriana Candela, Jules Chabain, Fernando Corfu, Darin A. Croft, Morgan Ganerød, Carlos Jaramillo, Sebastian Klaus, Laurent Marivaux, Rosa E. Navarrete, Maëva J. Orliac, Francisco Parra, María Encarnación Pérez, François Pujos, Jean-Claude Rage, Anthony Ravel, Céline Robinet, Martin Roddaz, Julia Victoria Tejada Lara, Jorge Vélez Juarbe, Frank P. Wesselingh, Rodolfo Salas Gismondi. 2016. A 60-million-year Cenozoic history of western Amazonian ecosystems in Contamana, eastern Peru. Gondwana Research 31. 30–59. Accessed 2017-08-15.
• Wesselingh, F.P.; M.C. Hoorn; J. Guerrero; M.E. Räsänen; L. Romero Pittmann, and J. Salo. 2006. The stratigraphy and regional structure of Miocene deposits in western Amazonia (Peru, Colombia and Brazil), with implications for late Neogene landscape evolution. Scripta Geologica 133. 291–322. Accessed 2017-08-15.

피스코 형성

• Altamirano Sierra, Alí J. 2013. Primer registro de pelicano (Aves: Pelecanidae) para el Mioceno tardio de la formacion Pisco, Peru. Bulletin de l'Institut français d'études andines 42. 1–12. Accessed 2017-09-04.
• Báez Gómez, Diego A. 2006. Estudio paleoambiental de la formación Pisco:: Localidad Ocucaje. Revista del Instituto de Investigaciones FIGMMG 9. 64–69. Accessed 2017-09-04.
• Bianucci, Giovanni; Claudio Di Celma; Mario Urbina, and Olivier Lambert. 2016. New beaked whales from the late Miocene of Peru and evidence for convergent evolution in stem and crown Ziphiidae (Cetacea, Odontoceti). PeerJ 4. e2479. Accessed 2019-02-12.
• Brand, Leonard; Mario Urbina; Arthur Chadwick; Thomas J. DeVries, and Raul Esperante. 2011. A high resolution stratigraphic framework for the remarkable fossil cetacean assemblage of the Miocene/Pliocene Pisco Formation, Peru. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 31. 414–425.
• Collareta, Alberto; Olivier Lambert; Christian De Muizon; Mario Urbina, and Giovanni Bianucci. 2017. Koristocetus pescei gen. et sp. nov., a diminutive sperm whale (Cetacea: Odontoceti: Kogiidae) from the late Miocene of Peru. Fossil Record 20. 259–278. Accessed 2019-02-12.
• Lambert, Olivier; Giovanni Bianucci; Mario Urbina, and Jonathan H. Geisler. 2017. A new inioid (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Delphinida) from the Miocene of Peru and the origin of modern dolphin and porpoise families. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 179. 919–946.
• Marx, Felix G.; Olivier Lambert, and Christian De Muizon. 2017. A new Miocene baleen whale from Peru deciphers the dawn of cetotheriids. Royal Society Open Science 4. 170560. Accessed 2019-02-12.
• Marx, Felix G., and Naoki Kohno. 2016. A new Miocene baleen whale from the Peruvian desert. Royal Society Open Science 3. 160542. Accessed 2019-02-12.
• Poma Porras, Orlando; Edgard Horna Santillán, and Raúl Esperante. 2009. Baleen Fósil (Cetacea: mysticeti) en Sedimentos de la Cuenca Marina del Neógeno en la Formación Pisco, al Sur del Perú. Revista de Investigación Universitaria 1. 84–97. Accessed 2017-09-04.
• Ramassamy, Benjamin; Olivier Lambert; Alberto Collareta; Mario Urbina, and Giovanni Bianucci. 2018. Description of the skeleton of the fossil beaked whale Messapicetus gregarius: searching potential proxies for deep-diving abilities. Fossil Record 21. 11–32. Accessed 2019-02-11.
• Solís Mundaca, Flavio Alejandro. 2018. Bioestratigrafía e implicancias paleoceanográficas de las diatomeas de la sección Cerro Caucato, Formación Pisco, Ica, Peru (MSc. thesis), 1–158. Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia. Accessed 2018-09-10.
• Stucchi, Marcelo; Steven D. Emslie; Rafael M. Varas Malca, and Mario Urbina Schmitt. 2015a. A new late Miocene condor (Aves, Cathartidae) from Peru and the origin of South American condors. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 35. e972507. Accessed 2019-02-13.
• Stucchi, Marcelo; Rafael M. Varas Malca, and Mario Urbina Schmitt. 2015b. New Miocene sulid birds from Peru and considerations on their Neogene fossil record in the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 61. 417–427. Accessed 2019-02-13.
• Stucchi, M. 2007. Los pingüinos de la Formación Pisco (Neógeno), Perú. 4th European Meeting on the Palaeontology and Stratigraphy of Latin America, Cuadernos del Museo Geominero 8. 367–373. Accessed 2017-09-04.

산타 이네스 층

• Simpson, George Gaylord. 1947. A Miocene glyptodont from Venezuela. American Museum Novitates 1368. 1–10.

시슬레호 포메이션

• Villarroel A., Carlos, and Javier Clavijo. 2005. Los mamíferos fósiles y las edades de las sedimentitas continentales del Neógeno de la Costa Caribe Colombiana. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales 29. 345–356. Accessed 2019-02-04.

소코로와 우루마코층

• Carrillo Briceño, Jorge D.; Erin Maxwell; Órangel A. Aguilera; Rodolfo Sánchez, and Marcelo R. Sánchez Villagra. 2015. Sawfishes and Other Elasmobranch Assemblages from the Mio-Pliocene of the South Caribbean (Urumaco Sequence, Northwestern Venezuela). PLoS ONE 10. e0139230.
• Linares, Omar J. 2004. Bioestratigrafía de la fauna de mamíferos de las formaciones Socorro, Urumaco y Codore (Mioceno Medio-Plioceno Temprano) de la región de Urumaco, Falcón, Venezuela. Paleobiología Neotropical 1. 1–26. Accessed 2017-08-15.
• Quijano Ballesteros, Jhon Richard. 2005. Estudio magnetoestratigráfico en la sección de El Mamón (miembro medio de la Formación Urumaco, Estado Falcón) (MSc. thesis), 1–92. Universidad Simón Bolívar. Accessed 2017-10-27.
• Rincón, Ascanio D.; Andrés Solórzano; H. Gregory McDonald, and Marisol Montellano Ballesteros. 2018. Two new megalonychid sloths (Mammalia: Xenarthra) from the Urumaco Formation (late Miocene), and their phylogenetic affinities. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 17. 409–421.
• Rincón, Ascanio D.; H. Gregory McDonald; Andrés Solórzano; Mónica Núñez Flores, and Damián Ruiz Ramoni. 2015. A new enigmatic Late Miocene mylodontoid sloth from northern South America. Royal Society Open Science 2. 140256. Accessed 2019-02-13.

추가 정보

• Croft, Darin A. 2016. Horned Armadillos and Rafting Monkeys: The Fascinating Fossil Mammals of South America, 1–320. Indiana University Press ISBN 9780253020949. Accessed 2017-10-21.
• Fleagle, John G., and Alfred L. Rosenberger. 2013. The Platyrrhine Fossil Record, 1–256. Elsevier ISBN 9781483267074. Accessed 2017-10-21.
• Sánchez Villagra, Marcelo R.; Órangel A. Aguilera, and Alfredo A. Carlini. 2010. Urumaco and Venezuelan Paleontology: The Fossil Record of the Northern Neotropics, 1–304. Indiana University Press ISBN 9780253002006. Accessed 2017-10-21.
• Hartwig, W.C., and D.J. Meldrum. 2002. The Primate Fossil Record - Miocene platyrrhines of the northern Neotropics, 175–188. Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-08141-2. Accessed 2017-09-24.
• Kay, Richard F.; Richard H. Madden; John J. Flynn, and Richard L. Cifelli. 1997. Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics: The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia, 1–608. Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press ISBN 9781935623854. Accessed 2017-10-21.
• Simpson, George Gaylord. 1996. Splendid Isolation: The Curious History of South American Mammals, 1–275. UMI ISBN 9780783733111. Accessed 2017-10-21.