빛의 각운동량

Angular momentum of light

빛의 각운동량전자기장에 존재하는 역동적인 회전량을 나타내는 벡터 양이다. 대략 직선으로 이동하는 동안, 빛의 빔은 자신의 축을 중심으로 회전(또는 "회전" 또는 "회전") 수도 있다. 이 회전은 육안으로는 보이지 않지만 빛 빔과 물질과의 상호작용으로 밝혀질 수 있다.

광선의 회전에는 두 가지 뚜렷한 형태가 있는데, 하나는 그것의 양극화와 다른 하나는 그것의 파동 모양을 포함한다. 따라서 이 두 가지 형태의 회전은 각각 이름이 가벼운 스핀 각도 운동량(SAM)과 가벼운 궤도 각도 운동량(OAM)인 두 가지 뚜렷한 형태의 각도 운동량과 연관된다.

빛의 총 각도 운동량(또는 보다 일반적으로 전자기장과 다른 힘장의 각도 운동량)과 물질은 제 시간에 보존된다.

소개

빛, 또는 보다 일반적으로 전자기파에너지뿐만 아니라 운동력까지 운반하는데, 이것은 번역운동에서 모든 물체의 특징적인 특성이다. 이 운동량의 존재는 광선이 흡수되거나 산란되는 물체에 운동량을 전달하여 그 과정에서 그 물체에 기계적 압력을 발생시키는 "방사압" 현상에 뚜렷하게 나타난다.

빛은 또한 회전 운동에서 모든 물체의 특성인 각운동량을 전달할 수 있다. 예를 들어, 광선은 앞으로 전파되는 동안 자신의 축을 중심으로 회전할 수 있다. 다시 말하지만, 이 각도 운동량의 존재는 그것을 작은 흡수 입자 또는 산란 입자에게 전달함으로써 명백해질 수 있으며, 이것은 따라서 광학적 토크의 영향을 받는다.

For a light beam, one can usually distinguish two "forms of rotation", the first associated with the dynamical rotation of the electric and magnetic fields around the propagation direction, and the second with the dynamical rotation of light rays around the main beam axis. These two rotations are associated with two forms of angular momentum, namely SAM and OAM. However this distinction becomes blurred for strongly focused or diverging beams, and in the general case only the total angular momentum of a light field can be defined. An important limiting case in which the distinction is instead clear and unambiguous is that of a "paraxial" light beam, that is a well collimated beam in which all light rays (or, more precisely, all Fourier components of the optical field) only form small angles with the beam axis.

For such a beam, SAM is strictly related with the optical polarization, and in particular with the so-called circular polarization. OAM is related with the spatial field distribution, and in particular with the wavefront helical shape.

In addition to these two terms, if the origin of coordinates is located outside the beam axis, there is a third angular momentum contribution obtained as the cross-product of the beam position and its total momentum. This third term is also called "orbital", because it depends on the spatial distribution of the field. However, since its value is dependent from the choice of the origin, it is termed "external" orbital angular momentum, as opposed to the "internal" OAM appearing for helical beams.

Mathematical expressions for the angular momentum of light

One commonly used expression for the total angular momentum of an electromagnetic field is the following one, in which there is no explicit distinction between the two forms of rotation:

where and are the electric and magnetic fields, respectively, is the vacuum permittivity and we are using SI units.

단, 노에더의 정리로부터 자연적으로 발생하는 각운동량의 또 다른 표현은 다음과 같은 것으로, SAM( OAM( 과 관련될 수 있는 두 개의 별도 용어가 있다.[1]

여기서 {\는) 자기장의 벡터 전위이며 i-supercripted 기호는 해당 벡터의 데카르트 성분을 나타낸다.

이 두 가지 표현은 한정된 공간 밖에서 충분히 빠르게 사라지는 전자기장에 대해 서로 동등하다는 것을 증명할 수 있다. 그러나 두 번째 표현에서 두 용어는 측량 불변이기 때문에 물리적으로 모호하다. 게이지-invariant 버전은 벡터 전위 A와 전기장 E를 "횡단" 또는 복사성분 E {로 교체하여 얻을 수 있다.

A justification for taking this step is yet to be provided. The latter expression has further problems, as it can be shown that the two terms are not true angular momenta as they do not obey the correct quantum commutation rules. Their sum, that is the total angular momentum, instead does.[citation needed]

An equivalent but simpler expression for a monochromatic wave of frequency ω, using the complex notation for the fields, is the following:[2]

Let us now consider the paraxial limit, with the beam axis assumed to coincide with the z axis of the coordinate system. In this limit the only significant component of the angular momentum is the z one, that is the angular momentum measuring the light beam rotation around its own axis, while the other two components are negligible.

where and denote the left and right circular polarization components, respectively.

Exchange of spin and orbital angular momentum with matter

Spin and orbital angular momentum interaction with matter

When a light beam carrying nonzero angular momentum impinges on an absorbing particle, its angular momentum can be transferred on the particle, thus setting it in rotational motion. This occurs both with SAM and OAM. However, if the particle is not at the beam center the two angular momenta will give rise to different kinds of rotation of the particle. SAM will give rise to a rotation of the particle around its own center, i.e., to a particle spinning. OAM, instead, will generate a revolution of the particle around the beam axis.[3][4][5] These phenomena are schematically illustrated in the figure.

In the case of transparent media, in the paraxial limit, the optical SAM is mainly exchanged with anisotropic systems, for example birefringent crystals. Indeed, thin slabs of birefringent crystals are commonly used to manipulate the light polarization. Whenever the polarization ellipticity is changed, in the process, there is an exchange of SAM between light and the crystal. If the crystal is free to rotate, it will do so. Otherwise, the SAM is finally transferred to the holder and to the Earth.

Spiral Phase Plate (SPP)

Schematic of generating light orbital angular momentum with spiral phase plate.

In the paraxial limit, the OAM of a light beam can be exchanged with material media that have a transverse spatial inhomogeneity. For example, a light beam can acquire OAM by crossing a spiral phase plate, with an inhomogeneous thickness (see figure).[6]

Pitch-Fork Hologram

Schematic showing generation of orbital angular momentum of light in a Gaussian beam.

A more convenient approach for generating OAM is based on using diffraction on a fork-like or pitchfork hologram (see figure).[7][8][9][10] Holograms can be also generated dynamically under the control of a computer by using a spatial light modulator.[11]

Q-Plate

The q-plate effect for left and right-hand circular polarizations.

Another method for generating OAM is based on the SAM-OAM coupling that may occur in a medium which is both anisotropic and inhomogeneous. In particular, the so-called q-plate is a device, currently realized using liquid crystals, polymers or sub-wavelength gratings, which can generate OAM by exploiting a SAM sign-change. In this case, the OAM sign is controlled by the input polarization.[12][13][14]

Cylindrical Mode Converters

pi/2-cylindrical mode converter transforms HG mode into a proper LG mode.

OAM can also be generated by converting a Hermite-Gaussian beam into a Laguerre-Gaussian one by using an astigmatic system with two well-aligned cylindrical lenses placed at a specific distance (see figure) in order to introduce a well-defined relative phase between horizontal and vertical Hermite-Gaussian beams.[15]

빛의 궤도 각도 운동량 적용 가능성

빛의 스핀 각도 운동량 적용은 광 양극화의 무수한 적용과 구별되지 않으며 여기에서 논의되지 않을 것이다. 대신에 빛의 궤도 각도 운동량의 가능한 적용은 현재 연구 대상이다. 특히, 아직 상용화 단계에 이르지는 못했지만, 연구소에서 이미 다음과 같은 신청이 증명되었다.

  1. 광학 핀셋에서[16] 입자 또는 입자 골재의 방향적 조작
  2. 자유 공간 광통신에서[17] 고대역폭 정보 인코딩
  3. 향후 양자암호화 또는 양자계산 응용을[18][19][20] 위한 고차원 양자정보 인코딩
  4. 민감한 광학 탐지[21]

참고 항목

참조

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  2. ^ Humblet, J. (1943). "Sur le moment d'impulsion d'une onde electromagnetique". Physica. 10 (7): 585. Bibcode:1943Phy....10..585H. doi:10.1016/S0031-8914(43)90626-3.
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  9. ^ Heckenberg, N. R.; McDuff, R.; Smith, C. P.; Rubinsztein-Dunlop, H.; Wegener, M. J. (1992). "Laser beams with phase singularities". Optical and Quantum Electronics. 24 (9): S951. doi:10.1007/BF01588597. S2CID 119660334.
  10. ^ Soskin, M.; Gorshkov, V.; Vasnetsov, M.; Malos, J.; Heckenberg, N. (1997). "Topological charge and angular momentum of light beams carrying optical vortices" (PDF). Phys. Rev. A. 56 (5): 4064. Bibcode:1997PhRvA..56.4064S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.56.4064.
  11. ^ Heckenberg, N. R.; McDuff, R; Smith, CP; White, AG (1992). "Generation of optical phase singularities by computer-generated holograms". Optics Letters. 17 (3): 221. Bibcode:1992OptL...17..221H. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.472.1077. doi:10.1364/OL.17.000221. PMID 19784282.
  12. ^ Marrucci, L.; Manzo, C.; Paparo, D. (2006). "Optical spin-to-orbital angular momentum conversion in inhomogeneous anisotropic media". Physical Review Letters. 96 (16): 163905. arXiv:0712.0099. Bibcode:2006PhRvL..96p3905M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.163905. PMID 16712234. S2CID 15600569.
  13. ^ Karimi, E.; Piccirillo, Bruno; Nagali, Eleonora; Marrucci, Lorenzo; Santamato, Enrico (2009). "Efficient generation and sorting of orbital angular momentum eigenmodes of light by thermally tuned q-plates". Applied Physics Letters. 94 (23): 231124. arXiv:0905.0562. Bibcode:2009ApPhL..94w1124K. doi:10.1063/1.3154549. S2CID 52203556.
  14. ^ Gecevicius, M.; Drevinskas, R.; Beresna, M.; Kazansky, P.G. (2014). "Single beam optical vortex tweezers with tunable orbital angular momentum". Applied Physics Letters. 104 (23): 231110. Bibcode:2014ApPhL.104w1110G. doi:10.1063/1.4882418.
  15. ^ Allen, L.; Beijersbergen, M.; Spreeuw, R.; Woerdman, J. (1992). "Orbital angular momentum of light and the transformation of Laguerre-Gaussian laser modes". Phys. Rev. A. 45 (11): 8185–8189. Bibcode:1992PhRvA..45.8185A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.45.8185. PMID 9906912.
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  19. ^ Boyd, R.W.; Jha, Anand; Malik, Mehul; O'Sullivan, Colin; Rodenburg, Brandon; Gauthier, Daniel J. (2011). Hasan, Zameer U; Hemmer, Philip R; Lee, Hwang; Santori, Charles M (eds.). "Quantum key distribution in a high-dimensional state space: exploiting the transverse degree of freedom of the photon". Proc. SPIE. Advances in Photonics of Quantum Computing, Memory, and Communication IV. 7948: 79480L. Bibcode:2011SPIE.7948E..0LB. doi:10.1117/12.873491. S2CID 16918229.
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