Roland G. Fryer Jr.

Roland Fryer
Roland G. Fryer (10009616) (cropped).jpg
Born
Roland Gerhard Fryer Jr.

(1977-06-04) June 4, 1977 (age 44)
OccupationEconomist, professor
AwardsMacArthur Fellowship (2011)
Calvó-Armengol Prize (2012)
John Bates Clark Medal (2015)
Academic background
Alma materUniversity of Texas at Arlington
Pennsylvania State University
ThesisMathematical Models of Discrimination and Inequality
Doctoral advisorTomas Sjöström
InfluencesGary Becker
Steven Levitt
Glenn Loury
Academic work
InstitutionsHarvard University (2006–present)

Roland Gerhard Fryer Jr. (born June 4, 1977) is an American economist. In 2007, at age 30, he became the youngest African-American to be given tenure at Harvard University.[1]

Early life and education

Fryer grew up in Lewisville, Texas, where he had moved with his abusive father at the age of 4. Fryer's mother left when he was very young, and his father, who beat his son, was convicted of rape, effectively leaving Fryer to fend for himself.[2] Fryer became a "full fledged gangster by his teens".[3][page needed] Attending Lewisville High School, he starred in football and basketball, earning an athletic scholarship from the University of Texas at Arlington. However, he never actually played for the Texas–Arlington Mavericks; instead he decided to embrace academics, joining the Honors College, whose dean helped find him an academic scholarship.[4] He graduated magna cum laude in 1998 after two and a half years while holding down a full-time job.[5] Fryer completed his Ph.D. in economics from Penn State in 2002. He conducted postdoctoral research at the University of Chicago with Nobel laureate economist Gary Becker. Fryer has collaborated with several other academics, including Steven Levitt, the University of Chicago economist and author of Freakonomics, Glenn Loury, a Brown University economist, and Edward Glaeser, an urban economist at Harvard.

2005-2006 학년 말에 하버드 동료 학회와 3년간의 친교를 마친 후, 프라이어는 조교수로 하버드 경제학과에 들어갔다. 2005년에 프라이어는 또한 최초의 플레처 재단 펠로우들 중 한 명으로 선정되었다.

학력

2005년까지 프라이어는 저명한 학술지에 수많은 경제 관련 논문을 발표한 후 흑미와 하버드의 떠오르는 학문적 스타 중 한 명으로 간주되었다.[6] 2007년, 30세의 나이로, 그는 하버드에서 종신 재직권을 받은 최연소 아프리카계 미국인이 되었다. 2007년 마이클 블룸버그 뉴욕시장은 프라이어 교수를 뉴욕시 교육부의 최고 평등 책임자로 임명했다. 프라이어 교수는 성적이 낮은 학교의 학생들이 재정적 인센티브에 어떻게 반응하는지를 연구한 기회 NYC 프로젝트에 영감을 주기도 하고 감독하기도 했다. 이 프로젝트는 "표준화된 시험을 잘 보고 수업에 모습을 드러내는 것"을 위해 무려 500달러를 제공했다.[7] 2009년, Fryer는 하버드 대학교에 교육 혁신 연구소를 설립하였고, 10년 후인 2019년에 폐교될 때까지 소장을 역임하였다.[8] 2011년에는 맥아더 펠로우[9] 선정되어 2015년베이츠 클라크 메달을 받았다.[10]

Fryer는 사회[11] 이미지의 모델과 인종차별의 척도를 개발하면서 응용 이론가로 연구 경력을 시작했다.[12] 그의 연구는 그 후에 특히 인종과 관련된 경험적 문제들로 옮겨갔다. 2016년 프라이어는 백인보다 소수민족(아프리카계 미국인과 히스패닉계)이 경찰의 무력사용을 경험할 가능성이 더 높지만 백인보다 경찰의 총에 맞을 가능성이 더 높지 않다는 결론을 내린 작업 논문을 발표했다.[14] 그 신문은 상당한 논란과 비판을 불러일으켰다.[15][16][17][18] 프라이어는 뉴욕타임즈와의 인터뷰에서 이러한 비판들 중 일부에 대해 응답했다.[19] 2019년에는 프라이어의 논문이 정치경제학 저널에 실렸다.[14] 일부 학자들은 프라이어의 연구를 비판하면서, 선택 편향 때문에, 그는 경찰의 총격 사건에서 인종 편향에 대한 어떤 결론도 도출할 수 없었다고 주장했다. 경찰이 백인보다 흑인을 저지할 가능성이 더 높다면, 그들이 저지하는 평균 백인은 일반 흑인과 다를 수 있다(예를 들어 백인이 더 위협적으로 행동하고 있을 수 있음). 따라서 총기 난사 사건의 인종 편향에 대한 잘못된 추론이 나오게 된다. 이러한 잠재적 차이(예: 용의자가 소지하고 있는 무기의 종류, 경찰관을 공격했는지 여부) 중 일부가 분석에서 설명되었다. 프린스턴대 정치학자들의 2019년 연구는 경찰이 백인을 막는 데 있어 더 높은 문턱을 가지고 있다면 이는 프라이어의 데이터에 있는 백인, 히스패닉인, 흑인이 비슷하지 않다는 것을 의미할 수 있다고 말하며 프라이어의 연구 결과에 이의를 제기했다.[21] 노벨상 수상자인 제임스 헤크먼스티븐 더라우프 시카고대 경제학자는 프라이어 연구에 대한 반응을 발표하면서 이 논문이 "경찰 총격에서 흑인들에 대한 차별의 유무에 대해 신뢰할 수 있는 증거를 확립하지 못하고 있다"고 썼다.[22] Fryer는 Durlauf와 Heckman이 자신의 샘플이 "정지에 근거한 것"이라고 잘못 주장한다고 응답했다. 게다가, 그는 "데이터의 가장 많은 부분은 민간인이 경찰 입대를 요청하는 서비스를 911에서 수집한다"[23]고 말한다.

Fryer is a research associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research, and a member of the NBER Economics of Education (EE) and Labor Studies (LS) programs.[24]

Suspension from Harvard

In March 2018, Harvard barred Fryer from his research lab, the Education Innovation Laboratory (EdLabs), upon launching an investigation into Title IX complaints against him alleging sexual harassment.[25] Fryer alleged that he was "unfairly scrutinized ... for his skin color."[26] Harvard confirmed that its Office for Dispute Resolution received complaints against Fryer in January, March, and April 2018.[27]

In December 2018, Fryer resigned from the executive committee of the American Economic Association, to which he had been elected (but on which he had not yet taken up his seat); Fryer submitted his resignation after coming under pressure from fellow economists to step down due to the sexual harassment allegations against him.[28] In a letter to The New York Times later that month, Fryer expressed regret for having "allowed, encouraged and participated" in an atmosphere at EdLabs that included "off-color jokes" and comments about personal lives, but denied bullying, retaliating against employees, or making sexual advances to any employee.[29]

Harvard's investigation concluded that Fryer had "engaged in unwanted sexual conduct toward several individuals" and "exhibited a pattern of behavior that failed to meet expectations of conduct within our community and was harmful to the well-being of its members."[27] In July 2019, Fryer was suspended from the Harvard faculty for two years without pay, a disciplinary action determined by a panel of tenured faculty.[27][26] Harvard also determined that, after returning from suspension, Fryer cannot be an adviser or supervisor, have access to graduate fellows, or teach graduate workshops, but can teach graduate classes.[26] Fryer had been one of Harvard's most highly paid professors.[26] As the sanctions took effect, Harvard permanently closed EdLabs in September 2019.[30]

Personal life

Fryer is married to Franziska Michor, a professor of biology at Harvard. They met in 2006, as members of the Harvard Society of Fellows. He "courted her by betting a dinner date on whether he could find evidence that smoking reduces cancer; to her dismay, he sent her a report from the tobacco lobby."[31] He has performed stand-up comedy at The Elbow Room, in West Hartford, Connecticut, inside of their basement comedy club "Stand-Up Underground."[32]

Awards and honors

In 2008 The Economist listed Fryer as one of the top eight young economists in the world.[33] In 2011, Fryer was a recipient of a MacArthur Fellowship, commonly referred to as a "Genius Grant".[34] He is the recipient of the 2015 John Bates Clark Medal, awarded by the American Economic Association to "that American economist under the age of forty who is judged to have made the most significant contribution to economic thought and knowledge."[35]

Selected works

  • Roland G. Fryer Jr.; Steven D. Levitt (May 2004). "Understanding the black-white test score gap in the first two years of school" (PDF). The Review of Economics and Statistics. 86 (2).
  • Roland G. Fryer Jr.; Steven D. Levitt (2004). "The Causes and Consequences of Distinctively Black Names" (PDF). Quarterly Journal of Economics. 119 (3): 767–805. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.364.1615. doi:10.1162/0033553041502180. S2CID 150126139. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-05.
  • Roland G. Fryer Jr. (2014). "Injecting Charter School Best Practices Into Traditional Public Schools: Evidence from Field Experiments". Quarterly Journal of Economics. 129 (3): 1355–1407. doi:10.1093/qje/qju011.
  • Roland G. Fryer Jr. (2019). "An Empirical Analysis of Racial Differences in Police Use of Force". Journal of Political Economy. 127 (3): 1210–1261. doi:10.1086/701423. S2CID 158634577.

References

  1. ^ Roland Fryer, "Curriculum Vitae"
  2. ^ "Fryer interview with Tavis Smiley". The Tavis Smiley Show. PBS. March 30, 2005. Archived from the original on 2008-12-11. Retrieved 2020-07-12.
  3. ^ Levitt & Dubner, Freakonomics, 2009
  4. ^ Becky Purvis, "Ivy League Maverick", UTA Magazine, 2005.
  5. ^ "Roland G. Fryer." Contemporary Black Biography. Vol. 56. Thomson Gale, 2006. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Michigan: Gale, 2009. Document Number: K1606003406. Fee. Accessed 2009-12-20 via Fairfax County Public Library.
  6. ^ Dubner, Stephen J (2005-03-20). "Toward a Unified Theory of Black America". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-09-08.
  7. ^ Medina, Jennifer (June 21, 2007). "His Charge: Find a Key to Student's Success". The New York Times.
  8. ^ Roland G. Fryer, Jr. is Professor of Economics at Harvard University and faculty director of the Education Innovation Laboratory (EdLabs). Archive.org (original site has been closed by Harvard University as of 2019). [1]
  9. ^ "MacArthur Fellows Program: Meet the 2011 Fellows". September 20, 2011. John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
  10. ^ "Harvard's Roland Fryer Wins John Bates Clark Medal". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2015-04-24.
  11. ^ Austen-Smith, D. and Fryer, R. G. Jr. (2005). "An economic analysis of "acting white"". Quarterly Journal of Economics 120.2 (2005). 120: 551–583.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Echenique, F. and Fryer, R. G. Jr (2007). "A Measure of Segregation Based on Social Interactions". Quarterly Journal of Economics. 122: 441–485.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Fryer, Roland Gerhard (June 2019). "An Empirical Analysis of Racial Differences in Police Use of Force". Journal of Political Economy. University of Chicago. 127 (3): 1210–1261. doi:10.1086/701423. ISSN 0022-3808. OCLC 8118094562. S2CID 158634577.
  14. ^ a b Fryer, Roland Gerhard (July 2016). An Empirical Analysis of Racial Differences in Police Use of Force (PDF) (Report). NBER Working Papers (Revised January 2018 ed.). National Bureau of Economic Research. doi:10.3386/w22399. OCLC 956328193. S2CID 158634577. JELJ01, K0. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-10-03; "NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer-reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications."; published in J Polit Econ June 2019.CS1 maint: postscript (link)[13]
  15. ^ LaCapria, Kim (15 July 2016). "A 'Harvard Study' Doesn't Disprove Racial Bias in Officer-Involved Shootings". Snopes. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  16. ^ Li, Rosa (15 July 2016). "The Research Is Only As Good As the Data". Slate. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  17. ^ Bui, Quotcrung; Cox, Amanda (12 July 2016). "Surprising New Evidence Shows Bias in Police Use of Force but Not in Shootings". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  18. ^ Why it’s impossible to calculate the percentage of police shootings that are legitimate, Radley Balko, Washington Post, July 14, 2016
  19. ^ Fryer, Roland (2016-07-12). "Roland Fryer Answers Reader Questions About His Police Force Study". The New York Times. Retrieved 2016-07-12.
  20. ^ Knox, Dean; Lowe, Will; Mummolo, Jonathan (2020-08-05). "Administrative Records Mask Racially Biased Policing—CORRIGENDUM". American Political Science Review. 114 (4): 1394. doi:10.1017/S0003055420000611. ISSN 0003-0554. OCLC 8675966912. Archived from the original on 2020-11-08.
  21. ^ Knox, Dean; Lowe, Will; Mummolo, Jonathan (2019-12-21). "The Bias Is Built In: Administrative Records Mask Racially Biased Policing". American Political Science Review (Revised 18 May 2020 ed.). 114 (3): 619–637. doi:10.1017/S0003055420000039. ISSN 0003-0554. OCLC 8678024977. SSRN 3336338. Archived from the original on 2020-11-08; minor correction in August 2020.CS1 maint: postscript (link)[20]
  22. ^ Durlauf, Steven Neil; Heckman, James Joseph (2020-07-21). "An Empirical Analysis of Racial Differences in Police Use of Force: A Comment". Journal of Political Economy. University of Chicago. 128 (10): 3998–4002. doi:10.1086/710976. ISSN 0022-3808. OCLC 8672021465. S2CID 222811199. Archived from the original on 2020-11-08.
  23. ^ Fryer, Roland Gerhard (2020-07-21). "An Empirical Analysis of Racial Differences in Police Use of Force: A Response". Journal of Political Economy. University of Chicago. 128 (10): 4003–4008. doi:10.1086/710977. ISSN 0022-3808. OCLC 8672034484. S2CID 222813143. Archived from the original on 2020-11-08.
  24. ^ "Roland G. Fryer". National Bureau of Economic Research. Archived from the original on 2021-03-25. Retrieved 2021-04-21.
  25. ^ "Star Economics Prof Fryer Facing Harvard and State-Level Investigations, Barred from Lab He Heads". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved 2020-06-05.
  26. ^ a b c d Casselman, Ben; Tankersley, Jim (10 July 2019). "Harvard Suspends Roland Fryer, Star Economist, After Sexual Harassment Claims". The New York Times. Retrieved 2020-07-19.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  27. ^ a b c Morales, Mark (July 10, 2019). "Harvard prof suspended after accusations of sexual harassment". CNN.
  28. ^ Casselman, Ben; Tankersley, Jim (18 December 2018). "Roland Fryer, Accused of Harassment at Harvard, Quits Economics Panel". The New York Times. Retrieved 2020-07-19.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  29. ^ "At a Harvard Lab, the Accused Responds". The New York Times. December 20, 2018.
  30. ^ Shera S. Avi-Yonah (5 Oct 2019). "Harvard Closes Fryer's Research Lab As Sanctions Take Effect". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved 2020-06-07.
  31. ^ 파이낸셜타임스 "FT와의 점심: 롤랜드 프라이어"
  32. ^ "Stand-up Underground". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 2020-12-19.
  33. ^ "International bright young things". The Economist. December 30, 2008.
  34. ^ 롤랜드 프라이어 2011 맥아더 펠로우
  35. ^ "The John Bates Clark Medal goes to Roland Fryer". The Economist. 2015-04-27. Retrieved 2015-04-27.

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