국민교회

National church
홀테에 있는 덴마크 교회 교구 교회. 교회 마당에 다네브로그가 날고 있다.

국가 교회는 특정 민족 또는 민족 국가와 연관된 기독교 교회입니다.이 생각은 19세기 근대 민족주의의 출현 때 특히 논의되었다.

Samuel Taylor Coleridge는 1828년경 교회와 국가의 문제에 대해 논의한 초안에서 다음과 같이 썼다.

기독교 없이 국민교회가 존재할 수도 있고 존재해 왔다.왜냐하면 히브리 헌법의 레비티컬 교회와 켈트인의 드루디칼 교회처럼 기독교가 설립되기 전에는 증명하기에 충분하기 때문이다.[1]

솔즈베리의 주교인 존 워즈워스는 1911년 스웨덴 국교회영국 국교각각 스웨덴인과 영국인의 국교회로 해석하면서 스웨덴 국교회에 대해 썼다.

국가 교회의 개념은 특히 영국과 스칸디나비아의 개신교에서 여전히 살아 있다.영국의 맥락에서 국교회는 영국 국교회의 공통분모로 남아 있는 반면, 스칸디나비아의 루터교 "민속교회" 중 일부는 19세기 후반 그룬트비그[2]선봉에 따라 생겨났다.그러나 주 교회(기성 교회라고도 함)가 대다수의 시민을 따르는 국가에서 주 교회는 또한 국립 교회일 수 있으며 덴마크 [3]교회,[4] 그리스 교회아이슬란드 [5]교회와 같은 정부에 의해 선언될 수 있습니다.

국립 교회가 있는 국가 및 지역

나라 국민교회 디노미네이션 %
아르메니아 아르메니아 사도 교회[6] 오리엔탈 정교회 92.5% (2017)
불가리아 불가리아 정교회[7] 동방 정교회 59.5% (2011)
키프로스 키프로스 교회 동방 정교회 89.1% (2011)
덴마크 덴마크 교회[8] 루터교 74.3%(표준)[9]
잉글랜드 영국 교회[10] 성공회 47.0%(2008년, 웨일즈 사용)
에스토니아 에스토니아 복음 루터교회[11] 루터교 9.91% (2011)
에티오피아 에티오피아 정교회 테와헤도 교회[12] 오리엔탈 정교회 43.5% (2007)
페로 제도 페로 제도 교회[13] 루터교 79.7% (2019)
핀란드 핀란드 복음 루터교회[14] 루터교 69.83% (2018)
조지아 주 그루지야 정교회[15] 동방 정교회 83.4% (2014)
독일. 독일 복음교회, 로마 가톨릭교회[16] 개신교[a], 가톨릭 25.4% (2018)
그리스 그리스 교회[17] 동방 정교회 90% (2017)
아이슬란드 아이슬란드 교회[18] 루터교 65.15% (2019)
라트비아 라트비아 복음 루터교회 루터교 34.2% (2011)
리히텐슈타인 로마 가톨릭 교회[19] 천주교 75.9% (2010)
북마케도니아 마케도니아 정교회[20] 동방 정교회 64.4% (2011)
노르웨이 노르웨이 교회[21] 루터교 69.91% (2018)
루마니아 루마니아 정교회 동방 정교회 81.9%(2011년)[22]
러시아 러시아 정교회[23] 동방 정교회 71%(2017년)[24][25]
스코틀랜드 스코틀랜드 교회[26] 리폼된 22% (2018)
세르비아 세르비아 정교회[27] 동방 정교회 84.59% (2011)
스웨덴 스웨덴 교회[28] 루터교 60.9% (2016)
투발루 투발루 교회[29] 리폼된 91%+ (2012)
우크라이나 우크라이나 정교회[30] 동방 정교회 43.9% (2019)

민족

나라 그룹. 국민교회 디노미네이션
이집트 콥트 알렉산드리아 콥트 정교회[31] 오리엔탈 정교회
시리아-터키 아라마이아족 안티오키아 시리아 정교회[32] 오리엔탈 정교회
아시리아 아시리아인 아시리아 동방교회[32] 동방교회
아시리아 아시리아인 동방고대교회[32] 동방교회
아시리아 아시리아인 칼딘 가톨릭 교회[33] 동방 가톨릭
시리아 아라마이아족 시리아 가톨릭 교회[32] 동방 가톨릭
레바논 마론파 마로나이트 가톨릭 교회[34] 동방 가톨릭
시리아-레바논-터키 안티오키아 그리스 기독교인 안티오키아 그리스 정교회[35] 동방 정교회
레반트 안티오키아 그리스 기독교인 멜카이트 그리스 가톨릭 교회[35] 동방 가톨릭

비판

바트는 기독교 신을 [36]국유화하는 경향, 특히 제1차 세계대전 동안 다른 기독교 국가들에 대한 전쟁을 승인한 국가 교회들의 맥락에서 이단이라고 비난했다.

「 」를 참조해 주세요.

메모들

  1. ^ 연합 개신교:루터교개혁교

레퍼런스

  1. ^ 새뮤얼 테일러 콜리지요교회와 국가헌법에 대해서.클래식 북스 컴퍼니, 2001년. ISBN978-0-7426-8368-6. 페이지 59.
  2. ^ Dag Thorkildsen, "스칸디나비아:루터교와 국가 정체성" 세계 기독교, c. 1815-1914, 케임브리지 기독교사 8권, eds.Sheridan Gilley, Brian Stanley, Cambridge University Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-521-81456-0, 페이지 342-358.
  3. ^ Shadid, W. A. R. (1 January 1995). Religious Freedom and the Position of Islam in Western Europe. Peeters Publishers. p. 11. ISBN 9789039000656. Denmark has declared the Evangelical Lutheran church to be that national church (par. 4 of the Constitution), which corresponds the fact that 91.5% of the population are registered members of this church. This declaration implies that the Danish State does not take a neutral stand in religious matters. Nevertheless, freedom of religion has been incorporated in the Constitution. Nielsen (1992, 77) gives a short description of the position of the minority religious communities in comparison to that of the State Church: The Lutheran established church is a department of the state. Church affairs are government by a central government ministry, and clergy are government employees. The registration of births, deaths and marriages falls under this ministry of church affairs, and normally speaking the local Lutheran pastor is also the official registrar. The other small religious communities, viz. Roman Catholics, Methodists, Baptists and Jews, have the constitutional status of 'recognised communities of faith'. ... Contrary to the minority religious communities, the Lutheran Church is fully financed by the Danish State.
  4. ^ Enyedi, Zsolt; Madeley, John T.S. (2 August 2004). Church and State in Contemporary Europe. Routledge. p. 228. ISBN 9781135761417. Both as a state church and as a national church, the Orthodox Church of Greece has a lot in common with Protestant state churches, and even with Catholicism in some countries.
  5. ^ Encyclopedia of Protestantism. Infobase Publishing. 1 January 2005. p. 283. ISBN 9780816069835. When Iceland obtained home rule in 1874, the new constitution, while granting religious freedom, maintained the Evangelical Lutheran Church as "a national church . . . supported by the State." This was reaffirmed in the 1944 constitution of the new independent Republic of Iceland. Democratic reforms were adopted early in the 20th century that allowed for some independent decision making in parish councils, and let congregations choose their own pastors. Under a 1998 law, the church became largely autonomous, though it is still designated established church, supported by government taxes. At the end of the 19th century, Lutherans who wanted freedom from the state church founded the Evangelical Free Church of Iceland, which now has in excess of 7,000 members. The majority of Icelanders are members of the state church. Almost all children are baptized as Lutheran and more than 90 percent are subsequently confirmed. The Church conducts 75 percent of all marriages and 99 percent of all funerals.
  6. ^ Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce Alan (1 January 2009). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Infobase Publishing. p. 53. ISBN 9781438110257. The Armenian Apostolic Church, sometimes referred to as the Gregorian Armenian Church by Western scholars, serves as the national church of the Armenian people.
  7. ^ Hall, Richard C. (1 January 2012). The Modern Balkans: A History. Reaktion Books. p. 51. ISBN 9781780230061. While this did not restore the Ohrid patriarchate, it did acknowledge the separation between the Orthodox church in Constantinople and the Bulgarian Orthodox church, which was now free to develop as the Bulgarian national church.
  8. ^ Venbrux, Eric; Quartier, Thomas; Venhorst, Claudia; Brenda Mathijssen (September 2013). Changing European Death Ways. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 178. ISBN 9783643900678. Simultaneously the church tax, ministers being public servants, and the status of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Denmark as the national church indicate that the state lends its support to the church.
  9. ^ 교회 회원 자격 1990-2020 Kirkeminitariet (덴마크어)
  10. ^ Britannicus (1834). The Church of England. p. 17. Having, in my last, arrive at the great points which I wished to establish--the apostolicity, independence, and authority of the Church of England; and that she is necessarily the National Church, because Christianity is the National Religion.
  11. ^ Elvy, Peter (1991). Opportunities and Limitations in Religious Broadcasting. Edinburgh: CTPI. p. 23. ISBN 9781870126151. Denominationally Estonia is Lutheran. During the time of national independence (1918-1940), 80% of the population belonged to the Lutheran National Church, about 17% were Orthodox Christians and the rest belonged to Free Churches.
  12. ^ Lorance, Cody (2008). Ethnographic Chicago. p. 140. ISBN 9780615218625. Her findings show that the development of the national church of Ethiopia, the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, which began in the fourth century and made Christianity the state religion of Ethiopia, was also a major contributor to national development in the fields of independence, social progress, national unity and empowerment, literary development, arts, architecture, music, publication, and declaration of a national language and leadership, both spiritually and military.
  13. ^ Proctor, James (13 May 2013). Faroe Islands. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 19. ISBN 9781841624563. Religion is important to the Faroese and 84% of the population belongs to the established national church in the islands, the Evangelical—Lutheran Foroya Kirkja, which has 61 churches in the Faroes and three out of every four marriages are held in one.
  14. ^ Denmark, Finland, and Sweden. Britanncia Educational Publishing. 1 June 2013. p. 77. ISBN 9781615309955. One of Finland's national churches is the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland (Finnish: Suomen Evankelis—luterilainen—kirkko), or simply the Church of Finland.
  15. ^ Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin (21 September 2010). Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices. ABC-CLIO. p. 1195. ISBN 9781598842043. The Georgian Orthodox Church (GOC) is the Eastern Orthodox Christian body that serves as the national church of the Caucasian country of Georgia. The great majority of Georgians are members of the church.
  16. ^ Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. "Germany: Catholic Church sees record drop in membership DW 26.06.2020". DW.COM. Retrieved 2022-06-25.
  17. ^ Miller, James Edward (2009). The United States and the Making of Modern Greece: History and Power, 1950-1974. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 12. ISBN 9780807832479. The creation of a national church of Greece, which the patriarch reluctantly recognized in 1850, set a pattern for other emerging Balkan states to form national churches independent of Constantinople.
  18. ^ Wilcox, Jonathan; Latif, Zawiah Abdul (1 September 2006). Iceland. Marshall Cavendish. p. 85. ISBN 9780761420743. The National Church of Iceland, formally called the Evangelical-Lutheran Church, is the state religion, and the president of Iceland is its supreme authority.
  19. ^ "로마 가톨릭 교회는 국가 교회이며, 따라서 국가의 완전한 보호를 누린다. 다른 고해성사는 도덕과 공공질서에 부합하는 범위 내에서 그들의 신조를 실천하고 예배를 치를 권리가 있다." 헌법 종교.Wayback Machine(2009년 3월 26일 아카이브 완료) (2009년 3월 26일 원본에서 아카이브 완료)
  20. ^ Rae, Heather (15 August 2002). State Identities and the Homogenisation of Peoples. Cambridge University Press. p. 278. ISBN 9780521797085. The creation of a national Church was also central to building national identity, with the Macedonian Orthodox Church (MOC) established in 1967, much to the outrage of the Serbian Orthodox Church.
  21. ^ Cristofori, Rinaldo; Ferrari, Silvio (28 February 2013). Law and Religion in the 21st Century: Relations between States and Religious Communities. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 194. ISBN 9781409497332. The State shall support all religious communities including the Church of Norway on an equal footing, but the Church of Norway shall 'remain the people's Church and is as such supported by the State', thereby upholding its function as a national Church.
  22. ^ 루마니아, 월드 팩트북
  23. ^ Prizel, Ilya (13 August 1998). National Identity and Foreign Policy: Nationalism and Leadership in Poland, Russia and Ukraine. Cambridge University Press. p. 155. ISBN 9780521576970. Although nominally a national church, the Russian Orthodox Church developed from a defensive, nativist institution to the ideological foundation of an imperial idea.
  24. ^ "Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe". Pew Research Center. 10 May 2017. Retrieved 2017-09-09.
  25. ^ 러시아에는 종교에 대한 공식적인 인구조사가 없으며, 오직 조사에 근거한 추정치이다.2012년 8월 ARENA는 러시아인의 약 46.8%가 기독교인(정통, 가톨릭, 개신교, 비종파 포함)으로 절대 과반수인 50%보다 약간 낮다고 판단했습니다.그러나 그해 말 웨이백 머신의 Levada Center Archived 2012-12-31은 러시아인의 76%가 기독교인이라고 판단했고, 2013년 6월에는 Public Opinion Foundation이 러시아인의 65%가 기독교인이라고 판단했습니다.이러한 결과는 러시아인의 73.3%가 기독교인이라고 VTSIOM의 2010년 조사(~77%), Wayback Machine의 2011년 조사(69%)에서 Ipsos MORI Archived 2013-01-17과 일치합니다.
  26. ^ Morton, Andrew R. (1994). God's Will in a Time of Crisis: A Colloquium Celebrating the 50th Anniversary of the Baillie Commission. Edinburgh: CTPI. p. 14. ISBN 9781870126274. In October 1929, the Established Church and the United Free Church were united to form the national Church of Scotland.
  27. ^ Tomasevich, Jozo (1 January 1975). The Chetniks. Stanford University Press. p. 176. ISBN 9780804708579. He also had the support of the Serbian Orthodox Church, which as a national church long identified with the national destiny and aspirations of the Serbian people was naturally inclined to identify itself with the movement that had the backing of the king and the Servian-dominated government-in-exile.
  28. ^ Gilley, Sheridan; Stanley, Brian (2006). The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 8, World Christianities C.1815-c.1914. Cambridge University Press. p. 354. ISBN 9780521814560. The Church of Sweden could be characterised as 'national church' or 'folk church', but not as 'state church', because the independence of the church was expressed by the establishment of a Church Assembly in 1863.
  29. ^ West, Barbara A. (1 January 2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing. p. 845. ISBN 9781438119137. A second important cultural feature of the Tuvaluan nation is the centrality of the national church, the Ekalesia o Tuvalu, or Church of Tuvalu, in which up to 97 percent of the population claims membership.
  30. ^ Velychenko, Stephen (1 January 1992). National History as Cultural Process: A Survey of the Interpretations of Ukraine's Past in Polish, Russian, and Ukrainian Historical Writing from the Earliest Times to 1914. Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press. p. 199. ISBN 9780920862759. For this reason the Ukrainian Orthodox Church was the true democratic national church of the Ukrainian nation.
  31. ^ Makari, Peter E. (2007). Conflict & Cooperation: Christian-Muslim Relations in Contemporary Egypt. Syracuse University Press. p. 42. ISBN 9780815631446. The Coptic Orthodox Church is the historic, and national, church of Egypt and is deeply tied to a monastic tradition of spiritual growth and preparation for ministry of monks and nuns, a tradition that continues to thrive.
  32. ^ a b c d A. Shoup, John (2011). Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 31. ISBN 9781598843620.
  33. ^ B. Shelledy, Robert (2003). Legions Not Always Visible on Parade: The Vatican's Influence in World Politics. University of Wisconsin--Madison. The Chaldean Church is located primarily in Iraq and functions in many ways like a national Orthodox Church.
  34. ^ Ajami, Fouad (30 May 2012). The Syrian Rebellion. Hoover Press. p. 70. ISBN 9780817915063. The Maronite Church is a national church. Its creed is attachment to Lebanon and its independence. The founding ethos of the Maronites is their migration from the Syrian plains to the freedom and “purity” of their home in Mount Lebanon.
  35. ^ a b Der Kaloustian, V. M. (2010년)레바논의 유전병.아랍 인구의 유전적 장애에 대하여 (377-441페이지).스프링거, 베를린, 하이델베르크
  36. ^ Barth, Ethics,브라운, 번역.브롬마일리, 뉴욕, 1981, 페이지 305
  • 윌리엄 리드 헌팅턴, A National Church, 베델 강의, 스크리브너즈, 1897년