순작동작

무선망은 공통 채널이나 주파수로 서로 통신하는 3개 이상의 라디오 방송국이다.^[1] 그물은 본질적으로 양방향 라디오를 통해 수행되는 절제된 회의 통화로, 일반적으로 절반의 이중적인 운영 조건에서 이루어진다. 반이중 운영의 사용은 비효율과 혼란을 피하기 위해 매우 특별한 운영 절차를 따라야 한다.

그물은 일정대로 또는 연속적으로 작동한다. 일정대로 운용되는 그물은 미리 정해진 시간에만 그리고 미리 정해진 상호 통신 스케줄에 따라서만 트래픽을 처리한다. 연속적으로 작동하는 그물은 언제든지 트래픽을 처리할 수 있도록 준비되어 있으며, 그들은 항상 그물 안의 모든 스테이션에서 당직근무를 유지한다. 실행 가능한 경우, 일정과 관련된 메시지는 무선 이외의 신호 통신 수단을 통해 전송될 것이다.^[2]

순 작업:

• 일반적으로 공통적인 정보 요구나 관련 기능을 수행하는 참가자들 간에 순서 있는 컨퍼런스를 개최할 수 있도록 허용한다.
• 표준 형식과 절차를 준수하는 것이 특징이다.
• 네트워크 접속을 허용하고 순 운영 규율을 유지하는 "넷 컨트롤 스테이션"이라고 불리는 공통 감독 스테이션에 대응한다.

넷 매니저

네트 매니저는 여러 세션에 걸쳐 네트의 생성과 운영을 감독하는 사람이다. 이 사용자는 형식, 날짜, 시간, 참가자 및 순제어 스크립트를 지정한다. 넷 매니저는 또한 각 네트에 대해 넷 컨트롤 스테이션을 선택할 것이며, 특히 소규모 조직에서 그 기능을 맡을 수도 있다.

Net Control Station

Radio nets are like conference calls in that both have a moderator who initiates the group communication, who ensures all participants follow the standard procedures, and who determines and directs when each other station may talk. The moderator in a radio net is called the Net Control Station, formally abbreviated NCS, and has the following duties:^[3]

• Establishes the net and closes the net;
• Directs Net activities, such as passing traffic, to maintain optimum efficiency;
• Chooses net frequency, maintains circuit discipline and frequency accuracy;
• Maintains a net log and records participation in the net and movement of messages; (always knows who is on and off net)
• Appoints one or more Alternate Net Control Stations (ANCS);
• Determines whether and when to conduct network continuity checks;
• Determines when full procedure and full call signs may enhance communications;
• Subject to Net Manager guidance, directs a net to be directed or free.

The Net Control Station will, for each net, appoint at least one Alternate Net Control Station, formally abbreviated ANCS (abbreviated NC2 in WWII procedures), who has the following duties:^[3]

• Assists the NCS to maintain optimum efficiency;
• Assumes NCS duties in event that the NCS develops station problems;
• Assumes NCS duties for a portion of the net, as directed or as needed;
• Serves as a resource for the NCS; echoes transmissions of the NCS if, and only if, directed to do so by the NCS;
• Maintains a duplicate net log

Structure of the net

Nets can be described as always having a net opening and a net closing, with a roll call normally following the net opening, itself followed by regular net business, which may include announcements, official business, and message passing. Military nets will follow a very abbreviated and opaque version of the structure outlined below, but will still have the critical elements of opening, roll call, late check-ins, and closing.

A net should always operate on the same principle as the inverted pyramid used in journalism—the most important communications always come first, followed by content in ever lower levels of priority.

1. Net opening
   1. Identification of the NCS
   2. Announcement of the regular date, time, and frequency of the net
   3. Purpose of the net
2. Roll call
   1. A call for stations to check in, oftentimes from a roster of regular stations
   2. A call for late check-ins (stations on the roster who did not respond to the first check-in period)
   3. A call for guest stations to check in
3. Net business
4. Optional conversion to a free net
5. Net closing

Each net will typically have a main purpose, which varies according to the organization conducting the net, which occurs during the net business phase. For amateur radio nets, it's typically for the purpose of allowing stations to discuss their recent operating activities (stations worked, antennas built, etc.) or to swap equipment. For Military Auxiliary Radio System and National Traffic System nets, net business will involve mainly the passing of formal messages, known as radiograms.

Two modes of net operation

• Directed Net
  • A net in which no station other than the net control station can communicate with any other station, except for the transmission of urgent messages, without first obtaining the permission of the net control station.^[4]
• Free net
  • A net in which any station may communicate with any other station in the same net without first obtaining permission from the net control station to do so.^[4]

Net-control procedure words

U.S. Army Field Manual ACP 125(G) has the most complete set of procedure words used in radio nets:^[5]

Proword	Explanation	Prosign/ OPSIG
NET NOW	All stations are to net their radios on the unmodulated carrier wave which I am about to transmit.	ZRC2
THIS IS A DIRECTED NET	From now until further notice this net is directed.	ZKB
THIS IS A FREE NET	From now until further notice this net is free.	ZUG ZKB
BROADCAST YOUR NET	Link the two nets under your control for automatic rebroadcast
STOP BROADCASTING	Cut the automatic link between the two nets that are being rebroadcast and revert to normal working.
REBROADCAST YOUR NET	Commence automatic rebroadcasting of your other net onto this frequency
리브로드캐스팅 중지	이 주파수로 다른 네트의 재방송을 중지하십시오.	QRT
통제를 가정하다	추후 통지가 있을 때까지 이 네트의 통제를 맡는다.	ZKD
내가 통제할 수 있다고 가정한다	추후 통지가 있을 때까지 이 네트의 통제를 맡는다.	ZKA
인터넷에 대한 보고	콜 스테이션은 이미 구축된 네트에 가입하거나 폐쇄된 후 복귀한다.
보고서 강도 및 가독성	인터넷 상의 다른 모든 방송국을 어떻게 수신하고 있는지 나에게 보고하라.
이후 답변	호출된 스테이션은 발신기에 응답할 때 호출 부호............ 후에 응답한다.	ZGO
축약된 호출 부호 사용	콜 사인은 추후 통지가 있을 때까지 약식해야 한다.
전체 통화 기호 사용	추후 통지가 있을 때까지 콜사인을 송부해야 한다.
축약된 절차 사용	조건이 정상이므로, 모든 스테이션은 추후 통지가 있을 때까지 약식 절차를 사용해야 한다.
전체 절차 사용	조건이 정상적이지 않기 때문에 모든 스테이션은 추후 통지가 있을 때까지 전체 절차를 수행해야 한다.
침묵(세 번 이상 반복)	이 네트의 전송을 즉시 중지하십시오. 해제될 때까지 침묵은 유지된다. (전송은 자체 인증 시스템, 암호 등을 사용하여 인증되어야 한다.)	HM HM HM
침묵이 해제됨	침묵이 해제된다.(전송은 자체 인증시스템, 암호문 등의 방법으로 인증해야 한다)	ZUG HM HM HM
닫기	스테이션은 표시되면 닫아야 한다. 확인 필요	ZKJ

무선망 유형

해상 이동망은 선박을 탈취하는 데 도움이 된다.

민간항공순찰망

민간 항공 순찰대는 다른 그물 세트를 정의한다.

유형	사용법
명령 및 제어(C2) 그물	서로 다른 위치 및 명령 수준 간에 메시지 및 정보 전달용. 이곳은 공식적인 메시지가 교환되는 곳이기 때문에 IARU 교통망과 같은 목적을 제공한다.
전술망	전술망은 이동형 또는 이동형 환경에서 배치된 유닛의 동작을 조정하기 위한 요건이 있을 때마다 설정된다. 주요 목적은 배치된 부대를 지원하는 것이며, 일반적으로 사고 지휘소에서 수행된다.
Liaison Nets	Anytime CAP is involved with other agencies, CAP may be invited to participate on their frequencies or a previously signed agreement may allow the other agencies on CAP frequencies.
Contingency Nets	Communications managers at each level have the authority to initiate stand-by nets, placing CAP radio stations within their span of control on alert to be available for developing conditions that may result in mission activity.
Training Net	Communication managers may establish nets for training purposes, such as to teach radio procedures to novice operators, or new skills and procedures to more advanced operators.

Amateur radio nets

The International Amateur Radio Union defines six different types of nets in its IARU Emergency Telecommunications Guide:^[6]

Type	Usage
Traffic net	Handles formal written messages (radiograms)
Resource net	Used for incoming operators to receive assignments, and to be reassigned as needs changed. Can also be used to locate equipment and operators with special skills. More than one resource net may be created in large-scale events if the traffic warrants.
Logistics net	A type of resource net specifically tasked with logistical needs separate from those of the communications teams.
Tactical net	Handle the primary on-site emergency communication.
Information net	Used to disseminate official bulletins, answer general questions, etc.
Health and Welfare (H&W) net	Handle messages among those people impacted by or in the vicinity of a disaster and their friends and family living outside the disaster zone.

Other Amateur radio net types

Type	Usage
DX net	Used to exchange information on long-distance (DX) communications opportunities.
Hurricane Watch Net	Operating since Labor Day weekend, 1965, the Hurricane Watch Net is run by Amateur radio operators in support of the National Hurricane Center, using the callsign WX4NHC, on 14.325.00 MHz USB.[7]
Skywarn net	Used to coordinate Amateur radio weather spotters, exchange weather reports, and coordinate ham radio responses to weather disasters—especially tornados.
Club net	A common practice among Amateur radio clubs, where a portion of the club membership meets on a defined frequency, on a defined schedule (often once a week) to conduct official club business, share recent radio operating activity and equipment builds or purchases, etc.
Hospital net	Conducts official communications for one or more county Departments of Public Health, to provide back-up and auxiliary communications during a time of crisis.

U.S. Military radio nets

The U.S. Army Field Manual FM 6-02.53, Tactical Radio Operations, defines the following types of radio nets:^[8]

Type	Usage
Command and Control (C2)
Administrative and Logistics Nets
Operations & Intelligence Nets
Operations & Intelligence Nets
Operations & Intelligence Nets
Sustainment Operations Net
High-Frequency and Data Nets
Brigade Combat Team
Medical Network
Fire Direction Net
Surveillance Net
Sustainment Area Battle Command Net

Maritime radio nets

When boats or ships are in distress, they will operate a maritime broadcast communications net to communicate among the vessel in distress and all the other vessels, aircraft, and shore stations assisting in the distress response.

See also

• Amateur radio net

References

External links

• "United States Air Force MARS Training Manual, 2006" (PDF).

This article incorporates public domain material from the General Services Administration document: "Federal Standard 1037C".