비비자 여행 제한

Non-visa travel restrictions

많은 나라들은 유효비자나 비자를 면제받는 일반적인 요건을 넘어서는 외국인에 대한 입국 제한을 가지고 있다. 이러한 제한사항은 건강과 관련되거나 외교적 또는 정치적 목적을 위해 특정 계층의 사람들에게 추가적인 문서화 요건을 부과할 수 있다.

비바이저 여행 제한 목록

빈 여권 페이지

많은 나라들은 제시되고 있는 여권에서 최소한 한 페이지 또는 두 페이지 정도의 빈 페이지를 필요로 한다.[1] 비자 페이지 이후에 자주 나타나는 승인 페이지는 이용 가능한 것으로 간주되지 않는다.

예방접종

황열병 예방접종을 받았다는 것을 증명하기 위해서는 국제 예방접종 또는 예방접종 증명서가 필요하다.

베냉, 부르키나 파소, 부룬디, 카메룬, 중앙 아프리카 공화국, 민주 콩고 공화국, 콩고 공화국, 코트디부아르 d'Ivoire, 가봉, 기니 비사우, 케냐, 라이베리아, 니제르, 르완다, 시에라 리온, 토고를 포함한 많은 아프리카 국가들 하나 year[2]에 들어오는 모든 승객들 9개월보다 나이를 현재Intern하도록 하는.ati프랑스령 기아나의 남미 영토와 마찬가지로 예방접종 또는 예방접종증명서.[3]

일부 다른 국가에서는 승객이 감염된 지역에서 왔거나 최근에 방문했거나 해당 국가에서 12시간 동안 환승한 경우에만 예방접종을 요구한다. Algeria, Botswana, Cabo Verde, Chad, Djibouti, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Lesotho, Libya, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Seychelles, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tunisia, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe.[4][5]

점점 더 많은 나라들이 검역 조치와 시험 요건과 같은 추가적인 건강 제한과 관련된 COVID-19를 부과하고 있다. 많은 나라들이 검역 요건과 관련하여 또는 아예 입국허가를 결정할 때 여행자의 예방접종 상태를 점점 더 고려하고 있다.[6] 는 바이오의 효능이 입증된 연구에 의해 정당화된다.NTech 백신은 6개월 정도 지속된다.[7]

여권 유효기간

특정한 쌍무 계약의 부재하여, 국가들 여권을 요구하는 도착에 적어도 6개월 동안 유효할 아프가니스탄, 알제리, 앵귈라, Bahrain,[8]부탄, 보츠와나, 브리티쉬 버진 아일랜드, 브루나이, 캄보디아, 카메룬, 카보베르데 케이맨 제도, 중앙 아프리카 공화국, 차드, 코모로, 코스타리카, 코트다쥐르 d'Ivoire, Cur을 포함한다.açao, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Fiji, Gabon, Guinea Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel,[9] Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Laos, Madagascar, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Mongolia, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Oman, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Peru.[10] 필리핀,[11] 카타르, 르완다, 사모아, 사우디아라비아, 싱가포르, 솔로몬 제도, 소말리아, 스리랑카, 수단, 수리남, 탄자니아, 태국, 티모르-레스테, 토켈라우, 통가, 터키, 투발루, 우간다, 아랍에미리트, 바누아투, 베네수엘라, 베트남.[12]

입국 시 최소 4개월 동안 유효한 여권을 요구하는 국가로는 미크로네시아와 잠비아 등이 있다.

출발 예정일로부터 최소 3개월 이상의 유효기간이 있는 여권을 요구하는 국가로는 아제르바이잔, 보스니아 헤르체고비나, 몬테네그로, 나우루, 몰도바, 뉴질랜드 등이 있다. 마찬가지로, EEA 국가인 아이슬란드 리히텐슈타인, 노르웨이 리히텐슈타인, 모든 유럽연합 국가(아일랜드 제외)도 스위스와 함께 보유자가 EEA 또는 스위스 국적이 아닌 한 보유자가 의도한 탈퇴일로부터 3개월의 유효성을 요구한다.

도착 시 최소 3개월 동안 유효한 여권을 소지해야 하는 국가로는 알바니아, 온두라스, 북마케도니아, 파나마, 세네갈 등이 있다.

버뮤다는 입국 후 최소 45일 동안 여권이 유효하도록 요구하고 있다.

출발 예정일로부터 최소 한 달 이상 여권 유효기간이 필요한 국가로는 에리트레아, 홍콩, 레바논, 마카오, 몰디브[13], 남아프리카공화국 등이 있다.

일본,[14] 아일랜드, 영국과 같은 다른 나라들은 예정된 체류 기간 내내 유효한 여권을 요구한다.[15]

파라과이처럼 도착하자마자 유효한 여권을 요구하는 나라는 거의 없다.

일부 국가는 다른 나라와 상호 협정을 맺어 서로의 시민에게[16][17] 필요한 여권 유효 기간을 단축하거나 이미 만료된 여권(취소되지 않은 여권)을 받아들이기도 한다.[18]

전과

호주·캐나다·피지·[19]뉴질랜드·미국 등 일부 국가는 전과가 있는 비시민권자의 출입을 일상적으로 부인하는 반면 유죄 판결의 종류와 선고 기간에 따라 제한을 두는 국가도 있다.

페르소나 논 그라타

한 나라의 정부는 외교관의 입국을 금지하면서 외교관이 아니라고 선언할 수 있다. 비외교적 사용에서, 국가의 당국은 또한 일반적으로 불법적인 활동으로 인해 외국인에게 영구적이거나 일시적이 아니라고 선언할 수 있다.[20]

이스라엘의 우표

이스라엘 국경 통제 입국 허가서(여권에 부착된 도장이 아닌 독립된 문서로 발급)

Kuwait,[21]Lebanon,[22]Libya,[23]Syria,[24]과 Yemen[25]를 허용하지 않는다 이스라엘에서 여권들이 우표나 그의 여권으로 사람들 역시 또는 사용하지 않는 이스라엘의 비자,거나 이스라엘로 요르단과 이집트 같은 교통 나라에서 인접한 국경 초소에서 출입 우표와 같은 이전의 여행의 증거는 사용되고 있는 항목입니다..

이스라엘에 대한 아랍 연맹의 보이콧을 피하기 위해, 이스라엘 이민국은 이제 이스라엘 입국이나 출국에 대해 외국 국적자들의 여권에 스탬프를 찍는 것을 대부분 중단했다. 2013년 1월 15일 이후 이스라엘은 더 이상 벤 구리온 공항에서 외국 여권에 도장을 찍지 않는다. 가자지구를 드나들 때 여권은 여전히(2017년 6월 22일 기준) 에레즈에게 찍혀 있다.[citation needed]

이란은 12개월 미만의 이스라엘 비자나 우표가 포함된 여권 소지자의 입국을 거부한다.

아르메니아 민족

여권에 부착된 비자 대신 독립문서로 예레반에서 발급된 나가노노카라바흐 입국허가서

아르메니아아제르바이잔 사이에 존재하는 전쟁 상태로 인해 아르메니아 시민을 비롯한 아르메니아계 외국인들은 아제르바이잔 공화국 진출을 시도할 때 어려움을 겪을 가능성이 높다.[26][27][28][29][30][31]

아제르바이잔에 대해서는 외국 시민들에 의해 Nagorno-Karabakh[31일](실질적인 독립 공화국의 Artsakh)의 분리 주의 지역과 그 주변의 영토, 그리고 Karki, Yuxarı Əskipara, Barxudarlı, Sofulu 아제르바이잔의 법에 따른 부분의 아제르바이잔 exclaves 방문지만 금지 아르메니아의 번째의 사전 동의 없이 통제 아래 있습니다.e 가아제르바이잔 독립 이들 영토에 입국하는 외국인은 아제르바이잔[32] 공화국 입국이 영구적으로 금지되며, '무료 페르소나 리스트'에 포함될 예정이다.[33] 2019년 9월 2일 현재 이 명단은 852명을 언급했다.

생체 측정학

덜레스 국제공항의 지문 스캐너는 방문객에 대한 생체 정보를 수집하는데, 이것은 신원을 확인하는 데 사용될 수 있다.

몇몇 국가는 모든 여행자 또는 모든 외국 여행자에게 도착 시 지문을 채취하도록 의무화하고 있으며, 이를 준수하지 않는 여행자에 대한 입장이나 체포를 거부할 것이다. 미국과 같은 일부 국가에서는, 육지로 가는 것보다 비행기를 빨리 갈아타기를 원하는 환승객들에게도 이러한 사항이 적용될 수 있다.[34]

Fingerprinting 국가 Afghanistan,[35][36]Argentina,[37]브루나이, Cambodia,[38]China,[39]Ethiopia,[40]가나, Guinea,[41]인도, Japan,[42][43]케냐(둘 다 지문과 사진을 찍다)[44]말레이시아 입국 과 departure,[45]몽골, 파라과이, 사우디 Arabia,[46]싱가포르, 남 Korea,[47]대만, Thailand,[48]Uganda,[49]톤을 포함한다그는 아랍 에미리트와 미국이다.

많은 나라들은 또한 입국하는 사람들의 사진을 찍도록 요구한다. (국내 법률에 의해 오랫동안 의무화되었지만) 육상 국경에서 출구 통제 절차를 완전히 이행하지 않는 미국은 국제 공항에서 출발하는 승객들에게 안면 인식을 실시하여 비자 초과 체류자를 가려내려고 한다.[50][51][52][53]

홍채스캔은 지문인식, 얼굴인식 등과 함께 2006년부터 국제민간항공기구(ICAO)가 e-패스포트[54] 사용하기 위해 국제적으로 표준화한 3가지 생체인식 기술 중 하나로 아랍에미리트([55][56]UAE)가 비자 신청이 필요한 방문객을 대상으로 홍채스캔을 실시한다. 미국 국토안보부는 미국 국경에서 수집하는 생체 정보를 크게 늘리겠다는 계획을 발표했다.[57] 2018년 싱가포르는 육지와 해상 출입국심사소 3곳에서 홍채 촬영 재판을 시작했다.[58][59]

참고 항목

참조

  1. ^ "Country Information". Bureau of Consular Affairs, U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
  2. ^ "Yellow Fever". Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC). African Union. Retrieved 23 August 2021. African countries that requires (sic) Yellow Fever vaccination certificate: Countries that require vaccination for all travellers older that 9 months or 1 year: Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameron, Central African Republic, Congo, Côte d’lvoire, DRC, Gabon, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Niger, Togo.
  3. ^ Agence régionale de sante Guyane (2 September 2018). "Fièvre jaune" (in French). Retrieved 27 August 2019.
  4. ^ "Yellow Fever". Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC). African Union. Retrieved 23 August 2021. African countries that requires Yellow Fever vaccination certificate: Countries that requires (sic) vaccination for travellers from countries with risk of yellow fever transmission or transit for 12 hours in those countries: Algeria, Botswana, Cabo Verde, Chad, Djibouti, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Lesotho, Libya, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Seychelles, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tunisia, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe.
  5. ^ 국가 목록 - 황열 예방접종 요구 사항 및 권장 사항, 말라리아 상황 및 기타 예방접종 요구 사항
  6. ^ Strong, Matthew (17 August 2021). "Palau limits travel bubble with Taiwan to already vaccinated or registered vaccine tourists". Taiwan News. Retrieved 18 August 2021. Only travellers already vaccinated and those registered to receive COVID-19 shots in Palau will be allowed to take part in the travel bubble with Taiwan, the Pacific island nation announced Tuesday (Aug. 17).
  7. ^ Ian, Sample (1 April 2021). "Pfizer vaccine has 91% efficacy for up to six months, trial shows". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 April 2021. He said scientists had become “terribly worried” about the variant’s ability to evade immunity from previous infection or vaccination. “Studies like this confirm our sense that the vaccine gives such massive protective headroom that even with some loss of immunity, you’re still safe,” he said.
  8. ^ 바레인 정부 웹사이트
  9. ^ "PASSPORTS AND VISA GoIsrael - the Official Website of Tourism to Israel".
  10. ^ "Government Of Peru Requires Six-Month Validity On Passports To Enter Peru". Traveling & Living in Peru. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
  11. ^ "Bureau of Immigration of the Republic of the Philippines". Retrieved 17 March 2021.
  12. ^ 티마틱
  13. ^ "Maldives Reduces Passport Validity Requirement of Minimum 6 Months to Just 1 Month". Corporate Maldives. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  14. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". Embassy of Japan in New Zealand. Retrieved 17 March 2021. 15. How long does my passport need to be valid in order to enter Japan? Japan does not have any regulations relating to passport validity, so long as your passport will be valid until after you leave Japan.
  15. ^ "Entering the UK". Gov.UK. Retrieved 17 March 2021. You’re not from an EEA country: you must have a valid passport to enter the UK. It should be valid for the whole of your stay.
  16. ^ "Foreign Affairs Manual, 9 FAM 403.9-3(B)(2) f". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
  17. ^ "How long should my passport be valid when traveling to the United States?" (PDF). U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
  18. ^ "Countries whose citizens are allowed to enter Turkey with their expired passports". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Republic of Turkey. Archived from the original on 8 October 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2018. Countries whose citizens are allowed to enter Turkey with their expired passports: 1. Germany – Passports expired within the last year / ID’s expired within the last year, 2. Belgium - Passports expired within the last 5 years, 3. France - Passports expired within the last 5 years, 4. Spain - Passports expired within the last 5 years, 5. Switzerland - Passports expired within the last 5 years, 6. Luxemburg - Passports expired within the last 5 years, 7. Portugal - Passports expired within the last 5 years, 8. Bulgaria – Valid ordinary passport
  19. ^ 캐나다 정부 - 범죄 유죄 판결 극복
  20. ^ Mar 18, INDIATIMES NEWS NETWORK /; 2005; Ist, 12:31. "No entry for Modi into US: visa denied India News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 29 September 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: 숫자 이름: 작성자 목록(링크)
  21. ^ "Travel Report - Kuwait". Voyage.gc.ca. 16 November 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  22. ^ 레바논 여행 안내 - 웨이백 머신2008-12-24, 웨이백 머신에 2009-03-27 보관레바논 관광부
  23. ^ "Travel Advice for Libya - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade". Smartraveller.gov.au. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  24. ^ 시리아 여행 자문 - 호주 외교통상부웨이백머신시리아 관광부2008-12-19년 보관
  25. ^ "Travel Advice for Yemen - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade". Smartraveller.gov.au. Archived from the original on 20 August 2011. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  26. ^ "2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Azerbaijan". U.S. Department of State. Office of the Inspector General. 30 March 2021. Retrieved 2 May 2021. Significant human rights issues included: unlawful or arbitrary killing; torture; arbitrary detention; harsh and sometimes life-threatening prison conditions; political prisoners; arbitrary interference with privacy; politically motivated reprisal against individuals outside the country; pervasive problems with the independence of the judiciary; heavy restrictions on free expression, the press, and the internet, including violence against journalists, the criminalization of libel and slander, harassment and incarceration of journalists on questionable charges, and blocking of websites; substantial interference with the rights of peaceful assembly and freedom of association; restrictions on freedom of movement; severe restrictions on political participation; systemic government corruption; police brutality against individuals based on sexual orientation; and existence of the worst forms of child labour. Significant human rights issues connected with the Nagorno-Karabakh armed conflict included unlawful killings, civilian casualties, and inhuman treatment. The government did not prosecute or punish the majority of officials who committed human rights abuses; impunity remained a problem.
  27. ^ "ECRI REPORT ON AZERBAIJAN (fifth monitoring cycle)" (PDF). European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI). Council of Europe. Retrieved 3 May 2021. there is a conflict-ridden domestic political discourse and Azerbaijan’s leadership, education system and media are very prolific in their denigration of Armenians. Political opponents are accused of having Armenian roots or of receiving funds from Armenian sources. An entire generation of Azerbaijanis has now grown up listening to constant rhetoric of Armenian aggression. According to a 2012 survey, 91% perceived Armenia as Azerbaijan’s greatest enemy. As a result, the Armenians living in the country need to hide their ethnic affiliation and there is no organisation of the Armenian minority in the country with which ECRI’s delegation could have met. The human rights activists Leyla and Arif Yunus, who worked inter alia towards reconciliation with Armenia, have been arrested and sentenced under controversial accusations to heavy prison terms.
  28. ^ The Caucasus: Frozen Conflicts and Closed Borders: Hearing Before The Committee On Foreign Affairs House Of Representatives One Hundred Tenth Congress Second Session (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 February 2010. Retrieved 3 May 2021. Our goal is the complete elimination of Armenians. You, Nazis, already eliminated the Jews in the 1930s and 40s, right? You should be able to understand us.
  29. ^ Kucera, Joshua (5 July 2017). "Russia Complains To Azerbaijan About Discrimination Against Armenians". Eurasianet, an independent news organization. Retrieved 2 May 2021. Russia has formally complained to Azerbaijan about "ethnic discrimination" against Russian citizens of Armenian origin, saying that 25 Russians so far this year have been denied entry to Azerbaijan because they had Armenian names. #"Russian citizens arriving in Azerbaijan are truly discriminated against on ethnic grounds," the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs said in a statement on July 5. "We demand the cessation of this outrageous practice, inconsistent with the friendly relations between our two countries." Azerbaijan has long denied entry to citizens of all countries, not just Russians, whose names end in the standard Armenian surname suffixes -ian or -yan.
  30. ^ "Citing ethnicity, Azerbaijan bars photojournalist". Committee to Protect Journalists. Retrieved 2 May 2021. Diana Markosian, a freelance photographer for Bloomberg Markets magazine was denied entry to Azerbaijan last week by authorities who cited her ethnicity as a reason, international news reports said. On June 27, border guards at the Heydar Aliyev International Airport in Baku detained Markosian on arrival from the Latvian capital, Riga, then expelled her the next day, according to press reports and CPJ interviews. Markosian told CPJ that the border guards took her passport, saying that she had an Armenian last name and that they "needed to clarify something." Then they put her in the airport's transit zone where she spent 16 hours until she was put on a flight to Tbilisi, Georgia. Markosian holds both U.S. and Russian citizenship, she told CPJ. A government spokesman told the Baku-based news agency APA that Markosian was deported because authorities would be unable to provide her with "security" since she is an ethnic Armenian.
  31. ^ a b "Azerbaijan Country Page of the NCSJ (advocates on behalf of Jews in Russia, Ukraine, the Baltic States & Eurasia) accessed 23 May 2010". Archived from the original on 8 March 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2010.
  32. ^ "Warning for the foreign nationals wishing to travel to the occupied territories of the Republic of Azerbaijan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
  33. ^ "List of foreign citizens illegally visited occupied territories of the Republic of Azerbaijan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Archived from the original on 10 July 2017. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
  34. ^ Calder, Simon (24 April 2017). "Airline lobbying for a relaxation of draconian rules for London-Auckland travellers". The Independent. Retrieved 7 July 2018. Travellers heading west from the UK to New Zealand may soon be able to avoid the onerous requirement to clear US border control during the refuelling stop at Los Angeles airport (LAX). Unlike almost every other country in the world, the US insists on a full immigration check even for passengers who simply intend to re-board their plane to continue onwards to a foreign destination. Air New Zealand, which flies daily from Heathrow via Los Angeles to Auckland, says there are currently “strict requirements for travellers” in transit at LAX. Through passengers to Auckland on flight NZ1 or Heathrow on NZ2 must apply in advance for an ESTA (online visa) even though they have no intention of staying in the US. They also have to undergo screening by the Transportation Security Administration.
  35. ^ "How to enter Afghanistan. The Entry Requirements for Afghanistan - CountryReports". Countryreports.org.
  36. ^ Nordland, Rod (19 November 2011). "In Afghanistan, Big Plans to Gather Biometric Data". The New York Times.
  37. ^ "Argentina strengthens migratory control". Archived from the original on 2 December 2013.
  38. ^ "Cambodia Foreign Entry Requirements". Us-passport-information.com.
  39. ^ "China to Start Fingerprinting Foreign Visitors". Air Canada. 31 January 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2018. Effective April 27, 2018, border control authorities at all of China’s ports of entry, including its airports, will start collecting the fingerprints of all foreign visitors aged between 14 and 70. Diplomatic passport holders and beneficiaries of reciprocal agreements are exempted..
  40. ^ "Äthiopien: Reise- und Sicherheitshinweise". Auswaertiges-amt.de.
  41. ^ [1]
  42. ^ "Japan fingerprints foreigners as anti-terror move". Reuters. 20 November 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
  43. ^ "Anger as Japan moves to fingerprint foreigners - World". Theage.com.au. 26 October 2007.
  44. ^ "Immigration & Visas FAQs". Kenya Airports Authority. Retrieved 6 May 2019. Will visitors still have their digital photo and fingerprints taken at the immigration desk on arrival? Yes, the need to have photos and fingerprints taken upon arrival is to authenticate that the person who applied for the Visa is the same person at the port of entry
  45. ^ "Malaysia". CountryReports. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
  46. ^ "Saudi Arabia mandates fingerprints and biometrics for foreigners - SecureIDNews". secureidnews.com. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
  47. ^ F_161. "S Korea to scan fingerprints of suspicious foreign visitors - People's Daily Online". peopledaily.com.cn. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
  48. ^ "National News Bureau of Thailand".
  49. ^ AfricaNews (14 January 2019). "Gemalto awarded Uganda's new e-Immigration solution with fast-track border crossing eKiosks at Entebbe Airport". Africanews. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
  50. ^ Brown, Theresa Cardinal (9 May 2016). "Biometric Entry-Exit Update: CBP Developing Land Border Process". Bipartisan Policy Center. Retrieved 25 April 2019. While a requirement for a biometric entry-exit system has been in law for over a decade, it is not yet a reality. Many reasons for the long gestating development have been documented in BPC’s 2014 report Entry-Exit System: Progress, Challenges, and Outlook, including the technological, operational, and cost challenges of creating exit systems and infrastructure where none exist today. However, many critics, especially in Congress, simply accused the Department of Homeland security of dragging its feet... the major operational, logistical, and technical challenge in implementing exit capability at our ports has been the land borders. Unlike airports and seaports, the land border environment is not physically controlled, there is no means to get advance information on who is arriving, and the sheer volume of travel—both vehicular and pedestrian—creates challenges in any system to not further exacerbate delays. While biometric exit for land vehicular traffic is still in the “what if” stage, CBP is moving ahead and piloting systems and technology to use with the large population of pedestrian crossers at the U.S.-Mexico border.
  51. ^ Lipton, Eric (21 May 2013). "U.S. Quietly Monitors Foreigners' Departures at the Canadian Border". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 April 2019. Long demanded by lawmakers in Congress, it is considered a critical step to developing a coherent program to curb illegal immigration, as historically about 30 percent to 40 percent of illegal immigrants in the United States arrived on tourist visas or other legal means and then never left, according to estimates by Homeland Security officials.
  52. ^ LIPTON, Eric (15 December 2006). "Administration to Drop Effort to Track if Visitors Leave". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 April 2019. Efforts to determine whether visitors actually leave have faltered. Departure monitoring would help officials hunt for foreigners who have not left, if necessary. Domestic security officials say, however, it would be too expensive to conduct fingerprint or facial recognition scans for land departures.
  53. ^ Campoy, Ana. "The US wants to scan the faces of all air passengers leaving the country". Quartz. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
  54. ^ "ICAO Document 9303: Machine Readable Travel Documents, Part 9: Deployment of Biometric Identification and Electronic Storage of Data in MRTDs, 7th edition" (PDF). 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  55. ^ "Iris Scan Implemented at Doha International Airport". Archived from the original on 8 January 2012.
  56. ^ "Iris Scanner Could Replace Emirates ID In UAE". SimplyDXB. 11 June 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2018. The breach of privacy is probably the biggest threat to the biometric technique of iris recognition. Secondly, a device error can false reject or false accept the identity which can also have some heinous consequences. Lastly, the method isn’t the most cost-effective one. It is complex and therefore expensive. Furthermore, the maintenance of devices and data can also be relatively burdensome. However, thanks to the oil money and spending ability of Dubai, they are economically equipped to effectively embrace this system.
  57. ^ Roberts, Jeff John (12 September 2016). "Homeland Security Plans to Expand Fingerprint and Eye Scanning at Borders". Fortune. Fortune Media IP Limited. Retrieved 24 April 2019. Unlike with documents, it’s very hard for a traveler to present a forged copy of a fingerprint or iris. That’s why the U.S. Department of Homeland Security plans to vastly expand the amount of biometric data it collects at the borders. According to Passcode, a new program will ramp up a process to scan fingers and eyes in order to stop people entering and exiting the country on someone else’s passport.
  58. ^ "Singapore tests eye scans at immigration checkpoints". Reuters. 6 August 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2019. Singapore has started scanning travellers’ eyes at some of its border checkpoints, its immigration authority said on Monday, in a trial of expensive technology that could one day replace fingerprint verification.
  59. ^ Lee, Vivien (6 August 2018). "5 Reasons We Prefer Iris Scans To Fingerprint Checks At Our Borders In Singapore". Retrieved 24 April 2019. The iris technology could potentially scan irises covertly, as opposed to the scanning of thumbprints which necessitates active participation.