에드워드 하그레이브스
Edward Hargraves에드워드 해먼드 하그레이브스 | |
---|---|
태어난 | 고스포트, 햄프셔, 잉글랜드 | 1816년 10월 7일
죽은 | 1891년 10월 29일 시드니, 오스트레일리아 | (75세)
직종. | 크라운 랜드스 국장 |
유명함 | 오스트레일리아 골드러시 |
에드워드 해먼드 하그레이브(Edward Hammond Hargraves, 1816년 10월 7일 ~ 1891년 10월 29일)는 1851년 호주에서 금을 발견했다고 주장한 금 탐사가였습니다.쟁점이 다투어졌습니다.[1]
젊은 시절
에드워드 해먼드 하그레이브스는 1816년 10월 7일 영국 햄프셔주 고스포트에서 엘리자베스(혼전 성씨 휘트컴)와 존 에드워드 하그레이브스의 아들로 태어났습니다.그는 브라이튼과 루이스에서 교육을 받았지만, 바다로 가기 위해 14살에 학교를 떠났습니다.그는 1832년 시드니에 도착했습니다.[2]
뉴사우스웨일스 식민지에 도착한 후, 하그레이브는 배서스트에서 잠시 일하다가 북쪽으로 토레스 해협으로 가서 베체드메르와 거북이조개 산업에서 일했습니다.1834년, 그는 울롱공 근처의 100에이커 (40헥타르)의 땅을 차지했습니다.그는 1836년에 시드니에서 엘리자베스 맥케이와 결혼했고, 1839년에 그들은 이스트 고스포드로 이사했습니다.하그레이브스는 제너럴 스팀 네비게이션 컴퍼니의 에이전트였으며 폭스 언더 더 힐 호텔을 설립하기도 했습니다.1843년, 그는 호텔을 돌보기 위해 아내를 남겨두고 매닝 강에 또 다른 재산을 소유했습니다.[2]
1849년 7월, 하그레이브는 캘리포니아 골드 러시에 참가하기 위해 미국으로 떠났습니다.그는 성공적이지 못했지만 1851년 1월 탐사 기술에 대한 지식과 더 가까운 곳에서 금을 발견할 수 있다는 희망을 가지고 호주로 돌아왔습니다.[2]
위대한 금 발견
1851년 2월 12일, 존 리스터, 윌리엄 톰, 제임스 톰은 에드워드 하그레이브와 함께 호주 뉴사우스웨일스의 루이스 폰즈 크릭에서 다섯 개의 금괴를 발견했습니다.수색을 계속하기 위해 다른 사람들의 도움을 요청한 하그레이브는 3월에 식민지 장관을 인터뷰하기 위해 시드니로 돌아왔고, 배서스트에 있는 그의 친구들의 격려로 시드니 모닝 헤럴드에 풍부한 들판을 묘사하는 편지를 썼습니다.하그레이브스는 이 발견을 공개할 때 리스터나 톰 형제에 대해 언급하지 않았고 따라서 유일한 금 발견자로 인정받았습니다.자신에게 1만 파운드를 요구한 후 그의 팀을 분노에 휩싸이게 했습니다.[2]
하그레이브는 1855년에 출판된 금 발견에 대한 특별한 설명과 함께 초기 시대부터 현재까지의 호주 식민지에 대한 역사적 스케치인 호주와 그 금밭이라는 제목의 책을 썼습니다.[3]
하그레이브의 주장에 이의를 제기하는 사람들은
- 제임스 맥브라이언 (1823년 금 발견)[4]
- Paweł Strzellecki (1839년 금 발견)
- 윌리엄 브랜화이트 클라크 목사 (1841년 금 발견)[6]
후유증과 후생
하그레이브는 뉴사우스웨일스 정부로부터 그의 발견에 대한 보상을 받았습니다 – 그는 10,000 파운드를 받고 크라운 랜드 위원으로 임명되었습니다.빅토리아 정부는 그에게 5천 파운드를 지불했습니다.존 리스터가 항의한 후 자금이 동결되기 전까지 그는 겨우 2,381파운드를 청구했습니다.1853년 하그레이브스가 금광을 발견한 최초의 인물임을 확인하는 조사가 열렸습니다.뉴사우스웨일스주 오피어에 위치한 이 금밭은 오피어를 기리기 위해 이름 붙여졌습니다.[2]
1856년 - 하그레이브 하우스 건축
1856년, 하그레이브는 뉴사우스웨일스 주 중부 해안에 위치한 예산워이에 640에이커 (260ha)의 착륙장을 구입했습니다.그는 계속해서 노라빌에 "노라빌"(Hargraves House라고도 불림)을 지었습니다.울롬비 원주민 부족원들이 이 건물에서 작업한 것으로 알려져 있습니다.일부 자료에 따르면 하그레이브가 원주민 부족원들과 "친교"를 맺었다고 합니다.1877년, 하그레이브는 뉴사우스웨일스 정부로부터 매년 250파운드의 연금을 받았고, 죽을 때까지 그 연금을 받았습니다.
1890년 - 존 리스터와 제임스 톰의 변호
1891년 10월 29일 시드니에서 하그레이브가 죽기 1년 전, 두번째 조사에서 존 리스터와 제임스 톰이 최초의 금광을 발견했다는 것이 밝혀졌습니다.[17][13]리스터는 오피르에서 20킬로미터(12마일) 이내에 있는 밀소프와 톰 앳 빙의 묘지에 묻혀 있습니다.
참고 항목
참고문헌
메모들
- ^ Hunt David. Defining Moments: Gold rush. National Museum of Australia. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
- ^ a b c d e Mitchell, Bruce (1972). "Hargraves, Edward Hammond (1816–1891)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 4.
- ^ a b Hargraves Edward (1855). "Australia and its Goldfields: a historical sketch of the Australian colonies from the earliest times to the present day with a particular account of the recent gold discoveries". p. 118. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
my two former guides, Lister and James Tom had returned home bringing with them some fine gold from the Turon which from its character held out the prospects of an abundantly rich field.
- ^ Evans Joe (January 1988). "The first reported gold discovery". Gold Gem and Treasure. Archived from the original on 23 March 2008. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
- ^ Scott Earnest (3 October 2012). "Strzelecki, who first found gold in the continent". Institute of Australian Culture. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
In a debate in the Legislative Council of New South Wales in 1853, on a proposal to award a gratuity to Edward Hargreaves on account of his discovery of gold at Bathurst, James Macarthur said that to his knowledge Strzelecki in 1839 had exhibited specimens of gold to different gentlemen in Sydney, and "repeatedly told me in private conversation that an extensive goldfield existed in the Bathurst district."
- ^ "Gold rushes". Australian National Museum. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
In 1841 Reverend William Branwhite Clarke, one of the earliest geologists in the colony, came across particles of gold near Hartley in the Blue Mountains. In 1844 he mentioned it to Governor Gipps who reportedly said: 'Put it away Mr Clarke or we shall all have our throats cut'.
- ^ Silver Lynette (26 December 2011). "A Fool's Gold? - William Tipple Smith's challenge to the Hargraves myth". Retrieved 3 June 2023.
In 1847, mineralogist William Tipple Smith ventured into the rugged hill country near Bathurst, New South Wales and discovered payable gold. After additional successful exploration, he informed the government of his discovery. The apathy, lies and cover-up which followed form the basis of an intriguing tale of mismanagement, buck-passing and official ineptitude. Smith's discovery resulted for him, not in fame and fortune, but in defamation, ruin and untimely death. The government and Edward Hammond Hargraves, were so effective in the systematic destruction of Smith that the true story has remained untold for almost one hundred and forty years. Persistent detective work by the author, whose belief that an innocent man was the tragic victim of political expediency, enabled her too succeed where others have failed, resulting in a totally new interpretation of a fascinating aspect of Australian history. The story of William Tipple Smith is the story of one man's fight for justice and recognition long overdue. The large number of illustrations and a comprehensive document appendix make A Fool's Gold? a valuable reference work on the history of early gold discoveries in New South Wales.
- ^ Power Julie (3 September 2022). "History stands corrected: Smith, not Hargraves, first to discover gold in NSW". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
An anonymous grave, previously known only as number 4929, section four, Rookwood Cemetery, was marked for the first time. It now reads: "William Tipple Smith, 1803-1852, Mineralogist, discoverer of Australia's first payable gold and co-founder of Australia's iron and steel industry."
- ^ Watson Janine. "Rudder, Enoch William". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
In 1827 he invented a gold washing machine - in search of gold he travelled to California - It was there that Enoch met Edward Hargraves and they travelled huge distances visiting gold fields across the country and they noticed how similar the geological formations in the gold-bearing part of California were to those of NSW. So it was in 1851 when Edward Hargraves was credited with the discovery of gold in NSW Enoch was deeply hurt as he believed he should have received recognition for the part he played.
- ^ Rudder Enoch (1861). "Incidents connected with the discovery pf gold in NSW". Fredrick White Printers. p. vi. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
(Rudder wrote), had Mr Hargreaves generously admitted the assistance he received from others, and endeavoured to promote their interests, or acted towards them with a sense of justice he would have been spared much vexation and enjoyed unrivaled approbation and gratitude of his country. Forgetful of these principles, he has made enemies when he might have secured lasting friends.
- ^ Mcqueen Kenneth George (October 2021). "Early theories and practicalities on gold occurrence in Australia". ResearchGate. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
P 418 Friend of EHH in California P 427 Metallurgist for EHH
- ^ Aplin Dr Graeme (10 April 2013). "History and Exploration - Gold Rush". Macquarie University. Archived from the original on 10 April 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
The first widely known and officially acknowledged gold find was made by John Lister and William Tom at Ophir in April 1851. Edward Hargraves, who had instigated the search and trained the prospectors, returned to Ophir to inspect the find of 120 grams of gold. Hargraves, who excelled as a publicist, practically forced the Government into officially recognising 'his' find and thus ensured his own fame and fortune.
- ^ a b Mitchell Bruce (2006). "Hargraves, Edward Hammond (1816–1891)". Australian Dictionary of Biography.
From 1870 Lister and Tom brothers bombarded parliament with petitions and campaigned in pamphlets and press. Their persistence was rewarded in 1890 when a Legislative Assembly select committee found that although Hargraves had taught the others how to use the dish and cradle, 'Messrs Tom and Lister were undoubtedly the first discoverers of gold obtained in Australia in payable quantity', but the legend of Hargraves, 'the discoverer of gold' persists.
- ^ "The Gold Rush". 5 January 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
In 1891 a Committee recognised these men (Lister and James Tom) and not Hargraves as the first people to discover payable gold in Australia.
- ^ "Ophir". Sydney Morning Herald. 20 June 2008. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
Hargraves was recognised by the NSW government as 'the first discoverer of gold in Australia'. This is patently false. Many had done so before him. The Ophir find was the first PAYABLE gold strike but that must be credited to Lister and the Tom brothers.
- ^ Long Gavin (2006). "Tom, William (1791–1883)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
There in 1851 came Edward Hargraves who explained to the Toms how to make a cradle; after he left William Tom built a cradle and with his brothers James and Henry worked along the creek, eventually washing sixteen grains of gold in one day. Soon afterwards William Tom and J. H. A. Lister found nuggets totalling four ounces and wrote to Hargraves who hastened back to the field, which was named Ophir. The gold rush followed.
- ^ Rule John. "The Cradle of a Nation". Retrieved 4 June 2023.
On December 17th 1890, the following verdict was handed down: Although Mr Hargraves is entitled to credit for teaching the Tom brothers and Lister how to use a dish and cradle and the proper methods of searching for gold; the Petitioners were undoubtedly the first discoverers of payable gold in Australia.
서지학
- 에반스, 조 1988 골드 젬 앤 트레져
- Hodge, Brian. "Hargraves, Edward Hammond (1816–1891)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/12314. (구독 또는 영국 공공도서관 회원 자격 필요)
- Mennell, Philip (1892). . The Dictionary of Australasian Biography. London: Hutchinson & Co – via Wikisource.
- Mitchell, Bruce (1972). "Hargraves, Edward(1816–1891)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISSN 1833-7538. Retrieved 15 March 2008.
- Serle, Percival. "Hargraves, Sir Edward Hammond (1816–1891)". Dictionary of Australian Biography. Project Gutenberg Australia. Retrieved 15 February 2007.
- Seccombe, Thomas (1901). Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography (1st supplement). London: Smith, Elder & Co. . In
외부 링크
- Maitland Mercury, 1851년 5월 7일 하그레이브의 주장을 반박함
- Simpson Davison (1860), The discovery and geognosy of gold deposits in Australia: With comparisons and accounts of the gold regions in California, Russia, India, Brazil, &c., Longman, Green, Longman and Roberts