바이에른의 군주
List of rulers of Bavaria다음은 바이에른의 역사 속 통치자 목록입니다.바이에른은 여러 왕조에 의해 분할되고 통일된 여러 공작과 왕들에 의해 통치되었다.1949년부터 바이에른은 독일 연방공화국의 민주주의 국가였다.
바이에른의 군주
바이에른 공작('구공국'이라고도 함)
아질로핑 왕조
548년경 프랑크 왕들은 바이에른의 국경 지역을 프랑크 왕의 지역 통치자로 활동해야 할 공작(아마도 프랑크인일 수도 있고 지역 유력 가문들 중 선택되었을 수도 있음)의 관리 하에 두었다.우리가 알고 있는 첫 번째 공작은 아마도 첫 번째 공작이었을 게리왈드, 즉 강력한 아질롤핑 가문의 일원이었던 가리발드 1세였다.이것은 788년까지 지속된 일련의 아질롤핑 공작의 시작이었다.
이름. | 이미지 | 제목 | 시작기간 | 기말 | 일부 | 메모 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
가리발드 1세 | 바이에른 공작 | 555 (c.) | 591 | 몇몇 소식통들은 그를 "바바리안들의 왕"[1]이라고 부른다. | ||
타실로 1세 | 바이에른 공작 | 591 (c.) | 610 | 왕위에 오를 때 렉스로 임명되었지 | ||
가리발드 2세 | 바이에른 공작 | 610 (c.) | 630 | |||
테오도 | 바이에른 공작 | 680 (c.) | 716 (?) | 716년 또는 717년에 사망한 테오도의 시기에 바이에른 공국은 프랑크 왕들로부터 완전한 독립을 이루었다.테오도의 아들들이 공국을 분할했지만, 719년이 되자 지배는 그리모알드로 되돌아왔다. | ||
테오베르트 | 공작 | 702 (c.) | 719 | 잘츠부르크 | 테오도의 아들. | |
테오발드 | 공작 | 711 (c.) | 719 | 바이에른의 일부 | 테오도의 아들. | |
타실로 2세 | 공작 | 716 (c.) | 719 | 파사우 | 테오도의 아들. | |
그리모알드 | 공작 | 716 (c.) | 725 | 프라이징 | 테오도의 아들, 나중에 바이에른 전역을 통치했다. | |
허그버트 | 공작 | 725 | 737 | 테오베르트의 아들.725년(?) 프랑크 왕국의 이름은 아니지만, 사실상 통치자 카를 마르텔은 바이에른에 대한 왕실의 지배권을 다시 주장하여 그리모알드를 물리치고 죽이고 후그베르트 통치 기간 동안 바이에른의 일부를 합병했다. | ||
오딜로 | 737 | 748 | 고트프리드의 아들. | |||
그리포 | 748 | 748 | 카롤링거 유저퍼 | |||
타실로 3세 | 바이에른 공작 | 748 | 788 | 757년 타실로 3세는 프랑크 왕 피핀 3세의 종주권을 인정했고 781년 샤를마뉴에게 경의를 표했고, 787년에도 독립적인 정책을 추구했다.788년 샤를마뉴는 타실로에게 반역죄로 사형을 선고했다.사면을 받은 타실로는 수도원에 들어가 794년 프랑크푸르트 암 마인의 공국을 정식으로 포기했다. |
카롤링거 왕조와 신성로마제국의 지배
프랑크 왕들(나중에 황제)은 이제 완전한 지배권을 장악했고, 바이에른은 비(非) 세습 통치자와 공무원의 통치하에 놓였다.그들은 공작이 아니라 오히려 바이에른의 왕이었다.경건한 황제 루이 1세는 제국에 대한 지배권을 그의 아들들에게 나눠주었고, 840년 그가 죽은 후 수십 년 동안 분열은 영구적이 되었다.프랑크 통치자들은 바이에른을 그들 소유의 일부로 지배했다.
이름. | 이미지 | 제목 | 시작기간 | 기말 | 일부 | 메모 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
샤를마뉴 | 황제 | 788 | 814 | 바이에른 주의 행정 구역:게롤드 (794–799)와 오둘프 (799–818) | |||
루트비히 1세 | 황제 | 814 | 826 | 814년, 루이는 그의 장남 로타르 1세를 바이에른의 총독으로 임명했다.817년, 루이는 바이에른을 그의 다른 아들인 독일인 루이즈에게 바바리아 왕으로 임명했고, 그는 826년에 그 지방을 책임졌다. | |||
루트비히 2세 | 바이에른의 왕 | 826 | 876 | 826년, 루이는 840년 사망할 때까지 바이에른의 왕으로 통치하기 시작했다.843년부터 바이에른은 독일의 동프랑키아 왕국 루이에서 합병되었다.864년 독일인 루이는 그의 아들 카를로만에게 바이에른의 지배권을 넘겨주고 876년에 죽었다.루이의 두 어린 아들 루이와 샤를은 카를로만 이후 바이에른을 연달아 통치했다. | |||
의 왕 | 876 | 880 | 독일인 루이의 장남. | ||||
3세 | 의 왕 | 880 | 882 | 독일인 루이의 아들. | |||
의 왕 | 882 | 887 | 독일인 루이의 막내아들. 카를로만의 서자, 카린시아의 아르눌프는 샤를이 죽기 직전에 샤를에게 반기를 들고 프랑시아 동부에서 권력을 잡았다. | ||||
폰 | 의 왕 | 887 | 899 | 카를로만의 아들. | |||
1세 | 의 왕 | 899 | 911 | 카린시아의 아르눌프의 아들. | |||
변경백 | 890 | 895 | 비다이너스틱.그의 칭호인 마르치오 바이오아리오룸을 박탈당하고 루이트폴드로 대체되었다. |
바이에른 공작('젊은 줄기 공국'이라고도 함)
서로 경쟁하는 가문의 공작들이 개별적으로 임명하여 통치한다.
~947년
루이트폴딩 왕조의 창시자인 루이트폴트는 바이에른 공작이 아니라 어린이 루이 1세의 통치하에 있던 케른시아의 후작이었다.헝가리의 공격으로 프랑크족의 세력이 쇠퇴하여, 지방 통치자들이 더 큰 독립을 할 수 있게 되었다.루이트폴트의 아들 아르눌프는 911년 (완전한 자치권을 포함) 공작의 칭호를 주장했고 920년 독일의 파울러 왕 헨리로부터 그렇게 인정받았다.
왕, ~ , 947년 ~ 1070년
947년부터 11세기까지, 독일의 왕들은 바이에른을 여러 번 (그들 자신의 것을 포함) 다른 수중에 넘겨주었고, 어느 한 가문도 절대 자신을 세우는 것을 허락하지 않았다.바이에른은 대부분 관련이 없는 짧은 일련의 왕조에 의해 통치되었다.
1070–
1070년, 황제 헨리 4세는 오토 공작을 폐위시키고 대신 에스테의 이탈리아-바바리안 가문의 일원인 벨프 1세에게 공국을 주었다.벨프 1세는 그 후 헨리 왕과 다투었고 19년 동안 공국을 빼앗겼고, 그 기간 동안 공국은 독일 왕실에 의해 직접 관리되었다.벨프 1세는 1096년에 공국을 되찾았고, 그의 아들 벨프 2세와 헨리 9세가 뒤를 이었고, 후자는 작센 공작이 된 그의 아들 헨리 10세가 뒤를 이었다.
name) | ★★★ | 기간 | 기말 | 하우스. | 일부 | 메모 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
루이트폴드 | 바이에른 변경백 | 895 | 907 | 루이트폴딩 | |||
아르눌프 더 배드 | 바이에른 공작 | 907 | 920 | 루이트폴딩 | 루이트폴드의 아들. 아르눌프 더 배드는 911년에 완전한 자치권을 의미하는 공작의 칭호를 주장했고, 920년 파울러 왕 헨리로부터 그렇게 인정받았다. | ||
에버하르트 | 바이에른 공작 | 937 | 938 | 루이트폴딩 | |||
베르톨드 | 바이에른 공작 | 938 | 947 | 루이트폴딩 | 루이트폴드의 작은 아들. 독일 왕 오토 1세는 아르눌프의 아들 에베르하르트를 추방하고 루이트폴트의 어린 아들 베르톨트에게 작위를 다시 부여하면서 중앙 권위를 재확인했다. | ||
헨리 1세 | 바이에른 공작 | 947 | 955 | 오토니안 | 파울러 헨리의 아들입니다. 베르톨드가 사망하자 신성로마제국 황제 오토 1세는 아르눌프 1세의 사위이기도 한 그의 형제 헨리(I)에게 공국을 물려주었다. | ||
앙리 2세 | 바이에른 공작 | 955 | 976 | 오토니안 | 헨리 2세는 그의 사촌인 오토 2세와 전쟁을 했고 976년 그의 사촌인 슈바벤 공작 오토에게 공국을 빼앗겼다. | ||
오토 1세 | 바이에른 공작 | 976 | 982 | 오토니안 | |||
헨리 3세 | 바이에른 공작 | 983 | 985 | 루이트폴딩 | 바이에른은 베르톨트의 아들 헨리 3세에게 주어졌고, 잠시 루이트폴딩 왕조를 복원했다.헨리 3세는 바이에른과 케른시아를 교환했고, 헨리 2세는 바이에른을 다시 받았다. | ||
앙리 2세 | 바이에른 공작 | 985 | 995 | 오토니안 | 복원했다 | ||
헨리 4세 | 바이에른 공작 | 995 | 1004 | 오토니안 | 앙리 2세의 아들. 헨리 4세는 신성 로마 황제 헨리 2세로 선출되었고, 그는 1004년 그의 처남인 룩셈부르크 백작 헨리 5세에게 바이에른을 주었다. | ||
헨리 5세 | 바이에른 공작 | 1004 | 1009 | 룩셈부르크 | 룩셈부르크의 지크프리트의 아들. | ||
헨리 4세 | 바이에른 공작 | 1009 | 1017 | 오토니안 | 헨리 4세는 직접 통제를 재확인했다. | ||
헨리 5세 | 바이에른 공작 | 1017 | 1026 | 룩셈부르크 | 룩셈부르크의 지크프리트의 아들. | ||
헨리 6세 | 바이에른 공작 | 1026 | 1042 | 살리안 | 콘라트 2세의 아들, 신성 로마 황제. | ||
헨리 7세 | 바이에른 공작 | 1042 | 1047 | 룩셈부르크 | 룩셈부르크의 프레데릭의 아들. 1042년 신성로마제국 황제 헨리 3세는 앙리 5세의 조카인 룩셈부르크 백작 헨리 7세에게 공국을 수여했다. | ||
콘라드 1세(쿠노) | 바이에른 공작 | 1049 | 1053 | 에조넨 | 로타링기아의 리우돌프의 아들. 헨리 7세가 죽은 후, 공국은 몇 년 동안 비어 있었다.신성 로마 황제 헨리 3세는 1049년 취펜 백작 쿠노에게 공국을 양도했다.구노는 1053년에 폐위되었다. | ||
헨리 8세 | 바이에른 공작 | 1053 | 1054 | 살리안 | 신성 로마 황제 헨리 3세의 아들. 바이에른에서 그의 통치 기간 동안 헨리 8세는 미성년자였다(1050년생).1056년 그는 독일의 왕이 되었고 1084년 헨리 4세로 신성 로마 황제가 되었다. | ||
콘라드 2세 | 바이에른 공작 | 1054 | 1055 | 살리안 | (1052년생, 1055년 사망) 신성로마제국 황제 헨리 3세의 아들 | ||
헨리 8세 | 바이에른 공작 | 1055 | 1061 | 살리안 | (소수: 1050년생) 신성로마제국 황제 헨리 3세의 아들.헨리 8세는 독일의 왕이 되었고 1084년 신성 로마 황제 헨리 4세가 되었다. | ||
오토 2세 | 바이에른 공작 | 1061 | 1070 | 노드하임 | 1061년 헨리 4세의 어머니이자 섭정이었던 아그네스 황후는 노르드하임의 오토에게 공국을 위임했다. | ||
Welf I | Duke of Bavaria | 1070 | 1077 | Welf | Welf I subsequently quarreled with Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor and was deprived of his duchy for nineteen years, during which it was directly administered by the German crown. | ||
Henry VIII | Duke of Bavaria | 1077 | 1096 | Salian | (minor: born 1050) Son of Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor. Henry VIII became King of Germany (1056) and Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor in 1084. | ||
Welf I | Duke of Bavaria | 1096 | 1101 | Welf | Welf I recovered the duchy in 1096. | ||
Welf II | Duke of Bavaria | 1101 | 1120 | Welf | Son of Welf I | ||
Henry IX the Black | Duke of Bavaria | 1120 | 1126 | Welf | Son of Welf I. Abdicated. | ||
Henry X the Proud | Duke of Bavaria | 1126 | 1138 | Welf | Son of Henry IX the Black. In a power struggle with King Conrad III of Germany, Henry X lost his duchy to the King, who granted it to his follower Leopold Margrave of Austria. | ||
Leopold I | Duke of Bavaria | 1139 | 1141 | Babenberg | When Leopold died, Conrad III of Germany resumed the duchy and granted it to Leopold's brother Henry XI. | ||
Henry XI Jasomirgott | Duke of Bavaria | 1143 | 1156 | Babenberg | Brother of Leopold. | ||
Henry XII the Lion | Duke of Bavaria | 1156 | 1180 | Welf | When Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor, became king of Germany, he restored Bavaria to the Welf line in the person of Henry X's son, Henry XII the Lion, Duke of Saxony. |
Ducal Bavaria (Hereditary dukes)
In 1180, Henry XII the Lion and Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor, fell out. The emperor consequently dispossessed the duke and gave his territory to Otto I Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria of the House of Wittelsbach. From now on, Bavaria remained in the possession of various branches of the family for 738 years until the end of the First World War.
First partition, 1253–1340
In 1253, on Otto II's death, Bavaria was divided between his sons. Henry became Duke of Lower Bavaria and Louis of Upper Bavaria. From this point until the beginning of the 16th century, the territories were frequently divided between brothers, making the Dukes difficult to list.
In Lower Bavaria, Henry XIII was succeeded by his three sons, Otto III, Louis III, and Stephen I ruling jointly. Otto III's successor in the joint dukedom was his son Henry XV. Stephen's successors were his sons Otto IV and Henry XIV. Henry XIV's son was John I.
In Upper Bavaria, Louis II was succeeded by his sons Rudolf I and Louis IV. The latter was elected King of Germany in 1314. After John I's death in 1340, Louis IV unified the Bavarian duchy.
The dukes of Upper Bavaria served also as Counts Palatinate of the Rhine. In 1329 Louis IV released the Palatinate of the Rhine including the Bavarian Upper Palatinate to the sons of Rudolf I. The Upper Palatinate would be reunited with Bavaria in 1623, the Lower Palatinate in 1777.
Second partition 1349–1503
From 1349 until 1503 the second partition of Bavaria took place. In 1349, the six sons of Louis IV partitioned Bavaria into Upper and Lower Bavaria again. In 1353, Lower Bavaria was partitioned into Bavaria-Landshut and Bavaria-Straubing. Upper Bavaria was partitioned between Bavaria-Straubing and Bavaria-Landshut in 1363. After the death of Stephan II in 1392, Bavaria-Landshut was broken into three duchies, John II gained Bavaria-Munich, Frederick, Duke of Bavaria-Landshut received a smaller Bavaria-Landshut, and in Bavaria-Ingolstadt ruled Stephen III, Duke of Bavaria.
Following the Landshut War (1503–1505), the Duke of Bavaria-Munich Albert IV the Wise became ruler of Bavaria. In 1506 Albert decreed that the duchy should pass according to the rules of primogeniture.
In 1623 Maximilian I was granted the title Prince-elector (German: Kurfürst) of the Rhenish Palatinate.
House of Wittelsbach
Partitions of Bavaria under Wittelsbach rule
Duchy of Bavaria (1180–1253) | ||||||||
Lower Bavaria (1st creation) (1253–1340) | Upper Bavaria (1st creation) (1253–1340) | |||||||
Duchy of Bavaria (Upper line) (1340–1349) | ||||||||
Lower Bavaria (2nd creation) (1349–1353) | Upper Bavaria (2nd creation) (1349–1363) (divided among the other duchies) | |||||||
Landshut (1353–1503) | ||||||||
Straubing (1353–1432) (divided among the other duchies) | ||||||||
Munich (1392–1503) | Ingolstadt (1392–1445) | |||||||
Dachau (1467–1501) | ||||||||
Duchy of Bavaria (Munich line) (1503–1623) |
Table of rulers
(Note: Here the numbering of the dukes is the same for all duchies, as all were titled Dukes of Bavaria, despite of the different parts of land and its particular numbering of the rulers. The dukes are numbered by the year of their succession.)
Ruler | Born | Reign | Death | Ruling part | Consort | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Otto III the Redhead | 1117 | 1180–1183 | 11 July 1183 | Bavaria | Agnes of Loon 1169 eleven children | In 1180 Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor gave Bavaria to Otto I Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria of the House of Wittelsbach. | |
Regency of Agnes of Loon (1183-1189) | Son of Otto III. Louis obtained the Palatinate of the Rhine in 1214. So Louis I served also as Count Palatine of the Rhine. He was assassinated 1231. | ||||||
Louis I the Kelheimer | 23 December 1173 | 1183–1231 | 15 September 1231 | Bavaria | Ludmilla of Bohemia 1204 one child | ||
Otto IV the Illustrious | 7 April 1206 | 1231–1253 | 29 November 1253 | Bavaria | Agnes of the Palatinate 1222 Worms eleven children | Otto IV served also as Count Palatine of the Rhine. On Otto IV's death, Bavaria was divided between his sons. Henry became duke of Lower Bavaria, and Louis of Upper Bavaria. From this point until the beginning of the 16th century, the territories were frequently divided between brothers. | |
Henry XIII | 19 November 1235 | 1253–1290 | 3 February 1290 | Lower Bavaria | Elizabeth of Hungary 1250 ten children | Son of Otto IV. After the partition of 1253, received Lower Bavaria. | |
Louis II the Strict | 13 April 1229 | 1253–1294 | 2 February 1294 | Upper Bavaria | Maria of Brabant 2 August 1254 (executed) no children Anna of Głogów 1260 two children Matilda of Austria 24 October 1273 four children | Son of Otto IV. After the partition of 1253, received Upper Bavaria. | |
Otto V | 11 February 1261 | 1290–1312 | 9 November 1312 | Lower Bavaria | Catherine of Austria January 1279 two children Anna of Głogów 18 May 1309 two children | Sons of Henry XIII, ruled jointly. In 1305 Otto became also King of Hungary and Croatia, as grandson of Béla IV of Hungary. | |
Louis III | 9 October 1269 | 1290–1296 | 9 October 1296 | Lower Bavaria | Isabella of Lorraine 1287 no children | ||
Stephen I | 14 March 1271 | 1290–1310 | 10 December 1310 | Lower Bavaria | Judith of Świdnica-Jawor 1299 eight children | ||
Henry XIV the Elder | 29 September 1305 | 1312–1339 | 1 September 1339 | Lower Bavaria | Margaret of Bohemia 12 August 1328 two children | Sons of Stephen I (Henry XIV and Otto VI) and Otto V (Henry XV), ruled jointly. | |
Otto VI | 3 January 1307 | 1312–1334 | 14 December 1334 | Lower Bavaria | Richardis of Jülich 1330 one child | ||
Henry XV the Natternberger | 28 August 1312 | 1312–1333 | 18 June 1333 | Lower Bavaria | Anna of Austria between 1326 and 1328 no children | ||
John I the Child | 29 November 1329 | 1339–1340 | 20 December 1340 | Lower Bavaria | Anna of Upper Bavaria 18 April 1339 Munich no children | Left no male heirs, which allowed his cousin (and brother-in-law) Louis to reunite the Bavarian lands. | |
Regency of Matilda of Austria (1294-1296) | Sons of Louis II, ruled jointly. In 1317 Rudolph abdicated of his rights to his brother, who in 1328 was elected Holy Roman Emperor. louis had already been elected King of Germany in 1314. In the Treaty of Pavia (1329) Louis IV released the Palatinate of the Rhine passing the Bavarian Upper Palatinate to the sons of Rudolf I. After John I the Child's death in 1340, Louis IV unified the Bavarian duchy. | ||||||
Rudolph I the Stammerer | 4 October 1274 | 1294–1317 | 12 August 1319 | Upper Bavaria | Matilda of Nassau 1 September 1294 Nuremberg six children | ||
Louis IV the Bavarian | 5 April 1282 | 1294–1340 | 11 October 1347 | Upper Bavaria | Beatrice of Świdnica-Jawor 14 October 1308 six children Margaret II, Countess of Holland-Hainaut 26 February 1324 Cologne ten children | ||
1340–1347 | Bavaria | ||||||
Louis V the Brandenburger | May 1315 | 1347–1349 | 18 September 1361 | Bavaria | Margaret of Denmark 1324 no children Margaret, Countess of Tyrol 10 February 1342 Meran four children | The six sons of Louis IV, ruled jointly until 1349, when they divided the land: Louis V, Louis VI and Otto VII kept Upper Bavaria; William, Albert and Stephen Lower Bavaria. In 1351 Louis VI and Otto gave up their inheritance in Bavaria, in exchange of the Electoral dignity in Brandenburg. Having lost the Electorate of Brandenburg in 1373, Otto returned to Bavaria to claim new inheritance, and shared the part of Stephen II's sons (his nephews) in Landshut. In Lower Bavaria, the three brothers divided the land again in 1353: Stephen kept Landshut, William and Albert shared Straubing, and from 1389 the two shared Straubing also with Albert I's son, Albert II. | |
1349–1361 | Upper Bavaria | ||||||
Louis VI the Roman | 7 May 1328 | 1347–1349 | 17 May 1365 | Bavaria | Cunigunde of Poland before 1349 no children Ingeborg of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 1360 no children | ||
1349–1351 | Upper Bavaria | ||||||
Otto VII the Lazy | 1340/42 | 1347–1349 | 15 November 1379 | Bavaria | Catherine of Bohemia 19 March 1366 no children | ||
1349–1351 | Upper Bavaria | ||||||
1375–1379 | Bavaria-Landshut | ||||||
Stephen II the Representative | 1319 | 1347–1349 | 13 May 1375 | Bavaria | Elisabeth of Sicily 27 June 1328 four children Margaret of Nuremberg 14 February 1359 three children | ||
1349–1353 | Lower Bavaria | ||||||
1353–1375 | Bavaria-Landshut | ||||||
William I the Mad | 12 May 1330 | 1347–1349 | 15 April 1389 | Bavaria | Matilda of England 1352 London no children | ||
1349–1353 | Lower Bavaria | ||||||
1353–1389 | Bavaria-Straubing | ||||||
Albert I | 25 July 1336 | 1347–1349 | 13 December 1404 | Bavaria | Margaret of Brzeg after 19 July 1353 Passau seven children Margaret of Clèves 1394 Heusden no children | ||
1349–1353 | Lower Bavaria | ||||||
1353–1404 | Bavaria-Straubing | ||||||
Albert II | 1368 | 1389–1397 | 21 January 1397 | Bavaria-Straubing | Unmarried | ||
Meinhard I | 9 February 1344 | 1361–1363 | 13 January 1363 | Upper Bavaria | Margaret of Austria 4 September 1359 Passau no children | Left no male descendants. After his death Upper Bavaria was divided between Bavaria-Landshut and Bavaria-Straubing. | |
Definitively annexed by Bavaria-Landshut (1/2) and Bavaria-Straubing (1/2) | |||||||
Frederick I the Wise | 1339 | 1375–1393 | 4 December 1393 | Bavaria-Landshut | Anna of Neuffen 1360 one child Maddalena Visconti 2 September 1381 five children | Ruled jointly. Shared rule, until 1379, with their uncle Otto VII. In 1392 the brothers divided the land once more. Frederick retained Landshut, Stephen kept Ingolstadt and John received Munich. | |
Stephen III the Magnificent | 1337 | 1375–1392 | 26 September 1413 | Bavaria-Landshut | Taddea Visconti 13 October 1364 two children Anna of Neuffen 16 January 1401 Cologne no children | ||
1392–1413 | Bavaria-Landshut-Ingolstadt | ||||||
John II | 1341 | 1375–1392 | 14 June/1 July 1397 | Bavaria-Landshut | Catherine of Gorizia 1372 three children | ||
1392–1397 | Bavaria-Landshut-Munich | ||||||
Henry XVI the Rich | 1386 | 1393–1450 | 30 July 1450 | Bavaria-Landshut | Margaret of Austria 25 November 1412 Landshut six children | Annexed Ingolstadt in 1445. | |
Ernest | 1373 | 1397–1438 | 14 June/1 July 1397 | Bavaria-Landshut-Munich | Elisabetta Visconti 26 January 1395 Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm four children | Ruled jointly. | |
William III | 1375 | 1397–1435 | 12 September 1435 | Bavaria-Landshut-Munich | Margaret of Cleves 1433 two children | ||
William II | 5 April 1365 | 1404–1417 | 31 May 1417 | Bavaria-Straubing | Margaret of Burgundy 12 April 1385 Cambrai one child | Eldest son of Albert I. | |
Louis VII the Bearded | 1368 | 1413–1443 | 1 May 1447 | Bavaria-Landshut-Ingolstadt | Anne de Bourbon-La Marche 1 October 1402 two children Catherine of Alençon 1413 two children | Imprisoned by his son, who was allied with Henry XVI. Died in prison. | |
Jacqueline | 15 July 1401 | 1417–1432 | 8 October 1436 | Bavaria-Straubing | John, Dauphin of France 6 August 1415 The Hague no children John IV, Duke of Brabant 10 March 1418 The Hague (dubious annulment in 1422) no children Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester 7 March 1423 Hadleigh (secretly; dubious annulment in 1428) no children Frank van Borssele 1434 no children | Contested by her uncle, John III in 1432 abdicated of all her titles and lands. Straubing therefore was divided between its neighbours. | |
John III the Pitiless (opponent) | 1374 | 1417–1425 | 6 January 1425 | Bavaria-Straubing | Elizabeth I, Duchess of Luxembourg 11418 no children | Son of Albert I. Contested Jacqueline until his death 1425. | |
Definitively annexed by the remaining Bavarian duchies | |||||||
Albert III | 27 March 1401 | 1438–1460 | 29 February 1460 | Bavaria-Landshut-Munich | Agnes Bernauer c. 1432? (morganatic) no children Anna of Brunswick-Grubenhagen 22 January 1437 Munich ten children | Son of Ernest. | |
Louis VIII the Hunchback | 1 September 1403 | 1443–1445 | 7 April 1445 | Bavaria-Landshut-Ingolstadt | Unmarried | After his death Ingolstadt was annexed by Landshut. | |
Definitively annexed by Bavaria-Landshut | |||||||
Louis IX the Rich | 23 February 1417 | 1450–1479 | 18 January 1479 | Bavaria-Landshut | Amalia of Saxony 21 March 1452 Landshut four children | ||
John IV | 4 October 1437 | 1460–1463 | 18 November 1463 | Bavaria-Landshut-Munich | Unmarried | Son of Albert III, ruled jointly with his brothers Sigismund and Albert IV. | |
Sigismund | 26 July 1439 | 1460–1467 | 1 February 1501 | Bavaria-Landshut-Munich | Unmarried | In 1467, Sigismund created a smaller duchy with its center in Dachau, but left no descendants, and this duchy was merged again in Bavaria-Munich after his death. | |
1467–1501 | Bavaria-Landshut-Munich-Dachau | ||||||
Definitively annexed by Bavaria-Munich | |||||||
George I the Rich | 15 August 1455 | 1479–1503 | 1 December 1503 | Bavaria-Landshut | Hedwig of Poland 14 November 1475 Landshut five children | Left no male descendants at his death. His duchy was annexed to Bavaria-Munich, which reunited the Bavarian duchy. | |
Albert IV the Wise | 15 December 1447 | 1460–1503 | 18 March 1508 | Bavaria-Landshut-Munich | Kunigunde of Austria 3 January 1487 Munich seven children | Co-ruled with his brothers John IV and Sigismund. Reunited the duchy in 1503. In 1506 Albert decreed that the duchy should pass according to the rules of primogeniture. | |
1503–1508 | Bavaria | ||||||
William IV the Steadfast | 13 November 1493 | 1508–1550 | 7 March 1550 | Bavaria | Jakobaea of Baden 5 October 1522 Munich four children | Sons of Albert IV, the last Bavarian pair of brothers ruling together. | |
Louis X | 18 September 1495 | 1516–1545 | 22 April 1545 | Bavaria | Unmarried | ||
Albert V the Magnanimous | 29 February 1528 | 1550–1579 | 24 October 1579 | Bavaria | Anna of Austria 4 July 1546 Regensburg seven children | ||
William V the Pious | 29 September 1548 | 1579–1597 | 7 February 1626 | Bavaria | Renata of Lorraine 22 February 1568 Munich ten children | ||
Maximilian I the Great | 17 April 1573 | 1597–1623 | 27 September 1651 | Bavaria | Elisabeth of Lorraine 9 February 1595 Nancy no children Maria Anna of Austria 15 July 1635 Vienna two children | Son of William V. Maximilian I, was an ally of Emperor Ferdinand II in the Thirty Years' War. When the Elector of the Palatinate, Frederick V, head of a senior branch of the Wittelsbachs, became involved in the war against the Emperor, he was stripped of his Imperial offices and the Prince-elector title. Maximilian I was granted the Electorate of the Palatinate in 1623. |
Electorate of Bavaria
Name | Image | Title | Start term | End term | House | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maximilian I | Prince-elector of Bavaria | 25 February 1623 | 27 September 1651 | Wittelsbach | In 1648, Frederick of the Palatinate's heir was restored to his Rhenish territory—but not to the Oberpfalz ceded to Bavaria—together with a new Electorate; Maximilian retained the Electorate granted him in 1623. | |
Ferdinand Maria | Prince-elector of Bavaria | 27 September 1651 | 26 May 1679 | Wittelsbach | Son of Maximilian I. 1651–1654 under regency of his uncle Albert VI of Bavaria. | |
Maximilian II Emanuel | Prince-elector of Bavaria | 26 May 1679 | 26 February 1726 | Wittelsbach | Son of Ferdinand Maria and Princess Henriette Adelaide of Savoy. Maximilian II took part in the War of the Spanish Succession on the side of France, against the Holy Roman EmperorLeopold I. He was accordingly forced to flee Bavaria following the Battle of Blenheim and deprived of his Electorate on 29 April 1706. He regained his Electorate in 1714 by the Peace of Baden and ruled until 1726. | |
Charles Albert Karl Albrecht | Prince-elector of Bavaria | 26 February 1726 | 20 January 1745 | Wittelsbach | Son of Maximilian II Emanuel. Charles Albert once again took on the House of Habsburg in the War of the Austrian Succession, again in combination with France, succeeding so far as to be elected Holy Roman Emperor in 1742 (as Charles VII). However, the Austrians occupied Bavaria (1742–1744), and the Emperor died shortly after returning to Munich. | |
Maximilian III Joseph | Prince-elector of Bavaria | 20 January 1745 | 30 December 1777 | Wittelsbach | Son of Charles Albert. Maximilian III, who had no children, was the last of the direct Bavarian Wittelsbach line descended from Louis IV. He was succeeded by the Elector of the Palatinate, Charles Theodore, who thereby regained their old titles for the senior Wittelsbach line—descended from Louis IV's older brother Rudolf I. | |
Charles Theodore Karl Theodor | Elector of the Palatinate | 30 December 1777 | 16 February 1799 | Wittelsbach | Son of John Christian, Count Palatine of Sulzbach and Marie Anne Henriëtte Leopoldine de La Tour d'Auvergne. Distant cousin of Maximilian III; Elector Palatine from 1743. Charles Theodore was also childless, and was succeeded by a distant cousin, the Count Palatine of Zweibrücken, Maximilian IV Joseph—later King Maximilian I. | |
Maximilian IV Joseph | Elector of the Palatinate | 16 February 1799 | 6 August 1806 | Wittelsbach | Son of Count Palatine Frederick Michael of Zweibrücken. Distant cousin of Charles Theodore; Count Palatine of Zweibrücken from 1795. In the chaos of the wars of the French Revolution, the old order of the Holy Roman Empire collapsed. In the course of these events, Bavaria became once again the ally of France, and Maximilian IV Joseph became King Maximilian I of Bavaria—whilst remaining Prince-Elector and Arch-steward of the Holy Roman Empire until 6 August 1806, when the Holy Roman Empire was abolished. |
Kingdom of Bavaria
In 1805 under the Peace of Pressburg between the Napoleonic France and the Holy Roman Empire several duchies were elevated to kingdoms. The Wittelsbach rulers of Bavaria held the title King of Bavaria from 1806 until 1918. The prince-elector of Bavaria, Maximilian IV Joseph formally assumed the title King Maximilian I of Bavaria on 1 January 1806. The well-known so called Märchenkönig (Fairy tale king) Ludwig II constructed Neuschwanstein Castle, Herrenchiemsee, and Linderhof Palace during his reign (1864–1886), threatening not only to go bankrupt in person, but also to bankrupt the country in the process. In 1918 Ludwig III lost his throne in the German Revolution of 1918–1919.
Name | Image | Title | Start term | End term | House | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maximilian I | King of Bavaria | 1 January 1806 | 13 October 1825 | Wittelsbach | see above | |
Ludwig I | King of Bavaria | 13 October 1825 | 20 March 1848 | Wittelsbach | Son of Maximilian I Joseph. Abdicated in the Revolutions of 1848 | |
Maximilian II | King of Bavaria | 20 March 1848 | 10 March 1864 | Wittelsbach | Son of Ludwig I | |
Ludwig II | King of Bavaria | 10 March 1864 | 13 June 1886 | Wittelsbach | Son of Maximilian II Ludwig II was called the Märchenkönig (Fairy tale king). He grudgingly acceded to Bavaria becoming a component of the German Empire in 1871, was declared insane in 1886.[2] | |
Otto | King of Bavaria | 13 June 1886 | 5 November 1913 | Wittelsbach | Brother of Ludwig II and son of Maximilian II. From a mathematical, calendrical point of view, his marked the longest "reign" amongst the Kings of Bavaria. However, Otto was mentally ill since teenhood and throughout all of his later life, hence the royal functions had to be carried out by the following princes regent:
| |
Ludwig III | King of Bavaria | 5 November 1913 | 13 November 1918 | Wittelsbach | Cousin of Otto, son of Prince Luitpold and grandson of Ludwig I. Prince regent from 1912 until 1913. Declared King of Bavaria following a controversial change of the constitution, discharging his cousin Otto from "office". Lost the throne in the German Revolution of 1918–1919 at the end of World War I. Marks the end of 738 years of uninterrupted Wittelsbach rule over Bavaria. |
Post-monarchy
In 1918, at the end of the First World War in the German Revolution of 1918–1919, Bavaria became a democratic republic within the Weimar Republic; the name for the period of Germany from 1919 to 1933. Since then, the rulers of Bavaria have been minister-presidents.
Family tree
Note that Dukes called Louis are usually numbered from Louis the Kelheimer (r. 1189–1231), although four Dukes of Bavaria had been called Louis before that. The same applies to Dukes called Otto, who are sometimes renumbered starting with Otto III, the first Wittelsbach Duke of Bavaria. The highest number has been used in this chart to minimise confusion, with one exception: Ludwig is the German for Louis, but Kings Ludwig I, II and III are not numbered XV, XVI and XVII.
The colours denote the Dukes, Electors and Kings over the following regions of Bavaria and under the following circumstances: |
– Dukes of Bavaria – Regents and pretenders to the Bavarian throne – Dukes of Lower Bavaria – Dukes of Upper Bavaria – Dukes of Bavaria-Lanshut | – Dukes of Bavaria-Ingolstadt – Dukes of Bavaria-Munich – Dukes of Bavaria-Munich-Dachau – Dukes of Bavaria-Straubing – Dukes of Bavaria-Straubing, disputed |
References
- ^ Paul the Deacon (1907), History of the Langobards (Historia Langobardorum) Archived 24 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine, William Dudley Foulke, trans. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania), III, x Archived 25 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine, calls him "king of the Bavarians". The mid-thirteenth-century Series Ducum Bavariæ calls him Garibaldus rex, see FMG.
- ^ King, Greg (1996), The Mad King: The Life and Times of Ludwig II of Bavaria., ISBN 978-1-55972-362-6
External links
- Media related to Dukes of Bavaria at Wikimedia Commons
- Media related to Kings of Bavaria at Wikimedia Commons