대토론토 지역

Greater Toronto Area
대토론토 지역
수도권
Satellite image of the Greater Toronto Area from 2018
2018년 대토론토 지역 위성사진
Municipalities in the Greater Toronto Area
Greater Toronto Area is located in Southern Ontario
Greater Toronto Area
대토론토 지역
Greater Toronto Area is located in Canada
Greater Toronto Area
대토론토 지역
좌표:43°38°33°N 79°23′14″w/43.6450°N 79.38722°W/ 43.6450; -79.38722좌표: 43°38°33°N 79°23°14°W / 43.64250°N 79.38722°W / 43.64250; -79.38722
나라캐나다
지방온타리오.
지역
• 토지7,123.64 km2 (2,750.45 평방 mi)
인구.
(표준)
• 합계6,712,341
• 밀도942.4/km2 (2,441/140 mi)
할튼, 필, 토론토, 요크, 더럼의 합계 인구
시간대UTC−05:00 (EST)
• 여름 (DST)UTC−04:00 (EDT)
우편번호
L, M
지역 번호226, 249, 289, 416, 437, 519, 647, 705, 905, 365

일반적으로 GTA라고 불리는 대토론토 지역은 토론토 더럼, 할튼, , 요크 등의 지방 자치체를 포함합니다.이 지역에는 모두 25개의 도시, 교외 [1][2]및 시골 자치체가 있습니다.대토론토 지역은 할튼 지역의 벌링턴에서 시작하여 토론토 시내를 지나 동쪽으로 더럼 지역클라링턴까지 온타리오 호수를 따라 뻗어 있습니다.

2021년 인구 조사에 따르면, 토론토 인구 조사 메트로폴리탄 지역의 총 인구는 6,202,[3]225명이다.그러나, 온타리오 정부가 정의한 경제지역인 토론토 대지역은 캐나다 통계청이 정의한 CMA에 포함되지 않은 지역사회를 포함한다.2021년 인구조사에서 토론토 대지역 25개 지역사회에 대한 데이터를 추정한 결과, 경제 지역의 총 인구는 6,712,341명이었다.

대토론토 지역은 남부 온타리오에 있는 몇몇 더 큰 지역의 일부입니다.이 지역은 또한 해밀턴 와 합쳐져 대토론토 해밀턴 지역(GTHA)[4][5]으로 알려진 지역을 형성한다.GTHA는 나이아가라 지역과 결합되어 골든 호스슈의 핵심을 형성한다.

어원학

"대토론토"라는 용어는 1900년대에 처음 쓰였지만, 그 당시에는 토론토라는 옛 도시와 1954년에 메트로폴리탄 토론토[6]되었고 1998년에 현재의 토론토 도시가 되었다.주변 4개 지방 자치체가 관여하는 용어의 사용은 1980년대 중반, 이 지역의 지방 자치 구조 개편에 관한 보고서에서 널리 논의된 후, 나중에 지방 계획 지역으로 공식화되면서 공식적으로 사용되었다.그러나 1990년대 중후반까지는 일상적으로 사용되지 않았다.

2006년에 지방 정책이 GTHA([a]Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area) 또는 더 넓은 Greater Golden Hossues(Greater Golden Hossues)[8]를 점점 더 많이 언급하기 시작하면서 이 용어는 공간 계획 분야에서 대체되기 시작했다.후자는 피터버러, 배리, 구엘프, 키치너, 워털루, 캠브리지, 나이아가라 지역과 같은 토론토 지역의 위성 자치체를 포함한다.그러나 GTA는 재무부와 같은 온타리오 정부의 다른 곳에서도 공식적으로 사용되고 있다.

인구 조사 대도시권

토론토 인구 조사 메트로폴리탄 지역의 지도. GTA의 대부분을 포함합니다.
토론토는 GTA의 중심 도시입니다.
미시소가는 필 지역에서 가장 큰 도시이며, 대토론토 지역에서 두 번째로 큰 도시입니다.
지역에 있는 브램튼은 대토론토 지역에서 세 번째로 큰 도시이다.
마컴은 요크 지역에서 가장 큰 도시이며 토론토 지역에서 네 번째로 큰 도시입니다.

GTA의 일부로 간주되는 일부 자치단체는 GTA 계획 지역의 토지 면적 및 인구보다 작은 토론토 인구 조사 메트로폴리탄 지역(CMA) 내에 있지 않다.예를 들어, Oshawa는 자체 CMA의 중심이지만 대토론토 지역의 일부로 간주되고 있는 반면, 남부 Simcoe County의 New TecumsethDufferin CountyMono Township과 같은 다른 지방 자치체는 토론토 CMA에 포함되지만 [9]GTA에는 포함되지 않습니다.이러한 다른 국경 구성은 GTA의 인구가 토론토 CMA보다 거의 150만 명 더 많은 결과를 초래하고, 종종 토론토 도시 인구를 분류하려고 할 때 사람들 사이에서 혼란을 야기합니다.

해밀턴, 배리, 세인트캐서린스-나이아가라, 키치너-워털루같은 다른 인근 도시 지역은 GTA나 토론토 CMA의 일부가 아니라 [10]GTA 근처에서 자체 CMA를 형성한다.궁극적으로, 앞서 언급한 모든 장소는 북미에서 번째로 인구가 많은 도시 집적지[11]Greater Golden Hussheet 메트로폴리탄 지역의 일부입니다.이곳은 2011년 5천9백만 명으로 추정되는 오대호 메가로폴리스의 일부이다.

토론토 광역자치단체 및 관련 CMA
인구 조사과 인구 조사 분과 GTA에서 토론토 CMA 오샤와 CMA
토론토 Green tickY Green tickY
더럼 주 아약스 Green tickY Green tickY
클라링턴 Green tickY Green tickY
브록 Green tickY
오샤와 Green tickY Green tickY
피커링 Green tickY Green tickY
스커고그 Green tickY
Uxbridge Green tickY Green tickY
휘트비 Green tickY Green tickY
할턴 주 벌링턴 Green tickY
할튼 힐스 Green tickY Green tickY
밀턴 Green tickY Green tickY
오크빌 Green tickY Green tickY
필 영역 브램튼 Green tickY Green tickY
칼레돈 Green tickY Green tickY
미시소가 Green tickY Green tickY
요크 주 오로라 Green tickY Green tickY
이스트그윌림버리 Green tickY Green tickY
조지나 Green tickY Green tickY
Green tickY Green tickY
마캄 Green tickY Green tickY
뉴마켓 Green tickY Green tickY
리치몬드 힐 Green tickY Green tickY
Green tickY Green tickY
휘처치-스투프빌 Green tickY Green tickY
더퍼린 군 모노 Green tickY
오렌지빌 Green tickY
심취 현 브래드포드 웨스트 윌림버리 Green tickY
뉴테쿰세 Green tickY

확장 영역

GTHA(Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area)라는 용어는 GTA와 그레이터 토론토 지역의 서쪽 경계를 따라 위치한 해밀턴 시를 가리킨다.이 용어는 Metrolinx[7][4]에너지부 등 여러 기관에서 채택되었습니다.이는 복합 지역의 통근 인구가 증가했기 때문입니다.GTHA와 나이아가라 지방 자치체는 온타리오의 도시 집적지이자 2차 지역인 더 큰 Greater Golden Husset의 내부 고리를 형성합니다.

역사

초기 역사

역사적으로 토론토 지역은 최초의 유럽인들이 이 지역에 도착하기 훨씬 전에 온타리오 호숫가에 살았던 많은 퍼스트 네이션들의 고향이었다.중립국,[12] 세네카국, 모호크국, 휴런국가가 그 [13]근처에 여러 번 살고 있었다.미시시피가는 17세기 말이나 18세기 초에 도착하여 이로쿼이족[14][15]몰아냈다.누가 토론토 지역에 최초로 도착한 유럽인이었는지는 불분명하지만, 17세기에 [16]일어난 것은 의심의 여지가 없다.

17세기까지, 험버와 루즈 강이 심코 호수와 오대호 상류의 지름길을 제공하면서, 이 지역은 여행의 중요한 지점이었다.이 루트들은 토론토 패스로 알려져 있었다.

이 지역은 나중에 캐나다 북부와 서부로부터 멕시코 만으로 이어지는 일련의 오솔길과 물길 때문에 매우 중요해졌다."토론토 통로"로 알려진 이 도로는 험버 강을 따라 온타리오 호, 심코 호, 그리고 오대호 [17]상부를 잇는 중요한 육로 지름길로 사용되었습니다.이러한 이유로 프랑스 모피 무역상들이 있는 이 지역은 북미 모피 [16]무역의 주요 부분이 되었다.프랑스는 이후 3개의 무역 요새를 건설했다. 비록 10년 안에 버려졌지만, 1720년대에 마가신 루아얄, 1750년에 토론토 요새, 1751년에 루아엘 요새.7년 전쟁 동안 두 요새는 모두 버려졌지만 후에 토론토 요새는 보수되었다.1759년 나이아가라 요새 전투프랑스군과 인디언 [16][18]전쟁 중 프랑스 수비대에 의해 루일 요새가 불탔다.

이 지역에 정착한 첫 번째 대규모 유럽 정착민 유입은 미국 독립 혁명 이후에 도착한 연합 제국 충성파들이었는데, 당시 다양한 개인들은 토론토 [16]지역과 그 주변의 땅을 달라고 왕국에 청원했다.1787년, 영국[19]뉴 크레딧의 미시사가와 토론토 지역에 있는 25만 에이커 (1,0002 km[390 평방 mi]) 이상의 땅을 사는 협상을 했다.요크 카운티는 1792년 존 그레이브스 심코 주지사에 의해 만들어졌으며, 가장 큰 규모로 현재의 할튼 지역, 토론토, 필 지역, 요크 지역 및 더럼 [20]지역의 일부를 구성한다.

GTA는 1812년 전쟁 동안 세 번의 미국 침공이 있었다.요크 타운(오늘날의 토론토)은 1813년 4월 27일 요크 전투에서 미군의 공격을 받았고, 그 후 5월 [21]8일까지 점령되었다.두 번째 침략은 몇 달 뒤인 1813년 7월 GTA에 두 번 상륙했다.7월 29일, 미군은 인접한 벌링턴 [22]고지에서 영국군을 몰아내기 위해 벌링턴 해변(현 벌링턴)에 상륙했다.하지만, 영국군이 너무 견고해서 어떠한 공격도 성공할 수 없다는 것을 알게 되자, 미 해군은 철수하여 요크 쪽으로 동쪽으로 나아갔다.7월 31일 미국의 요크 상륙은 반대하지 않았고, 대부분의 병사들은 벌링턴 [22]고지를 방어하기 위해 요크에 주둔했다.번째 침략은 1년 후인 1814년 8월 6일 미국 해군 함대가 요크 항구 밖에 도착했을 때 일어났다.이 비행대는 마을의 방어력을 측정하기 위해 USS 레이디 오브 더 레이크(Lady of the Lake)를 항구로 진입시키기 위해 파견했고, 그곳에서 포트 요크(Fort York)와 잠시 포격을 주고받은 후 항구 밖에서 미군 비행대와 합류하기 위해 철수했다.미군은 이 침공 기간 동안 상륙을 시도하지 않았지만,[22] 출발하기 전 3일 동안 요크 항구 밖에 머물렀다.

1816년, 웬트워스 카운티와 할튼 카운티는 [23]요크 카운티에서 만들어졌다.요크 카운티는 후에 윌리엄 라이온 매켄지의 무장 행진과 함께 어퍼 캐나다 반란의 시작의 배경이 되었고, 결국 몽고메리 [24]선술집에서의 전투로 이어졌다.1851년 온타리오 카운티(현 더럼 지역)와 카운티는 [23][25]요크에서 분리되었다.

요크 카운티의 원래 경계는 거의 모든 GTA를 포함했지만, 1851년까지 그 경계는 1871년 지도에 묘사된 오늘날의 토론토와 요크 지역으로 축소되었다.

1901년 이래

지방 인프라를 통제하기 위한 효율적인 지방 정부에 대한 아이디어는 1907년 의회 의원이자 토론토 월드의 설립자인 윌리엄 핀들레이 맥클린에 의해 만들어졌으며, 그는 [6]대토론토를 만들기 위해 옛 토론토 시의 정부 확장을 요구했습니다.단일 정부 자치체를 위한 아이디어는 1940년대 후반 기획자들이 도시가 바로 교외를 통합해야 한다고 결정할 때까지 진지하게 탐구되지 않을 것이다.그러나 교외 정치인들의 강한 반발로 타협이 이뤄졌고,[26] 결국 메트로폴리탄 토론토가 탄생했다.1953년, 카운티 폭에 걸쳐 여러 개의 타운십 사이에 공통 경계를 형성한 양보 도로인 스틸스 애비뉴 남쪽 요크 카운티의 일부가 그것으로부터 분리되어 메트로폴리탄 토론토 [27]시로 통합되었다.메트로 토론토의 양보로 요크 카운티 사무실은 토론토에서 뉴마켓으로 이전되었다.

원래 메트로폴리탄 토론토의 회원국은 토론토시와 5개의 타운십(East York, Etobicoke, North York, Scarborough, York)을 포함하였고,[28] 1967년에 주변 타운십으로 통합되었다.초기 메트로 토론토 정부는 주변 마을인 마컴, 피커링, 본의 합병에 대해 논의했다.초대 토론토 메트로 회장 프레데릭 골드윈 가디너는 이 마을들을 메트로 [29]토론토 정부의 자치구로 전환하는 것을 계획했다.1971년 요크 카운티의 나머지 지역은 온타리오 주 정부에 의해 [28]요크 지방 자치체로 대체되었습니다.1974년 온타리오 카운티와 더럼 카운티는 더럼 지방 자치체로 개편되었고, 루즈서쪽의 피커링은 당시 스카버러로 이관되었다.필 카운티는 1974년에 필 주가 되었다.1980년에는 노스요크가 도시로 편입되었고, 1983년에는 요크, 1984년에는 이토비코크, 스카버러 등이 그 뒤를 이었다.그러나 아직 메트로폴리탄 토론토 [28]시 정부의 일부지만 말이다.

1980년대 중반 토론토 위성사진

1992년 온타리오 주 정부는 메트로폴리탄 토론토가 나머지 [30]대토론토 지역을 계획에 포함하도록 요구하는 법안을 통과시켰다.하지만, 이것에도 불구하고, 도시 시스템의 다른 부분들이 서로 역효과를 내고 있다는 두려움이 있었다.이 때문에 당시 온타리오주 총리였던 밥 레이는 앤 골든을 GTA 태스크포스의 책임자로 임명하여 지역의 삶의 질, 경쟁력 및 [31]거버넌스를 관리하게 되었습니다.이 기간 동안, 메트로 토론토 정부는 태스크포스에게 당시 GTA에 있는 30개의 기존 자치단체 중 21개로 구성되는 새로운 GTA 기관의 설립을 지지했다.메트로 토론토로부터의 제안은 15개의 새로운 자치체를 만들었을 것이다.미시소가 시는 통합이 새로운 지방자치단체의 인구가 40만에서 80만 [32]사이인 방식으로만 이루어져야 한다고 주장했다.마크햄 시(市)는 요크 지역의 도시 통합을 주장했지만 단일 자치체로 완전히 통합되는 것은 반대했다.그러나 도시 통합은 에이잭스, 밀턴, 그리고 이스트 [33]요크 자치구와 같은 작은 공동체들의 강한 반대에 부딪혔다.메트로 토론토 정부를 없애고 나머지 자치체를 확대된 토론토 시로 통합하자는 태스크 포스의 권고는 1997년에 완료되었으며, 당시 총리였던 마이크 [34]해리스의 상식 혁명으로 1998년에 공식화되었습니다.그러나, GTA급 자치체를 만들라는 태스크 포스의 권고는, GTA급 자치체가 구 메트로 토론토 [35]정부를 손상시킨 것으로 여겨지는 도시 간 경쟁력을 재현할 것을 우려하여 해리스 정부에 의해 받아들여지지 않았다.

온타리오 정부의 기관인 Metrolinx는 토론토 지역을 가로지르는 대중 교통 개발을 감독하기 위해 설립되었습니다.

대토론토 지역은 2015년 팬아메리칸 게임을 개최했다.

지리

대토론토 지역
루즈 국립도시공원은 GTA에 있는 도시국립공원이다.이 도시에는 Markham, Pickering, Toronto 및 Uxbridge의 일부 자치체가 포함되어 있습니다.

대토론토 지역은 7,125km2(2,751평방마일)[36]의 면적을 차지한다.이 지역 자체는 남쪽으로 온타리오 호수, 동쪽으로 카와르타 호수, 서쪽으로 나이아가라 에스칼퍼먼트, 북쪽으로 심코 호수와 접해 있습니다.그 지역은 대토론토 바이오레지온으로 알려진 자연 생태계를 만든다.대토론토 지역은 온타리오 반도의 목 부분을 형성한다.

이 지역의 광대한 지역은 농지와 숲으로 남아 있어 GTA의 지리적 특징 중 하나이다.GTA의 도시 지역 대부분은 큰 도시 숲을 가지고 있다.공원지로서 지정된 대부분의 지역에서 협곡은 개발되지 않은 상태이다.루지 공원은 또한 수도권 [37]중심부 내에서 가장 큰 자연공원 중 하나이다.이 지역들 중 상당수는 토론토 협곡계를 구성하고 있는데, 깊고 가파른 계곡과 토론토와 지역 보존 [38]당국이 관리하는 이 지역의 많은 보존 지역들로 구성되어 있다.Caledon의 Cheltenum Badlands는 열악한 농업 관행으로 인한 환경 악화의 한 예이다.스카버러 블러프 호수는 이로쿼이 호숫가의 일부입니다.

2005년, 온타리오 주 정부는 도시 개발과 그린벨트라고 알려진 대토론토 지역의 환경에 민감한 토지에 대한 무질서한 확장을 막기 위한 법령을 통과시켰으며, 오크리지 모레인, 루즈 파크 및 나이아가라 에스칼프 [39]정부의 보호 구역도 포함했습니다.그럼에도 불구하고, 저밀도 교외 개발은 계속 건설되고 있으며, 일부는 생태학적으로 민감하고 보호되고 있는 지역이나 그 근처에 있다.지방 정부는 2005년에 통과된 "성장할 곳" 법안을 통해 이 문제를 해결하려고 시도했다. 이 법안은 향후 25년 동안(즉,[40] 2030년까지) 기존 도심에서 고밀도 성장을 강조한다.

기후.

쾨펜 기후 분류따르면 대토론토 지역의 기후는 습한 대륙성 기후로 분류된다.대토론토 지역은 대부분 쾨펜 Dfb(따뜻한 여름 아형) 존에 속하며, 올드 토론토(토론토 제도 제외)와 그 사이의 일부 지역과 남서쪽 벌링턴(Burlington)은 더운 여름 아형인 쾨펜 Dfa 기후 존에 속합니다.강수량은 연평균 832mm(32.8인치)로 연중 공평하게 분포하지만 늦겨울에 가장 건조하고 늦여름에는 평균 총 강수량이 더 많다.겨울에는 일반적으로 -5 ~ 3 °C(23 ~ 37 °F)의 고온과 -12 ~ -5 °C(10 ~ 23 °F)의 저온입니다.한랭 북극 발생은 며칠 동안 낮 최고 기온을 -10°C(14°F) 미만으로 유지하지만, 이는 매년 겨울에 발생하는 것은 아니며, 낮은 온도는 때때로 -18°C(0°F) 미만으로 떨어지며, 바람의 냉기가 이를 훨씬 더 차갑게 느끼게 한다.이 지역의 연평균 적설량은 80~150cm(31~59인치)이다.며칠 동안 기온이 5°C(41°F)를 넘고 때로는 15°C(59°F)를 넘는 온화하고 눈이 없는 날씨도 토론토 겨울의 특징이다.봄은 짧고 종종 서늘하고 포근하며, 눈은 가끔 4월까지 잘 내려 쌓이지 않는다.봄에서 여름으로의 이행은 빠를 수 있다.여름은 평균 24-31°C(75-88°F)의 고온으로 따뜻하고 적당히 습한 반면, 교외에서는 평균 15°C(59°F)의 저온과 18-20°C(64-68°F)의 도심 및 호수 근처로 이동한다.꽤 맑긴 하지만, 여름은 가끔 천둥과 같은 소나기가 오는 것이 특징입니다.온도가 32~35°C(90~95°F)인 폭염 조건은 드물지 않지만 온도가 38°C(100°F)를 초과하는 경우는 거의 없습니다.가까운 호숫가 위치는 일반적으로 평균 최대 온도가 낮지만 앞바다 바람이 우세할 때 고온 조건을 경험할 수 있다.보통 가을에는 습기와 건조기를 번갈아 가며 오랫동안 온화하고 온화한 날씨를 보인다.11월에는 기온이 떨어지고 풍속이 급격히 증가하며, 12월에는 평균 기온이 0°C(32°F) 이하로 떨어지면서 춥고 눈이 오는 날씨가 더 흔하다.

기후 데이터
토론토 기후 데이터(The Annex)
WMO ID: 71266, 좌표 43°40µN 79°24µW / 43.667°N 79.400°W / 43.667; -79.400 (Toronto (The Annex)), 고도: 112.5m (369ft), 1981–2010 Normals, 1840–현재[b]
1월 2월 마루 에이프릴 그럴지도 모른다 8월 9월 10월 11월 12월 연도
높은 휴미덱스 기록 15.7 12.2 21.7 31.6 39.8 44.5 43.0 42.6 43.8 31.2 26.1 17.7 44.5
높은 °C(°F)를 기록하다 16.1
(61.0)
19.1
(66.4)
26.7
(80.1)
32.2
(90.0)
34.4
(93.9)
36.7
(98.1)
40.6
(105.1)
38.9
(102.0)
37.8
(100.0)
30.8
(87.4)
23.9
(75.0)
19.9
(67.8)
40.6
(105.1)
평균 최고 °C(°F) −0.7
(30.7)
0.4
(32.7)
4.7
(40.5)
11.5
(52.7)
18.4
(65.1)
23.8
(74.8)
26.6
(79.9)
25.5
(77.9)
21.0
(69.8)
14.0
(57.2)
7.5
(45.5)
2.1
(35.8)
12.9
(55.2)
일평균 °C(°F) −3.7
(25.3)
−2.6
(27.3)
1.4
(34.5)
7.9
(46.2)
14.1
(57.4)
19.4
(66.9)
22.3
(72.1)
21.5
(70.7)
17.2
(63.0)
10.7
(51.3)
4.9
(40.8)
−0.5
(31.1)
9.4
(48.9)
평균 최저 °C(°F) −6.7
(19.9)
−5.6
(21.9)
−1.9
(28.6)
4.1
(39.4)
9.9
(49.8)
14.9
(58.8)
18.0
(64.4)
17.4
(63.3)
13.4
(56.1)
7.4
(45.3)
2.3
(36.1)
−3.1
(26.4)
5.9
(42.6)
낮은 °C(°F)를 기록하십시오. −32.8
(−27.0)
−31.7
(−25.1)
−26.7
(−16.1)
−15.0
(5.0)
−3.9
(25.0)
−2.2
(28.0)
3.9
(39.0)
4.4
(39.9)
−2.2
(28.0)
−8.9
(16.0)
−20.6
(−5.1)
−30.0
(−22.0)
−32.8
(−27.0)
낮은 바람의 냉기를 기록하다 −37 −34 −26 −17 −8 0 0 0 0 −8 −17 −34 −37
평균 강수량 mm(인치) 61.5
(2.42)
55.4
(2.18)
53.7
(2.11)
68.0
(2.68)
82.0
(3.23)
70.9
(2.79)
63.9
(2.52)
81.1
(3.19)
84.7
(3.33)
64.4
(2.54)
84.1
(3.31)
61.5
(2.42)
831.1
(32.72)
평균 강우량 mm(인치) 29.1
(1.15)
29.7
(1.17)
33.6
(1.32)
61.1
(2.41)
82.0
(3.23)
70.9
(2.79)
63.9
(2.52)
81.1
(3.19)
84.7
(3.33)
64.3
(2.53)
75.4
(2.97)
38.2
(1.50)
714.0
(28.11)
평균 적설량 cm(인치) 37.2
(14.6)
27.0
(10.6)
19.8
(7.8)
5.0
(2.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.1
(0.0)
8.3
(3.3)
24.1
(9.5)
121.5
(47.8)
평균강수일수( 0 0.2mm) 15.4 11.6 12.6 12.6 12.7 11.0 10.4 10.2 11.1 11.7 13.0 13.2 145.5
평균 비오는 날 (0.2mm 이하) 5.4 4.8 7.9 11.2 12.7 11.0 10.4 10.2 11.1 11.7 10.9 7.0 114.1
평균 강설일수 (0.2cm 이하) 12.0 8.7 6.5 2.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.08 3.1 8.4 40.9
월평균 일조시간 85.9 111.3 161.0 180.0 227.7 259.6 279.6 245.6 194.4 154.3 88.9 78.1 2,066.3
일조 가능률 29.7 37.7 43.6 44.8 50.0 56.3 59.8 56.7 51.7 45.1 30.5 28.0 44.5
평균 자외선 지수 1 2 3 5 7 8 8 7 5 3 2 1 4
출처 1: 환경 캐나다
출처 2: Weather Atlas (UV)[48]
Bowmanville Mostert(Clarington)의 기후 데이터
기후 ID: 6150830, 좌표 43°55ºN 78°40ºW / 43.917°N 78.667°W / 43.917; -78.667 (Bowmanville Mostert), 고도 99.1m (325ft), 1981 ~ 2010 표준
1월 2월 마루 에이프릴 그럴지도 모른다 8월 9월 10월 11월 12월 연도
높은 °C(°F)를 기록하다 13.0
(55.4)
12.5
(54.5)
21.5
(70.7)
29.0
(84.2)
33.0
(91.4)
33.5
(92.3)
36.0
(96.8)
35.0
(95.0)
32.2
(90.0)
26.0
(78.8)
21.1
(70.0)
17.5
(63.5)
36.0
(96.8)
평균 최고 °C(°F) −1.4
(29.5)
0.0
(32.0)
4.3
(39.7)
11.3
(52.3)
18.0
(64.4)
23.1
(73.6)
25.8
(78.4)
24.8
(76.6)
20.4
(68.7)
13.7
(56.7)
7.2
(45.0)
1.6
(34.9)
12.4
(54.3)
일평균 °C(°F) −5.6
(21.9)
−4.4
(24.1)
−0.2
(31.6)
6.4
(43.5)
12.4
(54.3)
17.5
(63.5)
20.0
(68.0)
19.2
(66.6)
15.0
(59.0)
8.7
(47.7)
3.4
(38.1)
−2.2
(28.0)
7.5
(45.5)
평균 최저 °C(°F) −9.9
(14.2)
−8.8
(16.2)
−4.6
(23.7)
1.5
(34.7)
6.8
(44.2)
11.8
(53.2)
14.3
(57.7)
13.5
(56.3)
9.5
(49.1)
3.6
(38.5)
−0.4
(31.3)
−6.0
(21.2)
2.6
(36.7)
낮은 °C(°F)를 기록하십시오. −34.0
(−29.2)
−30.0
(−22.0)
−26.0
(−14.8)
−14.4
(6.1)
−5.0
(23.0)
−1.0
(30.2)
2.8
(37.0)
−0.5
(31.1)
−3.3
(26.1)
−8.3
(17.1)
−17.8
(0.0)
−34.5
(−30.1)
−34.5
(−30.1)
평균 강수량 mm(인치) 63.1
(2.48)
50.5
(1.99)
55.0
(2.17)
70.6
(2.78)
75.9
(2.99)
83.8
(3.30)
63.2
(2.49)
78.1
(3.07)
98.7
(3.89)
70.8
(2.79)
88.6
(3.49)
68.1
(2.68)
866.5
(34.11)
평균 강우량 mm(인치) 32.2
(1.27)
32.8
(1.29)
41.0
(1.61)
68.0
(2.68)
75.9
(2.99)
83.8
(3.30)
63.2
(2.49)
78.1
(3.07)
98.7
(3.89)
70.6
(2.78)
83.1
(3.27)
46.1
(1.81)
773.3
(30.44)
평균 적설량 cm(인치) 31.0
(12.2)
17.7
(7.0)
14.1
(5.6)
2.6
(1.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.1
(0.0)
5.6
(2.2)
22.0
(8.7)
93.1
(36.7)
평균강수일수( 0 0.2mm) 12.5 10.8 11.2 12.5 12.2 12.0 10.4 11.5 13.0 13.0 14.3 13.0 146.4
평균 비오는 날 (0.2mm 이하) 5.5 5.3 8.0 11.8 12.2 12.0 10.4 11.5 13.0 13.0 12.7 7.4 122.7
평균 강설일수 (0.2cm 이하) 7.8 6.3 4.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 2.1 6.5 27.9
출처: 환경 캐나다[49]
오샤와 WCPC 기후 데이터
기후 ID: 6155878, 좌표: 43°52°N 78°50°W / 43.867°N 78.833°W / 43.867, -78.833(오샤와 WCPC), 고도: 83.8m (275ft), 1981-2010 표준
1월 2월 마루 에이프릴 그럴지도 모른다 8월 9월 10월 11월 12월 연도
높은 °C(°F)를 기록하다 14.0
(57.2)
11.5
(52.7)
23.5
(74.3)
29.5
(85.1)
32.0
(89.6)
34.5
(94.1)
36.5
(97.7)
36.0
(96.8)
31.5
(88.7)
24.4
(75.9)
21.1
(70.0)
16.5
(61.7)
36.5
(97.7)
평균 최고 °C(°F) −1.1
(30.0)
0.1
(32.2)
4.2
(39.6)
10.8
(51.4)
16.9
(62.4)
22.3
(72.1)
25.1
(77.2)
24.3
(75.7)
20.2
(68.4)
13.3
(55.9)
7.4
(45.3)
2.1
(35.8)
12.1
(53.8)
일평균 °C(°F) −4.8
(23.4)
−3.6
(25.5)
0.4
(32.7)
6.6
(43.9)
12.3
(54.1)
17.6
(63.7)
20.6
(69.1)
20.0
(68.0)
15.9
(60.6)
9.5
(49.1)
4.2
(39.6)
−1.2
(29.8)
8.1
(46.6)
평균 최저 °C(°F) −8.5
(16.7)
−7.3
(18.9)
−3.5
(25.7)
2.5
(36.5)
7.7
(45.9)
12.9
(55.2)
15.9
(60.6)
15.6
(60.1)
11.7
(53.1)
5.6
(42.1)
1.0
(33.8)
−4.4
(24.1)
4.1
(39.4)
낮은 °C(°F)를 기록하십시오. −30.5
(−22.9)
−27
(−17)
−24
(−11)
−13.3
(8.1)
−2.8
(27.0)
1.1
(34.0)
6.0
(42.8)
3.0
(37.4)
−0.6
(30.9)
−7.8
(18.0)
−13
(9)
−29
(−20)
−30.5
(−22.9)
평균 강수량 mm(인치) 65.6
(2.58)
56.6
(2.23)
54.2
(2.13)
72.7
(2.86)
78.9
(3.11)
73.9
(2.91)
73.1
(2.88)
77.4
(3.05)
94.0
(3.70)
70.1
(2.76)
84.8
(3.34)
70.7
(2.78)
871.9
(34.33)
평균 강우량 mm(인치) 30.0
(1.18)
31.7
(1.25)
40.7
(1.60)
70.6
(2.78)
78.9
(3.11)
73.9
(2.91)
73.1
(2.88)
77.4
(3.05)
94.0
(3.70)
70.0
(2.76)
80.0
(3.15)
45.8
(1.80)
766.1
(30.16)
평균 적설량 cm(인치) 35.6
(14.0)
24.9
(9.8)
13.5
(5.3)
2.0
(0.8)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.1
(0.0)
4.7
(1.9)
24.9
(9.8)
105.8
(41.7)
평균강수일수( 0 0.2mm) 13.6 10.4 11.0 12.8 12.8 10.8 10.6 11.2 12.1 13.5 14.4 12.6 145.7
평균 비오는 날 (0.2mm 이하) 5.7 5.0 7.9 12.4 12.8 10.8 10.6 11.2 12.1 13.4 13.3 7.5 122.7
평균 강설일수 (0.2cm 이하) 8.7 6.3 3.8 0.85 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.08 1.8 5.9 27.5
출처: 환경 캐나다[50]
벌링턴 TS의 기후 데이터
기후 ID: 6151064, 좌표 43°20ºN 79°50ºW / 43.333°N 79.833°W / 43.333; -79.833(벌링턴 TS), 고도: 99.1m (325피트), 1981-2010 정규, 1866–현재[note 1]
1월 2월 마루 에이프릴 그럴지도 모른다 8월 9월 10월 11월 12월 연도
높은 °C(°F)를 기록하다 18.4
(65.1)
17.9
(64.2)
27.2
(81.0)
32.0
(89.6)
36.1
(97.0)
38.9
(102.0)
41.1
(106.0)
38.3
(100.9)
37.8
(100.0)
31.1
(88.0)
26.7
(80.1)
22.0
(71.6)
41.1
(106.0)
평균 최고 °C(°F) −0.6
(30.9)
0.8
(33.4)
5.2
(41.4)
12.4
(54.3)
19.4
(66.9)
25.0
(77.0)
28.0
(82.4)
26.7
(80.1)
21.8
(71.2)
15.1
(59.2)
8.0
(46.4)
2.4
(36.3)
13.7
(56.7)
일평균 °C(°F) −4.4
(24.1)
−3.2
(26.2)
1.0
(33.8)
7.5
(45.5)
13.9
(57.0)
19.4
(66.9)
22.5
(72.5)
21.4
(70.5)
16.9
(62.4)
10.4
(50.7)
4.4
(39.9)
−1
(30)
9.1
(48.4)
평균 최저 °C(°F) −8.1
(17.4)
−7.1
(19.2)
−3.3
(26.1)
2.6
(36.7)
8.3
(46.9)
13.8
(56.8)
16.9
(62.4)
16.1
(61.0)
11.9
(53.4)
5.7
(42.3)
0.7
(33.3)
−4.3
(24.3)
4.4
(39.9)
낮은 °C(°F)를 기록하십시오. −30.6
(−23.1)
−29.4
(−20.9)
−27.2
(−17.0)
−14.4
(6.1)
−7.2
(19.0)
0.0
(32.0)
1.1
(34.0)
1.7
(35.1)
−3.9
(25.0)
−11.1
(12.0)
−22.8
(−9.0)
−27.8
(−18.0)
−30.6
(−23.1)
평균 강수량 mm(인치) 66.0
(2.60)
54.5
(2.15)
61.6
(2.43)
70.6
(2.78)
81.0
(3.19)
69.1
(2.72)
75.3
(2.96)
82.0
(3.23)
83.1
(3.27)
71.9
(2.83)
84.9
(3.34)
63.0
(2.48)
863.1
(33.98)
평균 강우량 mm(인치) 31.8
(1.25)
33.0
(1.30)
44.7
(1.76)
68.2
(2.69)
81.0
(3.19)
69.1
(2.72)
75.3
(2.96)
82.0
(3.23)
83.1
(3.27)
71.9
(2.83)
79.7
(3.14)
43.5
(1.71)
763.3
(30.05)
평균 적설량 cm(인치) 34.2
(13.5)
21.5
(8.5)
16.9
(6.7)
2.4
(0.9)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
5.3
(2.1)
19.5
(7.7)
99.9
(39.3)
평균강수일수( 0 0.2mm) 12.4 9.6 11.0 12.5 11.8 10.9 10.1 10.2 10.9 10.7 13.9 11.9 135.8
평균 비오는 날 (0.2mm 이하) 4.9 4.5 8.0 11.7 11.8 10.9 10.1 10.2 10.9 10.7 12.7 7.7 113.9
평균 강설일수 (0.2cm 이하) 8.1 6.0 3.6 0.84 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6 5.4 25.5
출처: 환경 캐나다[51][52]
조지타운 WWTP 기후 데이터(Halton Hills)
온도 ID: 6152695, 좌표 43°28º34°N 79°52µ45µW / 43.47611°N 79.87917°W / 43.47611; -79.87917 (조지타운 WWTP), 고도: 221 m (725 피트), 1981 ~ 2010 표준
1월 2월 마루 에이프릴 그럴지도 모른다 8월 9월 10월 11월 12월 연도
높은 °C(°F)를 기록하다 17.0
(62.6)
15.5
(59.9)
25.0
(77.0)
31.5
(88.7)
34.5
(94.1)
36.0
(96.8)
37.0
(98.6)
36.5
(97.7)
35.5
(95.9)
29.5
(85.1)
22.0
(71.6)
20.5
(68.9)
37.0
(98.6)
평균 최고 °C(°F) −1.7
(28.9)
−0.2
(31.6)
4.6
(40.3)
12.1
(53.8)
19.1
(66.4)
24.4
(75.9)
26.9
(80.4)
25.8
(78.4)
21.4
(70.5)
14.3
(57.7)
7.3
(45.1)
1.1
(34.0)
12.9
(55.2)
일평균 °C(°F) −6.3
(20.7)
−5.2
(22.6)
−0.9
(30.4)
6.0
(42.8)
12.3
(54.1)
17.4
(63.3)
20.0
(68.0)
19.0
(66.2)
14.8
(58.6)
8.4
(47.1)
2.8
(37.0)
−2.9
(26.8)
7.1
(44.8)
평균 최저 °C(°F) −10.9
(12.4)
−10.2
(13.6)
−6.4
(20.5)
−0.2
(31.6)
5.3
(41.5)
10.4
(50.7)
13.0
(55.4)
12.1
(53.8)
8.1
(46.6)
2.4
(36.3)
−1.7
(28.9)
−6.9
(19.6)
1.3
(34.3)
낮은 °C(°F)를 기록하십시오. −33.0
(−27.4)
−31.5
(−24.7)
−28.0
(−18.4)
−13.0
(8.6)
−5.0
(23.0)
−0.5
(31.1)
3.0
(37.4)
0.0
(32.0)
−4.0
(24.8)
−8.5
(16.7)
−15.5
(4.1)
−29.5
(−21.1)
−33.0
(−27.4)
평균 강수량 mm(인치) 67.8
(2.67)
60.0
(2.36)
57.2
(2.25)
76.5
(3.01)
79.3
(3.12)
74.8
(2.94)
73.5
(2.89)
79.3
(3.12)
86.2
(3.39)
68.3
(2.69)
88.5
(3.48)
65.9
(2.59)
877.4
(34.54)
평균 강우량 mm(인치) 29.7
(1.17)
28.4
(1.12)
35.2
(1.39)
71.3
(2.81)
79.0
(3.11)
74.8
(2.94)
73.5
(2.89)
79.3
(3.12)
86.2
(3.39)
67.8
(2.67)
79.9
(3.15)
36.4
(1.43)
741.5
(29.19)
평균 적설량 cm(인치) 38.1
(15.0)
31.7
(12.5)
22.1
(8.7)
5.2
(2.0)
0.3
(0.1)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.5
(0.2)
8.6
(3.4)
29.5
(11.6)
135.9
(53.5)
평균강수일수( 0 0.2mm) 12.6 9.4 10.6 12.4 11.9 11.2 10.6 10.6 11.7 12.3 13.3 12.3 138.9
평균 비오는 날 (0.2mm 이하) 4.1 4.1 6.4 11.6 11.8 11.2 10.6 10.6 11.7 12.2 11.4 6.5 112.1
평균 강설일수 (0.2cm 이하) 9.4 6.2 4.8 1.4 0.04 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.27 2.5 6.9 31.5
출처: 환경 캐나다[53]
Oakville South WPCP의 기후 데이터
온도 ID: 615N745, 좌표 43°29N 79°38】W / 43.483°N 79.633°W / 43.483 ; -79.633 (오크빌 남동부 WPCP), 고도: 86.9 m (285 ft), 1981 ~ 2010 정규
1월 2월 마루 에이프릴 그럴지도 모른다 8월 9월 10월 11월 12월 연도
높은 °C(°F)를 기록하다 13.9
(57.0)
15.6
(60.1)
27.5
(81.5)
32.0
(89.6)
33.0
(91.4)
38.0
(100.4)
37.0
(98.6)
37.5
(99.5)
35.0
(95.0)
28.9
(84.0)
23.3
(73.9)
22.0
(71.6)
38.0
(100.4)
평균 최고 °C(°F) −0.4
(31.3)
0.6
(33.1)
4.7
(40.5)
11.3
(52.3)
17.9
(64.2)
23.2
(73.8)
26.3
(79.3)
25.2
(77.4)
20.9
(69.6)
14.3
(57.7)
8.3
(46.9)
2.8
(37.0)
12.9
(55.2)
일평균 °C(°F) −4.7
(23.5)
−3.9
(25.0)
0.1
(32.2)
6.4
(43.5)
12.3
(54.1)
17.7
(63.9)
20.9
(69.6)
20.1
(68.2)
15.6
(60.1)
9.3
(48.7)
4.0
(39.2)
−1.3
(29.7)
8.1
(46.6)
평균 최저 °C(°F) −8.9
(16.0)
−8.3
(17.1)
−4.5
(23.9)
1.5
(34.7)
6.8
(44.2)
12.1
(53.8)
15.4
(59.7)
15.0
(59.0)
10.2
(50.4)
4.3
(39.7)
−0.2
(31.6)
−5.5
(22.1)
3.2
(37.8)
낮은 °C(°F)를 기록하십시오. −30.0
(−22.0)
−25.0
(−13.0)
−22.0
(−7.6)
−14.4
(6.1)
−3.3
(26.1)
1.1
(34.0)
7.0
(44.6)
3.0
(37.4)
−1.7
(28.9)
−7.0
(19.4)
−14.0
(6.8)
−27.0
(−16.6)
−30.0
(−22.0)
평균 강수량 mm(인치) 59.8
(2.35)
46.7
(1.84)
54.4
(2.14)
65.2
(2.57)
73.9
(2.91)
71.0
(2.80)
75.8
(2.98)
78.3
(3.08)
73.5
(2.89)
70.0
(2.76)
79.3
(3.12)
58.8
(2.31)
806.7
(31.76)
평균 강우량 mm(인치) 31.5
(1.24)
30.7
(1.21)
37.2
(1.46)
63.1
(2.48)
73.9
(2.91)
71.0
(2.80)
75.8
(2.98)
78.3
(3.08)
73.5
(2.89)
70.0
(2.76)
76.8
(3.02)
43.9
(1.73)
725.6
(28.57)
평균 적설량 cm(인치) 28.3
(11.1)
16.1
(6.3)
17.2
(6.8)
2.1
(0.8)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
2.5
(1.0)
14.9
(5.9)
81.0
(31.9)
평균강수일수( 0 0.2mm) 9.6 7.2 9.0 11.1 10.4 10.3 8.8 9.8 10.2 10.4 11.1 9.7 117.6
평균 비오는 날 (0.2mm 이하) 4.4 3.8 6.4 10.6 10.4 10.3 8.8 9.8 10.2 10.4 10.6 6.8 102.4
평균 강설일수 (0.2cm 이하) 5.6 3.7 3.2 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 3.4 17.6
출처: 환경 캐나다[54]
레스터 B의 기후 데이터입니다. 피어슨 국제공항(브램튼노스미소가)
WMO ID: 71624, 좌표 43°40°38°N 79°37°50°W / 43.67722°N 79.63056°W / 43.67722, -79.63056(Toronto Lester B). 피어슨 국제공항), 고도: 173.4m(569ft), 1981-2010년 정상
1월 2월 마루 에이프릴 그럴지도 모른다 8월 9월 10월 11월 12월 연도
높은 휴미덱스 기록 19.0 18.3 29.6 37.9 42.6 45.6 50.3 46.6 48.0 39.1 28.6 23.9 50.3
높은 °C(°F)를 기록하다 17.6
(63.7)
17.7
(63.9)
26.0
(78.8)
31.1
(88.0)
34.4
(93.9)
36.7
(98.1)
37.9
(100.2)
38.3
(100.9)
36.7
(98.1)
31.8
(89.2)
25.0
(77.0)
20.0
(68.0)
38.3
(100.9)
평균 최고 °C(°F) −1.5
(29.3)
−0.4
(31.3)
4.6
(40.3)
12.2
(54.0)
18.8
(65.8)
24.2
(75.6)
27.1
(80.8)
26.0
(78.8)
21.6
(70.9)
14.3
(57.7)
7.6
(45.7)
1.4
(34.5)
13.0
(55.4)
일평균 °C(°F) −5.5
(22.1)
−4.5
(23.9)
0.1
(32.2)
7.1
(44.8)
13.1
(55.6)
18.6
(65.5)
21.5
(70.7)
20.6
(69.1)
16.2
(61.2)
9.5
(49.1)
3.7
(38.7)
−2.2
(28.0)
8.2
(46.8)
평균 최저 °C(°F) −9.4
(15.1)
−8.7
(16.3)
−4.5
(23.9)
1.9
(35.4)
7.4
(45.3)
13.0
(55.4)
15.8
(60.4)
15.1
(59.2)
10.8
(51.4)
4.6
(40.3)
−0.2
(31.6)
−5.8
(21.6)
3.3
(37.9)
낮은 °C(°F)를 기록하십시오. −31.3
(−24.3)
−31.1
(−24.0)
−28.9
(−20.0)
−17.2
(1.0)
−5.6
(21.9)
0.6
(33.1)
3.9
(39.0)
1.1
(34.0)
−3.9
(25.0)
−8.3
(17.1)
−18.3
(−0.9)
−31.1
(−24.0)
−31.3
(−24.3)
낮은 바람의 냉기를 기록하다 −44.7 −38.9 −36.2 −25.4 −9.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 −8.0 −13.5 −25.4 −38.5 −44.7
평균 강수량 mm(인치) 51.8
(2.04)
47.7
(1.88)
49.8
(1.96)
68.5
(2.70)
74.3
(2.93)
71.5
(2.81)
75.7
(2.98)
78.1
(3.07)
74.5
(2.93)
61.1
(2.41)
75.1
(2.96)
57.9
(2.28)
785.9
(30.94)
평균 강우량 mm(인치) 25.1
(0.99)
24.3
(0.96)
32.6
(1.28)
63.0
(2.48)
74.3
(2.93)
71.5
(2.81)
75.7
(2.98)
78.1
(3.07)
74.5
(2.93)
60.6
(2.39)
68.0
(2.68)
34.0
(1.34)
681.6
(26.83)
평균 적설량 cm(인치) 29.5
(11.6)
24.0
(9.4)
17.7
(7.0)
4.5
(1.8)
0.02
(0.01)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.4
(0.2)
7.5
(3.0)
24.9
(9.8)
108.5
(42.7)
평균강수일수( 0 0.2mm) 15.1 11.6 12.4 12.5 12.5 10.8 10.4 10.2 10.5 12.1 13.2 14.8 145.9
평균 비오는 날 (0.2mm 이하) 5.4 4.6 7.4 11.3 12.5 10.8 10.4 10.2 10.5 12.0 11.0 7.1 113.2
Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) 12.1 9.4 6.8 2.4 0.03 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 3.4 10.0 44.4
Average relative humidity (%) (at 15:00) 72.0 68.4 61.4 54.4 53.5 54.9 53.3 55.8 58.5 62.1 69.2 72.5 61.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours 79.7 112.2 159.4 204.4 228.2 249.7 294.4 274.5 215.7 163.7 94.2 86.2 2,161.4
Percent possible sunshine 27.6 38.0 43.2 50.8 50.1 54.1 63.0 63.4 57.4 47.8 32.0 30.9 46.5
Source: Environment Canada[55][56][57][58][59][60][61]
Climate data for Albion Field Centre (Albion Township and Caledon)
Climate ID: 6150103; coordinates 43°55′N 79°50′W / 43.917°N 79.833°W / 43.917; -79.833 (Albion Field Centre)); elevation: 281.9 m (925 ft); 1981–2010 normals
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 12.0
(53.6)
14.5
(58.1)
24.5
(76.1)
30.0
(86.0)
33.0
(91.4)
34.5
(94.1)
36.1
(97.0)
35.0
(95.0)
34.4
(93.9)
30.6
(87.1)
22.2
(72.0)
19.5
(67.1)
36.1
(97.0)
Average high °C (°F) −2.8
(27.0)
−1.4
(29.5)
3.7
(38.7)
11.6
(52.9)
18.8
(65.8)
23.7
(74.7)
26.3
(79.3)
25.1
(77.2)
19.9
(67.8)
13.2
(55.8)
5.8
(42.4)
−0.3
(31.5)
12.0
(53.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) −7.0
(19.4)
−5.9
(21.4)
−1.4
(29.5)
6.1
(43.0)
12.4
(54.3)
17.3
(63.1)
19.9
(67.8)
19.1
(66.4)
14.3
(57.7)
8.1
(46.6)
2.1
(35.8)
−3.9
(25.0)
6.7
(44.1)
Average low °C (°F) −11.2
(11.8)
−10.4
(13.3)
−6.6
(20.1)
0.5
(32.9)
5.9
(42.6)
10.9
(51.6)
13.5
(56.3)
13.0
(55.4)
8.6
(47.5)
2.9
(37.2)
−1.7
(28.9)
−7.4
(18.7)
1.5
(34.7)
Record low °C (°F) −36.5
(−33.7)
−35.0
(−31.0)
−31.5
(−24.7)
−21.1
(−6.0)
−6.1
(21.0)
−1.5
(29.3)
1.7
(35.1)
−0.5
(31.1)
−5.0
(23.0)
−11.5
(11.3)
−19.0
(−2.2)
−32.0
(−25.6)
−36.5
(−33.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 60.4
(2.38)
50.2
(1.98)
50.3
(1.98)
67.0
(2.64)
76.1
(3.00)
75.5
(2.97)
81.8
(3.22)
77.4
(3.05)
75.0
(2.95)
68.3
(2.69)
81.7
(3.22)
57.7
(2.27)
821.5
(32.34)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 24.0
(0.94)
22.2
(0.87)
27.3
(1.07)
63.0
(2.48)
76.1
(3.00)
75.5
(2.97)
81.8
(3.22)
77.4
(3.05)
75.0
(2.95)
64.9
(2.56)
67.8
(2.67)
25.9
(1.02)
681.0
(26.81)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 36.4
(14.3)
28.0
(11.0)
23.0
(9.1)
4.0
(1.6)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
3.4
(1.3)
13.8
(5.4)
31.9
(12.6)
140.5
(55.3)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) 12.4 9.4 9.6 10.8 10.3 10.2 9.0 9.8 10.8 11.3 12.1 9.8 125.5
Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) 3.3 3.6 5.2 9.9 10.3 10.2 9.0 9.8 10.8 11.2 9.3 3.7 96.2
Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) 9.8 6.4 5.3 1.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 4.0 6.8 34.3
Source: Environment Canada[62]
Climate data for Markham (Buttonville at Toronto Buttonville Airport)
WMO ID: 71639; coordinates 43°51′44″N 79°22′12″W / 43.86222°N 79.37000°W / 43.86222; -79.37000 (Toronto Buttonville Airport); elevation: 198.1 m (650 ft); 1981–2010 normals
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high humidex 16.0 14.4 29.2 35.7 41.0 44.6 50.9 47.4 43.6 37.8 24.9 20.6 50.9
Record high °C (°F) 14.9
(58.8)
14.9
(58.8)
26.0
(78.8)
31.7
(89.1)
34.6
(94.3)
36.6
(97.9)
37.2
(99.0)
37.8
(100.0)
34.4
(93.9)
31.0
(87.8)
22.1
(71.8)
18.0
(64.4)
37.8
(100.0)
Average high °C (°F) −1.5
(29.3)
−0.9
(30.4)
4.5
(40.1)
12.1
(53.8)
19.1
(66.4)
24.6
(76.3)
27.1
(80.8)
26.0
(78.8)
21.5
(70.7)
14.1
(57.4)
7.2
(45.0)
0.9
(33.6)
12.9
(55.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) −5.8
(21.6)
−5.6
(21.9)
−0.4
(31.3)
6.7
(44.1)
13.0
(55.4)
18.6
(65.5)
21.2
(70.2)
20.2
(68.4)
15.7
(60.3)
8.9
(48.0)
3.1
(37.6)
−2.9
(26.8)
7.7
(45.9)
Average low °C (°F) −10.1
(13.8)
−10.2
(13.6)
−5.3
(22.5)
1.2
(34.2)
6.8
(44.2)
12.6
(54.7)
15.2
(59.4)
14.3
(57.7)
9.9
(49.8)
3.6
(38.5)
−1.1
(30.0)
−6.8
(19.8)
2.5
(36.5)
Record low °C (°F) −35.2
(−31.4)
−25.7
(−14.3)
−25.6
(−14.1)
−10.1
(13.8)
−2.1
(28.2)
1.9
(35.4)
6.9
(44.4)
4.2
(39.6)
−2.0
(28.4)
−7.4
(18.7)
−15.0
(5.0)
−26.0
(−14.8)
−35.2
(−31.4)
Record low wind chill −42.6 −37.4 −35.6 −18.6 −4.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 −4.2 −8.8 −23.9 −36.6 −42.6
Average precipitation mm (inches) 62.1
(2.44)
50.5
(1.99)
53.2
(2.09)
74.1
(2.92)
79.6
(3.13)
82.8
(3.26)
79.0
(3.11)
76.2
(3.00)
81.8
(3.22)
68.0
(2.68)
80.0
(3.15)
65.7
(2.59)
852.9
(33.58)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 26.0
(1.02)
22.9
(0.90)
33.6
(1.32)
66.7
(2.63)
79.5
(3.13)
82.8
(3.26)
78.8
(3.10)
76.2
(3.00)
81.8
(3.22)
66.7
(2.63)
68.3
(2.69)
34.2
(1.35)
717.4
(28.24)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 38.9
(15.3)
29.9
(11.8)
19.3
(7.6)
7.5
(3.0)
0.1
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.6
(0.2)
12.1
(4.8)
34.2
(13.5)
142.6
(56.1)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) 16.7 12.9 12.0 12.3 12.0 11.8 11.2 9.9 10.8 13.2 14.5 15.3 152.7
Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) 5.8 3.8 6.7 10.8 12.0 11.8 11.2 9.9 10.8 13.0 11.3 6.6 113.7
Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) 13.4 10.8 7.0 2.9 0.13 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.48 4.7 10.8 50.2
Average relative humidity (%) (at 1500 LST) 69.6 64.0 57.8 52.9 52.3 53.9 53.4 55.9 59.2 62.4 68.9 71.1 60.1
Source: Environment and Climate Change Canada[63]
Climate data for Richmond Hill
Climate ID: 6157012; coordinates 43°52′38″N 79°26′52″W / 43.87722°N 79.44778°W / 43.87722; -79.44778 (Richmond Hill); elevation: 240 m (790 ft); 1981–2010 normals
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 14.5
(58.1)
14.5
(58.1)
25.5
(77.9)
31.0
(87.8)
34.5
(94.1)
35.0
(95.0)
37.0
(98.6)
37.0
(98.6)
34.4
(93.9)
29.4
(84.9)
23.3
(73.9)
20.0
(68.0)
37.0
(98.6)
Average high °C (°F) −2.2
(28.0)
−0.6
(30.9)
4.4
(39.9)
12.1
(53.8)
19.0
(66.2)
24.2
(75.6)
26.8
(80.2)
25.6
(78.1)
20.9
(69.6)
13.7
(56.7)
6.7
(44.1)
0.8
(33.4)
12.6
(54.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) −6.2
(20.8)
−4.9
(23.2)
−0.3
(31.5)
6.9
(44.4)
13.3
(55.9)
18.7
(65.7)
21.4
(70.5)
20.3
(68.5)
15.9
(60.6)
9.1
(48.4)
3.1
(37.6)
−2.7
(27.1)
7.9
(46.2)
Average low °C (°F) −10.2
(13.6)
−9.1
(15.6)
−5
(23)
1.7
(35.1)
7.7
(45.9)
13.1
(55.6)
15.9
(60.6)
15.1
(59.2)
10.8
(51.4)
4.5
(40.1)
−0.5
(31.1)
−6.1
(21.0)
3.2
(37.8)
Record low °C (°F) −32.5
(−26.5)
−29
(−20)
−27
(−17)
−15
(5)
−5.6
(21.9)
0.6
(33.1)
4.4
(39.9)
3.0
(37.4)
−3.3
(26.1)
−7.8
(18.0)
−15.5
(4.1)
−30
(−22)
−32.5
(−26.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 62.3
(2.45)
58.0
(2.28)
58.8
(2.31)
70.1
(2.76)
81.6
(3.21)
80.2
(3.16)
83.5
(3.29)
89.2
(3.51)
88.4
(3.48)
69.1
(2.72)
87.2
(3.43)
66.8
(2.63)
895.2
(35.24)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 25.2
(0.99)
26.3
(1.04)
33.6
(1.32)
62.5
(2.46)
81.5
(3.21)
80.2
(3.16)
83.5
(3.29)
89.2
(3.51)
88.4
(3.48)
67.6
(2.66)
73.5
(2.89)
33.1
(1.30)
744.6
(29.31)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 37.1
(14.6)
31.7
(12.5)
25.2
(9.9)
7.6
(3.0)
0.1
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
1.5
(0.6)
13.7
(5.4)
33.7
(13.3)
150.6
(59.3)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) 18.3 13.9 14.4 13.6 13.6 11.9 11.3 11.2 12.4 13.4 15.2 16.2 165.2
Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) 4.9 4.3 7.4 11.7 13.6 11.9 11.3 11.2 12.4 13.3 11.4 7.0 120.2
Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) 15.3 11.3 9.0 3.2 0.12 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.62 5.3 11.6 56.5
Source: Environment Canada[64]
Climate data for Stouffville
Climate ID: 6158084; coordinates 43°58′N 79°15′W / 43.967°N 79.250°W / 43.967; -79.250 (Stouffville); elevation: 266.7 m (875 ft), 1981–2010 normals
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 11.0
(51.8)
13.5
(56.3)
23.0
(73.4)
30.5
(86.9)
32.0
(89.6)
34.0
(93.2)
35.5
(95.9)
36.5
(97.7)
32.8
(91.0)
25.5
(77.9)
22.8
(73.0)
18.0
(64.4)
36.5
(97.7)
Average high °C (°F) −3.2
(26.2)
−2.4
(27.7)
3.1
(37.6)
11.1
(52.0)
18.5
(65.3)
23.1
(73.6)
26.2
(79.2)
24.7
(76.5)
19.9
(67.8)
12.8
(55.0)
6.0
(42.8)
−0.6
(30.9)
11.6
(52.9)
Average low °C (°F) −11.6
(11.1)
−10.9
(12.4)
−5.7
(21.7)
1.2
(34.2)
7.4
(45.3)
11.8
(53.2)
14.8
(58.6)
14
(57)
9.6
(49.3)
3.5
(38.3)
−1.0
(30.2)
−7.7
(18.1)
2.1
(35.8)
Record low °C (°F) −35.5
(−31.9)
−28.3
(−18.9)
−28.0
(−18.4)
−17.0
(1.4)
−3.3
(26.1)
0.0
(32.0)
7.0
(44.6)
2.5
(36.5)
−2.0
(28.4)
−7.2
(19.0)
−15.0
(5.0)
−31.5
(−24.7)
−35.5
(−31.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 52.8
(2.08)
53.5
(2.11)
62.8
(2.47)
65.5
(2.58)
81.2
(3.20)
73.3
(2.89)
75.8
(2.98)
99.3
(3.91)
79.2
(3.12)
81.2
(3.20)
78.5
(3.09)
65.6
(2.58)
868.6
(34.20)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 17.9
(0.70)
23.3
(0.92)
43.5
(1.71)
60.5
(2.38)
81.1
(3.19)
73.3
(2.89)
75.8
(2.98)
99.3
(3.91)
79.2
(3.12)
80.6
(3.17)
70.3
(2.77)
33.0
(1.30)
737.7
(29.04)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 34.9
(13.7)
30.2
(11.9)
19.3
(7.6)
5.0
(2.0)
0.1
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.6
(0.2)
8.2
(3.2)
32.7
(12.9)
131.0
(51.6)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) 11.0 10.3 10.1 10.8 11.0 10.7 9.2 10.8 10.4 13.0 12.6 12.3 131.9
Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) 2.9 3.1 6.2 9.8 11.0 10.7 9.2 10.8 10.4 13.0 10.7 5.1 102.6
Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) 8.4 7.7 4.7 1.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 2.6 8.3 33.1
Source: Environment Canada[65]
Climate data for Woodbridge (Vaughan)
Climate ID: 6159575; coordinates 43°47′N 79°36′W / 43.783°N 79.600°W / 43.783; -79.600 (Woodbridge); elevation: 164 m (538 ft); 1981–2010 normals
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 17.0
(62.6)
15.5
(59.9)
26.5
(79.7)
31.5
(88.7)
33.0
(91.4)
36.0
(96.8)
39.0
(102.2)
37.2
(99.0)
36.1
(97.0)
30.6
(87.1)
25.0
(77.0)
19.5
(67.1)
39.0
(102.2)
Average high °C (°F) −2.5
(27.5)
−0.5
(31.1)
4.3
(39.7)
12.0
(53.6)
18.8
(65.8)
24.1
(75.4)
26.9
(80.4)
25.4
(77.7)
20.9
(69.6)
13.9
(57.0)
6.9
(44.4)
0.8
(33.4)
12.6
(54.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) −6.6
(20.1)
−4.8
(23.4)
−0.4
(31.3)
6.6
(43.9)
12.9
(55.2)
18.1
(64.6)
20.8
(69.4)
19.6
(67.3)
15.4
(59.7)
9.0
(48.2)
3.1
(37.6)
−2.8
(27.0)
7.6
(45.7)
Average low °C (°F) −10.7
(12.7)
−9.2
(15.4)
−5.2
(22.6)
1.2
(34.2)
6.8
(44.2)
12.0
(53.6)
14.7
(58.5)
13.8
(56.8)
9.8
(49.6)
4.0
(39.2)
−0.8
(30.6)
−6.4
(20.5)
2.5
(36.5)
Record low °C (°F) −34.5
(−30.1)
−30.0
(−22.0)
−29.4
(−20.9)
−17.2
(1.0)
−6.7
(19.9)
−1.7
(28.9)
2.8
(37.0)
−0.6
(30.9)
−5.0
(23.0)
−11.7
(10.9)
−18.3
(−0.9)
−30.0
(−22.0)
−34.5
(−30.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 50.3
(1.98)
44.2
(1.74)
49.2
(1.94)
63.3
(2.49)
79.1
(3.11)
76.3
(3.00)
70.4
(2.77)
80.4
(3.17)
84.6
(3.33)
66.5
(2.62)
78.3
(3.08)
57.4
(2.26)
799.8
(31.49)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 20.4
(0.80)
23.2
(0.91)
31.4
(1.24)
59.6
(2.35)
79.1
(3.11)
76.3
(3.00)
70.4
(2.77)
80.4
(3.17)
84.6
(3.33)
66.0
(2.60)
71.1
(2.80)
34.6
(1.36)
697.0
(27.44)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 29.9
(11.8)
21.1
(8.3)
17.8
(7.0)
3.7
(1.5)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.45
(0.18)
7.2
(2.8)
22.8
(9.0)
102.8
(40.5)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) 13.5 10.3 10.7 11.8 12.0 10.8 9.5 9.6 10.6 12.7 13.1 12.8 137.4
Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) 4.2 4.4 6.4 10.7 12.0 10.8 9.5 9.6 10.6 12.6 11.1 6.5 108.3
Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) 10.2 6.8 5.1 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.23 3.0 7.5 34.3
Source: Environment and Climate Change Canada[66]

Economy

The Greater Toronto Area is a commercial, distribution, financial and economic centre, being the second largest financial centre in North America.[67] The region generates about a fifth of Canada's GDP and is home to 40% of Canada's business headquarters.[68][69] The economies of the municipalities in Greater Toronto are largely intertwined.[70] The work force is made up of approximately 2.9 million people and more than 100,000 companies[71] The Greater Toronto Area produces nearly 20% of the entire nation's GDP with $323 billion, and from 1992 to 2002, experienced an average GDP growth rate of 4.0% and a job creation rate of 2.4% (compared to the national average GDP growth rate of 3% and job creation rate of 1.6%).[68][72] Greater Toronto has the largest regional economy in Canada, with its GDP surpassing the province of Quebec in 2015.[citation needed]

A worker at Oakville Assembly installs a battery on a Ford Flex. In 2010, the automotive industry accounted for roughly 10 percent of Greater Toronto's GDP.

In 2010, over 51% of the labour force in the Greater Toronto Area is employed in the service sector, with 19% in the manufacturing, 17% of the labour force employed in wholesale & retail trade, 8% of the labour force involved in transportation, communication and utilities, and 5% of the workforce is involved in construction.[73] Despite the fact the service industry makes up only 51% of Greater Toronto's workforce, over 72% of the region's GDP is generated by service industries.[68]

The largest industry in the Greater Toronto Area is the financial services in the province, accounting for an estimated 25% of the region's GDP.[68] Notably, the five largest banks in Canada all have their operational headquarters in Toronto's Financial District.[74] Toronto is also home to the headquarters of the Toronto Stock Exchange and the Standard and Poor TSX Composite Index and offices of the TSX Venture Exchange.[74] The TMX Group, the owners and operators of TSX Exchanges as well as the Montreal Exchange, are also headquartered in Toronto. The TSX and the TSX Venture Exchange represent 3,369 companies, including more than half of the world's publicly traded mining companies.[74]

Markham also attracted the highest concentration of high tech companies in Canada, and because of it, has positioned itself as Canada's High-Tech Capital.[75] The Greater Toronto Area is the second largest automotive centre in North America (after Detroit). Currently,[when?] General Motors, Ford and Chrysler run six assembly plants in the area, with Honda and Toyota having assembly plants just outside the GTA. General Motors, Ford, Honda, KIA, Mazda, Suzuki, Nissan, Volkswagen, Toyota, Hyundai, Aston Martin, Jaguar, Land Rover, Subaru, Volvo, BMW, and Mitsubishi have chosen the Greater Toronto Area for their Canadian headquarters.[76] Magna International, the world's most diversified car supplier,[77] also has its headquarters in Aurora.[78] The automobile industry within the region accounts for roughly 10% of the region's GDP.[68]

As with the rest of Canada, the economy of the Greater Toronto Area has been hit very hard by the COVID-19 pandemic in the early 2020s.

Agriculture

A farm in Caledon. There were 3,707 farms in the Greater Toronto Area according to the 2006 census.

While it was once the most dominant industry for residents in the Greater Toronto Area, agriculture now occupies a small percentage of the population, but still a large part of land in the surrounding four regional municipalities. Census data from 2006 has shown there are 3,707 census farms in the GTA, down 4.2% from 2001 and covering 274,363 ha (677,970 acres).[79] Almost every community in the GTA is currently experiencing a decrease in the acreage of farmland, with Mississauga seeing the most significant. The only communities in the GTA which are experiencing a growth in the acreage of farmland are Aurora, Georgina, Newmarket, Oshawa, Richmond Hill and Scugog, with Markham experiencing neither any growth nor decline.[80] Most of the GTA's farmland is in Durham Region, with 55% of their total land area being farmland. This is followed by York Region with 41% of their lands being farmland, Peel Region with 34%, and Halton Region with 41%.[80] Toronto's remaining farmland is completely within Rouge Park in the Rouge Valley. The average size of the farm in the GTA (74 ha [183 acres]) is much lower than the farms in the rest of Ontario (averaging 94 ha [233 acres]). This has been attributed to the shift of farm types in the GTA from the traditional livestock and cash crop farms (requiring an extensive land base), towards more intensive enterprises including greenhouse, floriculture, nursery, vegetable, fruit, sheep and goats.[79]

The most numerous farms types in the GTA are miscellaneous specialty farms (including horse and pony, sheep and lamb, and other livestock specialty), followed by cattle, grain and oilseed, dairy and field crop farms.[80] Although the output of dairy production has dropped with farms from within the GTA, dairy has remained the most productive sector in the agricultural industry by annual gross farm receipts.[80] Despite the decreased amount of farmland around the region, farm capital value increased from $5.2 billion in 1996 to $6.1 billion in 2001, making the average farm capital value in the GTA continued to be the highest in the province.[80]

Infrastructure

Transportation

The Vaughan Metropolitan Centre station of the Toronto subway. The expansion of Line 1 Yonge–University in 2017 resulted in the first stations built outside the City of Toronto's limits.

There are a number of public transportation operators within the Greater Toronto Area, providing services within their jurisdictions. While these operators are largely independent, provisions are being made to integrate them under Metrolinx, which manages transportation planning including public transport in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area.[81] GO Transit, which merged with Metrolinx during the late 2000s, is Ontario's only intra-regional public transit service, linking the communities in the GTA and the city of Hamilton, as well as the rest of the Greater Golden Horseshoe.[82] Implementation of a 'Presto card' by Metrolinx has created a common means for all fare payments and allows for seamless connection between these and other transit operators.[83]

Public transit operators in the GTA include[84] Brampton Transit, Burlington Transit, Durham Region Transit, GO Transit, Milton Transit, MiWay (serving Mississauga), Oakville Transit, Toronto Transit Commission (TTC), and York Region Transit. The TTC operates the Toronto subway system, which runs in Toronto and in Vaughan, the latter of which began to be served by the system in December 2017 with an extension of Line 1 to Vaughan Metropolitan Centre station on Highway 7 at Jane Street.

Highway 401 serves as a major roadway in the Greater Toronto Area.

The GTA also consists of a number of King's Highways and supplemented by municipal expressways. One of the principal highways in the GTA, Highway 401, is also the longest in Ontario and is also one of the busiest highways in the world.[85] Notably, a segment of the highway passing through the GTA is North America's busiest highway.[86] The GTA is laced with a number of limited-access highways including the 400-series highways. These include:[87]

Note: "York", "Peel", "Durham" and "Halton" here refer to the regional municipalities.

The Toronto Pearson International Airport in Mississauga is the GTA's primary airport, and ranks among the world's busiest airports.

The main airport serving the GTA is Toronto Pearson International Airport in Mississauga, which is Canada's largest[88] and busiest airport. It processed over 47 million passengers in 2017 and nearly 50 million passengers in 2018.[89][90] Toronto Pearson International Airport is operated by the Greater Toronto Airports Authority (GTAA). John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport in nearby Hamilton also handles international flights handles some discount flights and charters and acts as an alternate to Pearson. The Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport on the Toronto Islands near downtown is used for civil aviation, air ambulance traffic and regional scheduled airlines (it handled nearly two million passengers in 2012).[91][92] There are also a number of smaller airports scattered throughout the GTA. The International Air Transport Association (IATA) uses YTO as a code for multiple airports in the area, including those without passenger service.[93]

The Greater Toronto Airport Authority has also placed a tentative proposal to develop a new airport in Pickering (which also extends over into Markham and Uxbridge).[94] As the GTAA predicts Toronto Pearson would be unable to be the sole provider for the bulk of Toronto's commercial air traffic in the next 20 years from the report's publication in 2004 (i.e. in 2024), they believe a new airport in Pickering would address the need for a regional/reliever airport east of Toronto Pearson, as well as complement the airport in Hamilton, Ontario.[95] The GTAA also stated the new airport would create more opportunities for economic development in the eastern region of the Greater Toronto Area.[95]

The region also has significant maritime infrastructure being on the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Seaway system. The Port of Oshawa and Port of Toronto handle between 2 and 4 million tonnes of cargo annually. The Port of Toronto also has an International Marine Passenger Terminal, which had 12,000 cruise passengers in 2019.

Communication

The Greater Toronto Area is served by seven distinct telephone area codes. Before 1993, the GTA used the 416 area code. In a 1993 zone split, Metropolitan Toronto retained the 416 code, while the other municipalities of the Greater Toronto Area were assigned the new area code 905.[96] This division by area code has become part of the local culture to the point where local media refer to something inside Toronto as "the 416" and outside of Toronto as "the 905".[97] For example, the Raptors 905 basketball team in the NBA G League is named after the area code the team represents. Though for the most part, the use of the area 905 as shorthand for the suburban areas outside Toronto city limits was correct, it is not entirely true as some portions of Durham and York Regions use the 705 area code.[98] Furthermore, there are areas, such as Hamilton, the Regional Municipality of Niagara and Port Hope (in Northumberland County) that use the 905 area code, but are not part of the GTA.[98] The unincorporated community of Acton (in Halton Hills), is the only community in the GTA that uses the 519 area code, which covers most of Southwestern Ontario.[99][100]

To meet the increased demand for phone numbers, two overlay area codes were introduced in 2001. Area code 647 (supplementing the 416 area code)[101] was introduced in March 2001 and area code 289 (supplementing the 905 area code) was introduced in July 2001.[102] Some individuals within the 905 area code region may have to dial long distance to reach each other; although residents of Mississauga and Hamilton share the same area code (905), an individual from Toronto, for example, would have to dial "1" to reach Hamilton, but not to reach Mississauga. Ten-digit telephone dialling, including the area code for local calls, is required throughout the GTA.[102] In March 2013, two additional area codes were introduced to the GTA: area code 437 in Toronto and area code 365 in the area served by 905 and 289.[103]

Government

Since the 2015 election, the Greater Toronto Area has been represented by 58 Members of Parliament in the House of Commons of Canada. Forty-six Members of the Provincial Parliament also represent the GTA in the Ontario Legislature. Five Senators from Ontario have also designated themselves as representatives of certain areas in the GTA in the Canadian Senate.[104]

Federal politics

Federally, the Conservatives, Liberals, and the New Democrats (NDP) all hold several electoral districts in the GTA. The City of Toronto has often been supportive of the Liberal Party. Traditionally, Liberal support is strongest in Downtown Toronto, while Conservative support is stronger in the surrounding communities outside Toronto. The NDP also has a strong base within the GTA.[105] The Greater Toronto Area has the ability to influence election results and determine the governing party in Canada, due in part to its large population and riding count.[106]

From 1993 to 2011, a centre-right party failed to win a single seat in the former Metro Toronto. In the 2011 election, however, a surge in NDP support combined with a collapse in Liberal support allowed the Conservatives to win eight seats in Toronto itself, and another 24 in the suburbs. Toronto's political leanings now appeared to mirror those of surrounding communities that leaned toward the Conservatives.

The election of 2011 showed Liberal support, based on votes in the GTA, had collapsed from 43.7% to 30.6%, giving the Liberals only 14.9% of the local seats in the House of Commons. However, the support of the Conservatives and NDP increased accordingly, with the Conservatives increasing their vote share from 31.5% to 42.2% (and capturing 68.1% of the GTA seats) and the NDP increasing from 14.6% to 23.2% of the vote and 17% of the local Federal ridings.

In the 2015 federal election, the Liberals regained their dominance of the GTA after suffering devastating losses there four years earlier. They defeated a number of prominent incumbents from both the NDP and the Conservatives. The Liberals took all of Toronto itself. They also took back almost all of the suburban ridings they had lost in 2011. Both the NDP and the Conservatives suffered heavily as their support collapsed in the inner city and the suburbs respectively. Only a few Conservatives held onto their seats in the outer ring of the GTA, while the NDP failed to elect any MPs in this area.[107] The 2019 and 2021 federal elections have similar results.

Federal Elections in the GTA 2000 2004 2006 2008 2011 2015 2019 2021
Liberal Seats: 44 40 36 32 7 49 49 46
Vote: 57.4 51.3 47.3 43.7 30.6 48.4
Conservative Seats: - 6 8 13 32 9 8 3
Vote: - 27.8 31.7 31.5 42.2 34.3
New Democrat Seats: 0 1 3 2 8 0 0 0
Vote: 7.2 15.4 16 14.6 23.2 14.0
Green Seats: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Vote: 0.8 4.2 4.5 7.1 3.5 2.3
People's Seats: - - - - - - 0 0
Vote: - - - - - - - -
Canadian Alliance Seats: 0 - - - - - - -
Vote: 19.2 - - - - - - -
Progressive Conservatives Seats: 0 - - - - - - -
Vote: 14.3 - - - - - - -
Total seats: 44 47 47 47 47 58 58 58

Provincial politics

Toronto is the capital of Ontario with the Ontario Legislative Building, often metonymically known as Queen's Park, being located in downtown Toronto.

On the provincial level of government, the Ontario Progressive Conservatives, Ontario Liberals, and the Ontario New Democrats all hold electoral districts in the GTA.[108] While the GTA provided a strong base of support for the Progressive Conservative government between 1995 and 2003, the Ontario Liberal Party achieved a major victory in the GTA during the 2003 election and has enjoyed strong support from the region ever since.[109] In the 2011 election, the Liberals won 33 of the 44 available seats in the GTA, allowing Premier Dalton McGuinty to hold onto a minority government. The 2014 election under McGuinty's successor, Kathleen Wynne, was an even bigger electoral landslide for the Liberals, as they won 38 seats in the region. They even took a number of ridings in territory that had voted PC for decades, like Durham, Burlington, Newmarket-Aurora and Halton. The PCs hold no seats in Peel Region, and only one seat in each of the Halton, York, and Durham regions. While the NDP has been weak in the GTA since the 1995 election, they have seen some successes in Brampton and Durham Region, where they hold one seat each.

The Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario has not won a riding in the city of Toronto during a general election since 1999.[110] On the other end of the spectrum, the NDP saw major losses in Toronto during the 2014 election, and only hold two seats in the city. This is no longer the case since the 2018 provincial election, as the Progressive Conservatives and the NDP made significant gains at the expense of the Liberals and this continues to hold true in the 2022 provincial election.

Municipal politics

In 2011, 244 politicians govern the Greater Toronto Area below the provincial and federal levels, holding offices in cities, towns, and regional municipalities.[111] Unusual for a large North American urban agglomeration, the GTA has very few agencies with powers that can cross boundaries. Attempts to create an interregional organization have been made, such as the Province of Ontario's Office of the Greater Toronto Area (OGTA) in 1988[112] and the Greater Toronto Services Board (GTSB) in 1998,[113][114] but have failed due to a lack of real authority in these agencies.[114][115]

Consequently, there are few interregional public authorities: Metrolinx, an agency of the provincial government, manages the GTA-wide GO Transit system,[116] while the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority manages some of the GTA's watersheds and natural areas.[117] Notably, there is no organization with broad powers as in other Canadian cities, such as the Communauté métropolitaine de Montréal and Metro Vancouver Regional District.

Demographics

According to the latest census data from 2021 from Statistics Canada, the population of this area is 6,712,341. Population growth studies have projected the City of Toronto's population in 2031 to be 3,000,000 and the Greater Toronto Area's population to be 7,450,000,[118] while the Ontario Ministry of Finance states it could reach 7.7 million by 2025.[119] Statistics Canada identified in 2001 that four major urban regions in Canada exhibited a cluster pattern of concentrated population growth among which included the Greater Golden Horseshoe Census Region, which includes all of the Greater Toronto Area (which includes Oshawa), as well as other Southern Ontario cities including Niagara, Hamilton, Guelph, Kitchener-Cambridge-Waterloo and Barrie. Combined, the Greater Golden Horseshoe has a population of 9,765,188 in 2021, containing over 20% of Canada's population.

The Toronto CMA also has the largest proportions of foreign-born residents (46%) as a share of the total population out of all metropolitan areas in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The Toronto region is also unusually diverse over the composition of its ethnicities. The four largest foreign-born populations of Toronto only constitute 15% of the total foreign-born population. This is opposed to the four largest foreign-born populations of other metropolitan areas such as New York and London, where they make up 25% of their respective foreign-born populations.[69]

Statistics Canada also found in 2006, there were 31,910 Indigenous people living in the Greater Toronto Area, which represented 2.7% of all Indigenous peoples in Canada and 13.2% of those in Ontario.[120] The majority of which, however, are not registered with the Indian reserves within the Greater Toronto Area, the Chippewas of Georgina Island First Nation and the Mississaugas of Scugog Island First Nation.

Name Population Land area Density Location
Province of Ontario[121] 14,223,942 892,411.76 km2 (344,562.11 sq mi) 15.9 km2 (6.1 sq mi) 49°15′00″N 84°30′00″W / 49.25000°N 84.50000°W / 49.25000; -84.50000 (Ontario)[122]
City of Toronto[123] 2,794,356 631.10 km2 (243.67 sq mi) 4,427.8 km2 (1,709.6 sq mi) 43°44′30″N 79°22′24″W / 43.74167°N 79.37333°W / 43.74167; -79.37333 (City of Toronto)[124]
Regional Municipality of Durham[125] 696,992 2,521.11 km2 (973.41 sq mi) 276.5 km2 (106.8 sq mi) 44°04′32″N 78°56′16″W / 44.07556°N 78.93778°W / 44.07556; -78.93778 (Regional Municipality of Durham)[126]
Regional Municipality of Peel[127] 1,451,022 1,247.45 km2 (481.64 sq mi) 1,163.2 km2 (449.1 sq mi) 43°45′10″N 79°47′33″W / 43.75278°N 79.79250°W / 43.75278; -79.79250 (Regional Municipality of Peel)[128]
Regional Municipality of York[129] 1,173,334 1,758.27 km2 (678.87 sq mi) 667.3 km2 (257.6 sq mi) 44°00′08″N 79°28′20″W / 44.00222°N 79.47222°W / 44.00222; -79.47222 (Regional Municipality of York)[130]
Regional Municipality of Halton[131] 596,637 965.71 km2 (372.86 sq mi) 617.8 km2 (238.5 sq mi) 43°30′30″N 79°53′16″W / 43.50833°N 79.88778°W / 43.50833; -79.88778 (Regional Municipality of Halton)[132]
Greater Toronto Area 6,712,341 7,123.64 km2 (2,750.45 sq mi) 942.4 km2 (363.9 sq mi) 43°38′33″N 79°23′14″W / 43.64250°N 79.38722°W / 43.64250; -79.38722 (Greater Toronto Area)

Education

Education in the Greater Toronto Area is managed by the provincial Ministry of Education, who manages preschool, elementary and secondary education, while the provincial Ministry of Colleges and Universities administers laws relating to tertiary education, including colleges, universities, and vocational schools.[133][134]

Primary and secondary education

There are presently twelve public English first language school boards, and two French first language school boards operating within the GTA. Seven of these school boards operate secular schools, whereas the other seven operate separate schools; the seven separate school boards in the Greater Toronto Area all serve the Roman Catholic faith. In addition to public schools, there are also a number of private schools that operate within Greater Toronto.

Three of these GTA-based public school boards also manage institutions outside Greater Toronto, the two French first language school boards, based in Toronto, as well as the Dufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board (DPCDSB). Conversely, English first language public schools in Clarington, a municipality within Durham Region, are managed by school boards based outside the GTA.

Public school boards in the Greater Toronto Area
Region Durham Region Halton Region Peel Region City of Toronto York Region
English secular Durham District School Board
Kawartha Pine Ridge District School Board[c]
Halton District School Board Peel District School Board Toronto District School Board York Region District School Board
English separate Durham Catholic District School Board
Peterborough Victoria Northumberland and Clarington Catholic District School Board[c]
Halton Catholic District School Board Dufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board[d] Toronto Catholic District School Board York Catholic District School Board
French secular Conseil scolaire Viamonde
French separate Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir

Post-secondary education

Colleges

The Greater Toronto Area is also home to six publicly funded colleges[135] that have campuses spread in and around the metropolitan area. The six publicly funded colleges based in the Greater Toronto include:

Another publicly funded college, Collège Boréal, also maintains a satellite campus in Toronto. However, Collège Boréal's main campus, and administration, is based outside the GTA, in Greater Sudbury. In addition to publicly funded colleges, there are also a number of private career colleges spread throughout the Greater Toronto Area.[136]

Universities

The University of Toronto, which was established in 1827, is the largest higher education institution in Canada. Building shown is 1 Spadina Crescent before renovation in the late 2010s.

The Greater Toronto Area is home to six publicly funded universities. Universities based within Greater Toronto include:[137]

Three publicly funded universities based outside of the GTA operate satellite campuses within the GTA, including the Hamilton-based McMaster University, Peterborough-based Trent University, and the Guelph-based University of Guelph. The McMaster's DeGroote School of Business operates the Ron Joyce Centre in Burlington;[138] Trent University operates a satellite campus in Oshawa, referred to as Trent in Oshawa;[139] The University of Guelph operates an affiliated institution alongside Humber College, the University of Guelph-Humber, in Toronto.[140]

There also are eleven private religious universities spread throughout the GTA.[141]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Long term records have been recorded at various climate stations in or nearby Burlington since 1866

Footnotes

  1. ^ Adopters include the regional transportation planning body Metrolinx,[7] the Ministry of Energy and Infrastructure[4] and the Regional Municipality of Halton.[5]
  2. ^ Maximum and minimum temperature data at The Annex was recorded by human observers from March 1840 to June 2003 under the station name "TORONTO".[41][42] From July 2003 to present, climate data has been recorded by an automatic weather station under the name "TORONTO CITY".[43][44]
  3. ^ a b The school board is based outside the GTA, although it operates schools in Clarington, a municipality in Durham Region. In addition to Clarington, the school board also operates institutions in the City of Peterborough, Peterborough County, Northumberland County, and parts of Hastings County.
  4. ^ In addition to Peel Region, the school board oversees schools in Dufferin County.
  5. ^ In addition to the Greater Toronto Area, Durham College also operates a campus in Cobourg, and Port Hope, two municipalities situated outside Greater Toronto Area.
  6. ^ In addition to the Greater Toronto Area, Humber College also operates a campus in Orangeville, a municipality situated outside the Greater Toronto Area.
  7. ^ In addition to the Greater Toronto Area, Seneca College also operates a campus in Peterborough, a municipality situated outside Greater Toronto Area.
  8. ^ The Université de l'Ontario français was formally established in April 2018, although it is not expected to accept its first cohort of full-time students until 2021.

References

  1. ^ OECD "OECD Territorial Reviews OECD Territorial Reviews: Toronto, Canada 2009" OECD Publishing, ISBN92-64-07940-8 p37
  2. ^ "Greater Toronto Area" (PDF). Ontario Creates. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
  3. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (February 9, 2022). "2021 Census - Toronto Metropolitan area". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
  4. ^ a b c "Places to Grow: Growth Plan for the Greater Golden Horseshoe" (PDF). Ministry of Public Infrastructure Renewal. 2006. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 6, 2011.
  5. ^ a b "Amendment No. 38 to the Regional Plan (2006)". Regional Municipality of Halton. December 16, 2009. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved March 25, 2010.
  6. ^ a b Solomon, Lawrence "Toronto sprawls: a history." University of Toronto Press; 1 edition, ISBN 0-7727-8618-6 p3
  7. ^ a b "About Us". Metrolinx Website. Metrolinx. Archived from the original on May 5, 2010. Retrieved February 26, 2010.
  8. ^ "Planning for Growth" (PDF). Understanding the Growth Plan for the Greater Golden Horseshoe. Ministry of Public Infrastructure Renewal. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 6, 2011.
  9. ^ "Greater Toronto Area and Toronto CMA Map". City of Toronto. Archived from the original on February 9, 2018. Retrieved February 7, 2018.
  10. ^ "Population of census metropolitan areas (2006 Census boundaries)". Statistics Canada. Archived from the original on February 13, 2010. Retrieved March 2, 2010.
  11. ^ "2006 Census: Portrait of the Canadian Population in 2006: Subprovincial population dynamics". Statistics Canada. Archived from the original on April 8, 2010. Retrieved March 2, 2010.
  12. ^ Chris J. Ellis; Neal Ferris, eds. (1990). The Archaeology Of Southern Ontario To A.D. 1650. London Chapter of the Ontario Archaeological Society. pp. 410–411. ISBN 0-919350-13-5.
  13. ^ "First Peoples, 9000 BCE to 1600 CE". Toronto Culture – Exploring Toronto's past. City of Toronto. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
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