사회구성

Social construct
공유된 이해에 관한 사회학적 이론은 사회구성주의를 참조하십시오.

사회적 구성은 관습이나 단체적 합의에 의해 현실화되는 모든 범주나 사물입니다.[1][2]사회적으로 구성된 현실은 인간의 행동이나 신념과 독립적으로 존재하는 자연적인 종류와 대조됩니다.[1][2]

사회적 구성의 단순한 예로는 단어의 의미와 지폐의 가치가 있습니다.[3]인종과 성별과 같은 다른 예들은 이전에는 논란의 여지가 있는 것으로 여겨졌지만, 이제는 자연적으로 결정되기 보다는 사회적으로 구성되어야 한다는 과학자들의 합의에 의해 받아들여지고 있습니다.[4][5][6][7]과학 이론들을 구성하는 개념들과 같은 다른 가능한 예들은 계속되는 철학적 논쟁의 주제로 남아있습니다.[8][9]

20세기 동안, 철학자 John Searle와 사회학자 Peter Berger와 Thomas Luckmann은 부동산 소유권, 시민권, 그리고 결혼 상태와 같은 사회적으로 구성된 현실들이 객관적인 사실의 형태로 여겨져야 한다고 주장했습니다.그리고 그러한 사회적으로 구성된 객관적 사실의 존재를 탐구할 철학적 또는 방법론적 문제로 상정하였습니다.[2][10]죄르지 루카츠, 테오도르 아도르노, 막스 호르크하이머와 같은 다른 이들은 사회적으로 구성된 사실을 자연스러운 것처럼 다루는 관행에 재창조의 오류가 책임이 있다고 주장하기 위해 프리드리히 니체와 카를 마르크스의 사상을 바탕으로 만들었습니다.[11][12][13]최근에는, 생물학 인류학자들과 공중 보건 전문가들이 인종은 사회적 구성물이지만, 인종주의의 지속성은 소외된 집단의 건강과 안녕에 객관적으로 부정적인 결과를 가져온다고 주장했습니다.[5][14][15]

Wik variety에는 Social Construct에 대한 학습 자료가 있습니다.

참고문헌

  1. ^ a b "Social Constructionism". encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  2. ^ a b c Searle, John (2010). The Construction of Social Reality. Free Press. pp. 3–8.
  3. ^ Elder-Vass, Dave (2012). The Reality of Social Construction. Cambridge University Press. pp. 5, 10. ISBN 9781107024373.
  4. ^ "Race". National Human Genome Research Institute. Race is a social construct used to group people. Race was constructed as a hierarchal human-grouping system, generating racial classifications to identify, distinguish and marginalize some groups across nations, regions and the world. Race divides human populations into groups often based on physical appearance, social factors and cultural backgrounds.
  5. ^ a b "AABA Statement on Race & Racism". American Association of Biological Anthropologists. 2019. Race does not provide an accurate representation of human biological variation. It was never accurate in the past, and it remains inaccurate when referencing contemporary human populations. Humans are not divided biologically into distinct continental types or racial genetic clusters. Instead, the Western concept of race must be understood as a classification system that emerged from, and in support of, European colonialism, oppression, and discrimination. It thus does not have its roots in biological reality, but in policies of discrimination. Because of that, over the last five centuries, race has become a social reality that structures societies and how we experience the world. In this regard, race is real, as is racism, and both have real biological consequences.
  6. ^ "Gender and health". World Health organization. Gender refers to the characteristics of women, men, girls and boys that are socially constructed. This includes norms, behaviours and roles associated with being a woman, man, girl or boy, as well as relationships with each other. As a social construct, gender varies from society to society and can change over time.
  7. ^ "Gender". American Psychological Association. Retrieved 25 October 2023. Gender refers to the attitudes, feelings, and behaviors that a given culture associates with a person's biological sex (APA, 2012). Gender is a social construct and a social identity.
  8. ^ Stephen L., Goldman (2022). Science Wars: The Battle Over Knowledge and Reality. Oxford University Press. pp. 239ff. ISBN 9780197518625.
  9. ^ Mallon, Ron (11 January 2019). "Naturalistic Approaches to Social Construction". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
  10. ^ Berger, Peter L.; Luckmann, Thomas (2011) [1966]. The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. Open Road Media. ISBN 9781453215463. Society does indeed possess objective facticity. And society is indeed built up by activity that expresses subjective meaning. ... How is it possible that subjective meanings become objective facticities? ... This inquiry, we maintain, is the task of the sociology of knowledge.
  11. ^ Epstein, Brian (21 March 2018). "Social Ontology". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
  12. ^ György, Lukács (1967) [1923]. Reification and the Consciousness of the Proletariat. Merlin Press.
  13. ^ Horkheimer, Max; Adorno, Theodore (2002) [1944]. Dialectic of Enlightenment. Stanford University Press. p. 163. ISBN 9780804736336.
  14. ^ Gannon, Megan (5 February 2016). "Race Is a Social Construct, Scientists Argue". Scientific American. "While we argue phasing out racial terminology in the biological sciences, we also acknowledge that using race as a political or social category to study racism, although filled with lots of challenges, remains necessary given our need to understand how structural inequities and discrimination produce health disparities between groups," [Michael] Yudell [professor of public health at Drexel University] said.
  15. ^ "Tackling structural racism and ethnicity-based discrimination in health". World Health Organization. Across the globe, Indigenous Peoples as well as people of African descent, Roma and other ethnic minorities experience stigma, racism and racial discrimination. This situation often increases their exposure and vulnerability to risk factors and reduces their access to quality health services. The result is that these populations often experience poorer health outcomes. This has been evidenced and exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic, in which some of the starkest inequities have emerged among populations experiencing racial discrimination.