Eli Heckscher

Eli Heckscher
Born	(1879-11-24)24 November 1879 Stockholm
Died	23 December 1952(1952-12-23) (aged 73) Stockholm

Eli Filip Heckscher (24 November 1879 – 23 December 1952) was a Swedish political economist and economic historian.

Biography

Heckscher was born in Stockholm, son of the Jewish Danish-born businessman Isidor Heckscher and his spouse Rosa Meyer, and completed his secondary education there in 1896. He conducted higher studies at Uppsala University (from 1897) and Gothenburg University College^[1] (in 1898), completing his PhD in Uppsala in 1907. He was professor of Political economy and Statistics at the Stockholm School of Economics from 1909 until 1919, when he exchanged that chair for a research professorship in economic history, finally retiring as emeritus professor in 1945. In 1929 Heckscher founded the Institute for Economic and Business History Research as a key step in his effort to create the field of economic history in Sweden, and make it a policy-oriented science. He advanced his agenda by recruiting two other scholars, historian Bertil Boëthius (1885–1974) and economist Arthur Montgomery. Thereby the "Stockholm School" emerged and achieved a voice in government planning.^[2]

Eli Heckscher's son was Gunnar Heckscher (1909–1987), a political scientist and the leader of what would later become the Swedish Moderate Party 1961–1965. His grandson is the Social Democratic politician Sten Heckscher.

By 1950 Heckscher had published 1148 books and articles. Well known were his study of Mercantilism, which was translated into several languages, and a monumental Economic history of Sweden in several volumes.^[3]

Heckscher's most important work, though, is his 1919 article “The Effect of Foreign Trade on the Distribution of Income."^[4] In this article, Heckscher provided a model explaining patterns in international trade now known as the (Heckscher-Ohlin model). Heckscher's “The Effect of Foreign Trade on the Distribution of Income" was groundbreaking but originally gained little attention for several reasons. First, Hecksher published the article in the Swedish journal Ekonomisk Tidskrift in Swedish, a language with comparatively less international access. Second, even those reading Swedish and following Hecksher may have overlooked this particular article at first since Heckscher was so prolific (he published 1148 articles and books). Finally, Heckscher was a Jew which was a factor because, just as the significance of the article became apparent beyond Sweden, the rise of anti-Semitism globally and Nazism bans on Jewish authors arguably delayed its greater recognition until after World War II. Heckscher's famous former student Bertil Ohlin at the Stockholm School of Economics (who himself succeeded Heckscher as professor there), signicantly expanded on Hecksher's theory, giving it more support and a wider audience. Ohlin won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1977 long after Heckscher's death.

헤크셔-올린 정리

국제 무역의 헥셔-올린 모델에서 결론 내린 헥셔-올린 정리에는 국가 간의 무역은 그들의 상대적인 자본과 노동량에 비례한다고 명시되어 있다. 자본이 풍부한 나라에서는 임금률이 높은 경향이 있기 때문에 섬유, 간단한 전자제품 등과 같은 노동집약적인 제품은 내부적으로 생산하는데 더 많은 비용이 든다. 이와는 대조적으로, 자동차, 화학 등과 같은 자본 집약적인 제품은 내부적으로 생산하는데 비용이 덜 든다. 자본이 많은 국가는 자본집약적 상품을 수출하고, 그 수익금으로 노동집약적 상품을 수입한다. 노동력이 많은 나라들은 반대로 할 것이다.

다음 조건이 참이어야 한다.

• 생산의 주요 요소, 즉 노동과 자본은 양국에서 같은 비율로 이용할 수 없다.
• 생산되는 두 가지 상품은 더 많은 자본이나 더 많은 노동력을 필요로 한다.
• 노동과 자본은 두 나라 사이를 움직이지 않는다.
• 국가 간 상품 운송에 관련된 비용은 없다.
• 두 무역국의 국민들은 같은 요구를 가지고 있다.

그 이론은 자본이나 노동의 총량에 달려 있는 것이 아니라 노동자 1인당 양에 달려 있다. 이를 통해 교역 상대국보다 가용성이 높은 요소를 활용한 제품 생산을 전문화함으로써 소국이 대국과 교역할 수 있도록 했다. 중요한 가정은 두 나라에서 자본과 노동력을 같은 비율로 이용할 수 없다는 것이다. 그것은 전문화로 이어지며, 이것은 그 나라의 경제 복지에 도움이 된다. 두 나라의 차이가 클수록 전문화에서 얻는 이득도 크다.

참조

Sources

• Bertil Ohlin, "Heckscher, Eli Filip", Svenskt biografiskt lexikon, vol. 18, pp. 376–381.

Further reading

• Carlson, Benny, and Lars Jonung. "Knut Wicksell, Gustav Cassel, Eli Heckscher, Bertil Ohlin and Gunnar Myrdal on the role of the economist in public debate." Econ Journal Watch 3.3 (2006): 511+ online.
• Coleman, Donald Cuthbert, "Eli Heckscher and the idea of mercantilism." Scandinavian Economic History Review 5.1 (1957): 3–25 online.
• Hasselberg, Ylva. "Networks and Scientific Integrity: Eli Heckscher and the Construction of Economic History in Sweden, 1920–1950." Scandinavian Economic History Review 54.3 (2006): 273–290.
• Eli Heckscher, International Trade, and Economic History, Findlay, Ronald, Rolf G. H. Henriksson, Håkan Lindgren and Mats Lundahl, eds., The MIT Press, 2007.
• Heckscher, Eli F. (1922). Westergaard, Harald (ed.). The Continental System: An Economic Interpretation (1 ed.). Oxford: At the Clarendon Press. Retrieved 2 June 2016 – via Internet Archive.

External links

• Works by or about Eli Heckscher at Internet Archive