Black Feminist Thought

Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness and the Politics of Empowerment
Black Feminist Thought (Collins book).jpg
AuthorPatricia Hill Collins
LanguageEnglish
Subject
PublisherHyman
Publication date
1990
Pages384
ISBN978-0-04-445137-2

Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness and the Politics of Empowerment is a 1990 book by Patricia Hill Collins.

Defining Black Feminist Thought

Black feminist thought is a field of knowledge that is focused on the perspectives and experiences of Black women. There are several arguments in support of this definition. First, Berger and Luckmann (1966) and Mannheim (1936) similarly argue that the definition implies that the overall content of the thought and the historical and factual circumstances of Black women are inseparable. Proposition is that other groups in the field act as merely transcribers, whereas Black women are the actual authors. Second, the definition assumes that Black women possess a unique standpoint on, or perspective of, their experiences and that there will be certain commonalities of perception shared by Black women as a group. Third, while living life as Black women may produce certain commonalities of outlook, the diversity of class, region, age, and sexual orientation shaping individual Black women's lives has resulted in different expressions of these common themes. Thus, universal themes included in the Black women's standpoint may be experienced and expressed differently by distinct groups of Afro-American women. Finally, the definition assumes that, while a Black women's standpoint exists, its contours may not be clear to Black women themselves. Therefore, one role for Black female intellectuals is to produce facts and theories about the Black female experience that will clarify a Black woman's standpoint for Black women. In other words, Black feminist thought contains observations and interpretations about Afro-American womanhood that describe and explain different expressions of common themes.

Black women's insistence on self-definition, self-valuation, and the necessity for a Black female-centered analysis is significant for two reasons. First, defining and valuing one's consciousness of one's own self-defined standpoint in the face of images that foster a self-definition as the objectified "other" is an important way of resisting the dehumanization essential to systems of domination. The status of being the "other" implies being "other than" or different from the assumed norm of white male behavior. In this model, powerful white males define themselves as subjects, the true actors, and classify people of color and white women in terms of their position vis-a-vis this white male hub. Since Black women have been denied the authority to challenge these definitions, this model consists of images that define Black women as a negative other, the virtual antithesis of positive white male images. Moreover, as Britain and Maynard (1984:199) point out, "domination always involves the objectification of the dominated; all forms of oppression imply the devaluation of the subjectivity of the oppressed."[1]

Book description

In spite of the double burden of racial and gender discrimination, African-American women have developed a rich intellectual tradition that is not widely known. In Black Feminist Thought, originally published in 1990, Patricia Hill Collins set out to explore the words and ideas of Black feminist intellectuals and writers, both within the academy and without. Here Collins provides an interpretive framework for the work of such prominent Black feminist thinkers as Angela Davis, bell hooks, Alice Walker, and Audre Lorde. Drawing from fiction, poetry, music, and oral history, the result is a book that provided the first synthetic overview of Black feminist thought and its canon.[2]

Key concepts

Outsider-within

Patricia Hill Collins coins the term outsider-within in a former essay[1] and redefines the term in her book to describe the experience of black women. In the book, she historically situates the term to describe the social location of black women in domestic work pre-World War II. While the domestic work gave black women an opportunity "to see White elites, both actual and aspiring, from perspectives largely obscured from Black men and from these groups themselves," they were still economically exploited by their white employers. Collins asserts that black women cannot fully be a member of feminist thought nor black social thought because the former assumes whiteness while the latter assumes maleness. The makeup of their identity and consequently their experiences as black women maintain their position as outsiders within spaces of oppression.[3] However, as Collins notes, the black woman's position as an outsider-within provides her with a unique perspective on social, political, intellectual, and economic realities. Therefore, although black women are marginalized they can bring a more nuanced outlook to feminist and social thought.[3]

지적 활동주의

콜린스는 지적 행동주의를 흑인 페미니스트 사상을 발전시키는 핵심 과정으로 꼽는다. 그녀는 "흑인 페미니스트의 지적 전통"을 지적 활동주의의 가장 중요한 축 중 하나로 재확보하는 것을 분명히 하고 있다.[4] 흑인 여성의 지적 작업은 오랫동안 억압되어 왔기 때문에, 이러한 작품들을 회수하고 집중하는 것은 과거 흑인 여성들의 지적 전통을 보존할 뿐만 아니라 흑인 페미니스트 사상에 대한 지속적인 기여를 장려한다.[5] 콜린스는 또 "침묵된 미국 흑인 여성들의 더 큰 집단성 내에서 하위집단의 생각을 발견하고 재해석하고 분석하는 것"에서 우리가 흑인 레즈비언처럼 특히 소외된 흑인 여성 그룹에도 동등한 관심을 기울여야 한다는 의미도 있다고 지적했다.[5] 콜린스는 과거와 현재의 지적 전통의 관계를 설명하면서, 이전에 침묵했던 흑인 여성들의 지적 전통을 해석하기 위해 인종, 계급, 성별과 같은 오늘날 흑인 페미니스트들의 이론적 틀을 사용할 것을 제안한다.[6] 콜린스의 초점은 흑인 여성학계를 넘어선다. 그녀는 모든 형태의 작품이 "지적"의 정의를 의심하고 시, 음악 등이 사회적 사고의 유효한 형태로 간주되도록 하는 흑인 여성의 사회사상으로 간주된다고 주장한다.

지적 활동주의의 균형

학원 내 흑인 여성들의 작품은 배제의 이중적 의미에 직면해 있다. 흑인 페미니스트 사상의 작품을 배제하거나 흑인 여성 학자들로부터 그들 자신의 작품을 배제하는 것은 모두 아카데미 내의 가시성과 수용을 위해서입니다. 백인 남성 관점을 중심으로 구축된 학문적 프레임워크를 통해 흑인 페미니스트 사상을 합법적으로 인정받는 작업은 다양한 지식의 틀, 특히 포시티비스트에 대항하여 나열된다. 포시티비스트의 방법론은 윗사람과의 적대적 대립과 함께 자신의 자아와 감정을 일에서 멀어지게 하는 요건으로 흑인 여성학자들로부터 자신을 배제하도록 요구할 것이다. 개인과 직업의 암묵적인 분리는 공동체, 가족, 종교의 다양한 영역을 포함하는 블랙 커뮤니티 내의 고유한 가치 체계와 배치된다. 이러한 생각들의 중첩에는 또한 학자들이 페미니스트로 보는 관점도 포함되어 있는데, 흑인 여성들은 인종 공동체 및 성 정체성으로부터 끌어낸 경험을 가지고 있으며, 그들의 지적 경험은 차이를 통해서도 여전히 유사성을 보여준다.[7]

Matrix of domination

The matrix of domination refers to how intersections of oppression are structurally organized. It explains the way "structural, disciplinary, hegemonic, and interpersonal domains of power reappear across quite different forms of oppression".[8] The matrix of domination is made up of varying combinations of intersecting oppression such as race, gender, socioeconomic status, age, and sexuality. Collins' matrix of domination works in four different domains: the structural domain, the disciplinary domain, the hegemonic domain, and the interpersonal domain. The structural domain functions to organize power and oppression, the disciplinary manages oppression in attempts to sustain it, the hegemonic functions to legitimize oppression, and the interpersonal domain controls the interactions and consciousness of individuals.[9] Although all black women are within the matrix of domination, the differences in the intersections of oppression make the experiences and the perspectives of black women differ.

Controlling images

Collins' discussion of controlling images focuses on the negative stereotypical representations and images of black women. These representations continue to oppress black women as they continue to perpetuate the dominant subject's definition of the object i.e. the black woman. The images' pervasive nature aid in sustaining intersecting oppression because they "[reflect] the dominant group's interest in maintaining Black women's subordination.[10][11] These images are used to make black women's oppression seem natural and normal. Collins' critique on controlling images includes an analysis of the mammy, the welfare mother, and the jezebel. She explains that the images constitute different oppressions simultaneous: the mammy works to make the defeminized black women and all oppressive factors against her seem natural, the welfare mother works to make the economically unfit black women and all oppressive factors against her seem natural, and the jezebel works to make the hypersexual black women and all oppressive factors against her seem natural.[10]

Power of Images on Black girls

For young Black girls, the manipulation of images is also an influence. From a 2016 study by University of Pennsylvania associate professor, Charlotte E. Jacobs, utilizing Black Feminist Thought as an educational work for Black girls in media depictions. Coupled with the inherent knowledge and experiences of Black girls, Jacobs explained how it is able to provide an "opportunity to develop critical media literacy skills."[12] Knowing this frameworks aids in their own viewpoints and stances to media representations in understanding and deciphering the images and meaning behind such imagery. Moving beyond the surface images and using this framework as a means of combatting against the prevalent, normalized view of characters and ideals within the media that are shown as representations of and for young Black girls.

Self-definition

Self-definition is "the power to name one's own reality"[13] Collins articulates black women's resistance against controlling images as an important step for practicing self-definition. The rejection of the dominant group's definition of black women and black women's imposition of their own self-definition indicates a "collective Black women's consciousness".[14] The expression of the black women's consciousness and standpoint is an integral part of developing Black feminist thought.[15] Collins notes the importance of safe spaces for black women, where self-definition is not clouded by further objectification or silencing.[16] Affirmation is also an important part of Collins' call for self-definition, which can take place in the individual friendships and familial relationships of black women. Collins describes the process of self-definition as a "journey form internalized oppression to the 'free mind'"[17] in order to emphasize its significance in the formation of the collective consciousness of black women.

Reception

Media reception

With the success of Black Feminist Thought, Collins gained more recognition as a "social theorist, drawing from many intellectual traditions." Collins' work has now been published and used in many different fields including philosophy, history, psychology and sociology.

신시내티 대학은 1996년 콜린스를 찰스 펠프스 태프트 사회학과 교수로 임명하여 역사상 최초의 흑인 여성이자 두 번째 여성이 되었다. 2005년 봄에 명예직을 받았고, 메릴랜드 대학교 칼리지 파크에서 사회학 교수가 되었다. 메릴랜드 대학은 2006년 콜린스를 저명한 대학 교수로 임명했다."

흑인 페미니스트 사상은 다양한 대학 아프리카계 미국인과 여성학 과정에 사용된다.

문학적 의의와 평론

미국 흑인 여성들은 억압된 집단을 구성하기 때문에 흑인 페미니즘은 여전히 중요하다. 미국 흑인 여성들은 집단성으로서 흑인 여성들의 억압과 행동주의를 연계한 변증법적 관계에 참여한다. 이런 종류의 변증법적 관계는 두 정당이 반대와 반대라는 것을 의미한다. 인종, 계급, 성별, 성별, 그리고 국가의 교차되는 억압 안에서 흑인 여성의 종속성이 지속되는 한, 그 억압에 대한 행동주의자로서의 흑인 페미니즘은 여전히 필요할 것이다.[18]

편집 리뷰

그는 "블랙 페미니스트 사상이 출간되면서 흑인 페미니즘은 새로운 단계로 넘어갔다. 그녀의 작품은 이러한 경험의 복잡성에 대한 엄격한 주의와 다양한 반응에 대한 탐구를 요구하는 흑인 여성의 생활, 경험, 사상에 대한 논의의 기준이 된다."

흑인 페미니스트 사상은 흑인 여성의 상황과 성별, 인종, 계급 불평등을 줄이고 제거하려는 전반적인 투쟁에서 그들의 위치를 관점에 두는 데 결정적인 지식의 한 부분을 종합하여 제공한다. 이 책은 흑인 여성, 특히 억압에 반대하는 의식을 반영하는 여성 사상에 대한 분석을 제공한다.[19]

수상

블랙 페미니스트 사상은 1993년 미국사회학협회(ASA)의 제시 버나드 상을, C는 C상을 받았다. 1990년 사회문제연구회 라이트 밀스상. 미국사회학회에 따르면 제시 버나드 상은 사회학의 지평을 넓혀 사회에서의 여성의 역할을 충분히 포괄한 학문적 업적을 인정받아 수여하는 상이다. 그 기여는 경험적 연구, 이론 또는 방법론에 있을 수 있다. 전문직 경력 전반에 걸쳐 수행된 상당한 누적 작업에 대해 제시된다."

사회문제연구회는 "연간 C를 수여한다. 위원회가 C의 전통에서 쓴 책 중 가장 뛰어난 책이라고 여기는 것의 저자에게 라이트 밀스 상이 수여된다. 라이트 밀스와 개인과 사회에 대한 정교한 이해를 찾기 위한 그의 헌신은."

참조

  1. ^ a b Collins, Patricia Hill (December 1986). "Learning from the outsider within: the sociological significance of black feminist thought". Social Problems. 33 (6): s14–s32. doi:10.2307/800672. JSTOR 800672.
  2. ^ 힐, 콜린스 패트리샤 흑인 페미니스트 사상: 지식, 의식, 그리고 권능의 정치. 뉴욕: 2000년 루트리지. 인쇄하다
  3. ^ a b Collins, Patricia Hill (2000). Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. Routledge. pp. 12.
  4. ^ Collins, Patricia Hill (2000). Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. Routledge. pp. 17.
  5. ^ a b Collins, Patricia Hill (2000). Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. Routledge. pp. 13.
  6. ^ Collins, Patricia Hill (2000). Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. Routledge. pp. 14.
  7. ^ Collins, Patricia Hill (July 1989). "The Social Construction of Black Feminist Thought". Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society. 14 (4): 745–773. doi:10.1086/494543. ISSN 0097-9740.
  8. ^ Collins, Patricia Hill (2000). Black Feminist Thought:Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. Routledge. pp. 18.
  9. ^ Collins, Patricia Hill (2000). Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. Routledge. pp. 276.
  10. ^ a b Collins, Patricia Hill (2000). Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. Routledge. pp. 69.
  11. ^ Collins, Patricia Hill (2000). Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. Routledge. pp. 72.
  12. ^ Charlotte E. Jacobs (2016). "Developing the "Oppositional Gaze": Using Critical Media Pedagogy and Black Feminist Thought to Promote Black Girls' Identity Development". The Journal of Negro Education. 85 (3): 225. doi:10.7709/jnegroeducation.85.3.0225. ISSN 0022-2984.
  13. ^ Collins, Patricia Hill (2000). Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. Routledge. pp. 300.
  14. ^ Collins, Patricia Hill (2000). Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. Routledge. pp. 98.
  15. ^ Collins, Patricia Hill (2000). Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. Routledge. pp. 99.
  16. ^ Collins, Patricia Hill (2000). Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. Routledge. pp. 101.
  17. ^ Collins, Patricia Hill (2000). Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. Routledge. pp. 112.
  18. ^ 힐, 콜린스 패트리샤 흑인 페미니스트 사상: 지식, 의식, 그리고 권능의 정치. 뉴욕: 2000년 루트리지. 인쇄하다
  19. ^ Newby, Robert G.; King, Deborah K.; Thorne, Barrie (1992). "Review Symposium". Gender and Society. 6 (3): 508–17. doi:10.1177/089124392006003009. JSTOR 189999.

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