신용 등급에 따른 나라 목록

List of countries by credit rating

다음은 신용 등급별 국가 목록으로, 가장 큰 3대 신용 평가 기관이 보고한 국가 채권의 장기 외화 신용 등급을 보여줍니다. 스탠더드 앤드 푸어스, 피치, 무디스. 이 목록에는 국채를 발행하지 않는 모든 국가 하위 구역도 포함되지만, 하위 국채를 발행하는 지역, 지방 및 지방 자치 단체는 제외됩니다.

스탠더드 앤드 푸어스

2022년 3월 기준 S&P의 국가 장기 대외신용등급 지도.
범례:
AAA AA+ AA AA-
A+ 아- BBB+
BBB BBB- BB+ BB
BB- B+ B-
CCC+ CCC CCC- SD/D

S&P의 경우 채권은 신용 등급이 BBB- 이상이면 투자 등급으로 간주됩니다. BB+ 이하 등급의 채권은 투기 등급으로 간주되며 때때로 "정크" 채권이라고도 합니다. SD 등급은 국가가 일부 미결[1][2] 채무를 선택적으로 불이행했음을 나타냅니다.

피치

피치의 국가 장기 대외 신용 등급 지도.
범례:
AAA AA+ AA AA-
A+ 아- BBB+
BBB BBB- BB+ BB
BB- B+ B-
CCC+ CCC CCC- RD

피치의 경우 채권은 신용 등급이 BBB- 이상이면 투자 등급으로 간주됩니다. BB+ 이하 등급의 채권은 투기 등급으로 간주되며 때때로 "정크" 채권이라고도 합니다.[114] 피치 레이팅스는 일반적으로 B-(CCC 이하) 이하의 국가 등급이나 수식어에 대한 전망을 할당하지 않습니다. CCC는 '실질적인 신용 위험'을 나타냅니다. 여기서 '디폴트는 실제 가능성'입니다. CC는 '매우 높은 신용 위험 수준'을 나타냅니다. 여기서 '어떤 종류의 디폴트가 나타날 가능성이 있습니다.'[115]

무디스

무디스의 국가 장기 대외 신용 등급 지도.
범례:
AAA Aa1 Aa2 Aa3 A1
A2 A3 Baa1 Baa2 Baa3
Ba1 Ba2 Ba3 B1 B2
B3 Caa1 Caa2 Caa3

무디스의 경우 채권의 신용등급이 Baa3 이상이면 투자등급으로 간주됩니다. Ba1 이하 등급의 채권은 투기 등급으로 간주되며 때때로 "정크" 채권이라고도 합니다.[241]

다른이들

DBRS 모닝스타

DBRS 모닝스타[378] 경우 채권의 신용등급이 BBB(낮음) 이상이면 투자등급으로 간주됩니다. BB(높음) 이하 등급의 채권은 투기 등급으로 간주되며 때때로 "정크" 채권이라고도 합니다.

스코프 등급

유럽[379] 신용 평가 기관인 스코프의 경우 채권은 신용 등급이 BBB- 이상인 경우 투자 등급으로 간주됩니다. BB+ 이하 등급의 채권은 투기 등급으로 간주되며 때때로 "정크" 채권이라고도 합니다.

JCR

일본 신용평가사[380](JCR)는 일본에 본사를 둔 신용평가사입니다. JCR은 미국 증권거래위원회에서 국가 공인 통계 등급 기관입니다.

중국 청신

중국 청신 신용 평가 그룹은 중국에 본사[381] 둔 신용 평가 기관입니다.

무등급

8개 신용평가사로부터 신용등급을 부여받지 못한 유엔 회원국들
나라 세부 사항
아프가니스탄
알제리
앤티가 바부다
부탄
브루나이 다루살람
부룬디
중앙아프리카 공화국
차드
코모로
지부티
도미니카
적도 기니
에리트레아
감비아 피치는 유일하게 거래된 국제 채권이[382] 만기된 후 감비아의 신용등급을 정지시켰습니다.
기니
기니비사우
가이아나
아이티
이란 피치는 2008년 4월 21일 마지막 미상환 국가 유로본드의 만기 및 전액 상환 이후 이란에 대한 모든 등급을 철회했습니다.[383]
키리바시
라이베리아
리비아 피치가 리비아에 대한 모든 등급을 철회한 이유는 리비아가 발행사의 보도를 유지하기에 충분한 정보를 가지고 있지 않기 때문입니다.[384]
말라위
말리 말리는 2004년 유엔 개발 계획의 일환으로 신용등급을 [385]부여받았지만 이후 등급이 철회됐습니다.[386]
마셜 제도
모리타니
모나코
미얀마
나우루
네팔
니제르
북한
팔라우
세인트키츠 네비스
세인트루시아
사모아
상투메 프린시페
시에라리온
솔로몬 제도
소말리아
시리아
티모르 리스테
통가
투발루
바누아투
예멘
짐바브웨

참고문헌

  1. ^ "S&P Global Ratings Definitions".
  2. ^ "S&P Ratings Credit Ratings Definitions & FAQs Americas". Standardandpoors.com. Archived from the original on 5 March 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2013.
  3. ^ "Aruba rating downgraded to BBB by S&P, outlook stable". EconomyNext. 15 March 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
  4. ^ "Rating: Angola Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  5. ^ "Rating: Albania Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  6. ^ "Rating: Andorra Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  7. ^ "Rating: United Arab Emirates Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  8. ^ Sadain Gardazi, Syed (May 30, 2023). "S&P Global Affirms Abu Dhabi's Credit Ratings At 'AA', Terms Outlook Stable". Forbes Middle East.
  9. ^ "S&P Global Ratings revises Ras Al Khaimah's outlook to 'positive'". Khaleej Times. 2023-10-16.
  10. ^ Standard & Poor's. "Emirate of Sharjah 'BBB-/A-3' Ratings Affirmed; Outlook Stable". S&P Global.
  11. ^ "Rating: Argentina Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  12. ^ "Rating: Armenia Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  13. ^ "Rating: Australia Credit Rating 2021". countryeconomy.com.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai Standard & Poor's (2023-03-15). "Sovereign Ratings List".
  15. ^ "Rating: Azerbaijan Credit Rating 2021". countryeconomy.com.
  16. ^ Standard & Poor's (2023-10-20). "Benin Outlook Revised To Positive From Stable On Improving Economic Prospects; 'B+/B' Ratings Affirmed". S&P Global.
  17. ^ "Rating: Burkina Faso Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  18. ^ "Rating: Bulgaria Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  19. ^ "Rating: Bahrain Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  20. ^ "Rating: Bahamas Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  21. ^ "Rating: Bosnia and Herzegovina Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  22. ^ "Rating: Belarus Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  23. ^ "Rating: Belize Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  24. ^ "Rating: Bolivia Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  25. ^ "Rating: Brazil Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  26. ^ "Rating: Barbados Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  27. ^ "Rating: Botswana Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  28. ^ "Rating: Chile Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  29. ^ Standard & Poor's. "Sovereign ratings wrap: S&P affirms China at A+; Fitch downgrades Suriname". S&P Global.
  30. ^ "Rating: Ivory Coast Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  31. ^ "Rating: Cameroon Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  32. ^ "Rating: Democratic Republic of the Congo Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  33. ^ "Colombia's Dollar Bonds Drop After S&P Cuts Nation to Junk". Bloomberg. 19 May 2021.
  34. ^ "Rating: Costa Rica Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  35. ^ Standard & Poor's. "Research Update: Curacao Sovereign Ratings Affirmed At 'BBB-/A-3'; Outlook Remains Stable". S&P Global.
  36. ^ "Rating: Dominican Republic Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  37. ^ "Rating: Ecuador Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  38. ^ "Rating: Egypt Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  39. ^ Standard & Poor's. "Ethiopia Foreign Currency Ratings Lowered To 'SD' On Suspended Eurobond Coupon Payments". S&P Global.
  40. ^ "EU credit strength". European Commission.
  41. ^ "Rating: Fiji Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  42. ^ "Rating: Gabon Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  43. ^ "Rating: Gabon Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  44. ^ "Rating: Georgia Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  45. ^ "S&P Global has downgraded the States of Guernsey's credit rating from 'AA-/A-1 +' to 'A+/A- 1'". gov.gg. 2023-01-14.
  46. ^ "Rating: Ghana Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  47. ^ "S&P Upgrades Greece to BBB-/A-3 With Stable Outlook".
  48. ^ "Rating: Grenada Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  49. ^ "Rating: Guatemala Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  50. ^ "S&P Strips Hong Kong of AAA Rating After China Downgrade". Bloomberg. 22 September 2017.
  51. ^ Hina (16 September 2023). "S&P revises Croatia's outlook to positive". n1info.hr. Archived from the original on 2 October 2023.
  52. ^ "Rating: Hungary Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  53. ^ "Indonesia Credit Rating". World Government Bonds. Retrieved 2020-05-19.
  54. ^ "Rating: Ireland Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  55. ^ "S&P Maintains Iraq's Credit Rating". Iraq Business News. 2023-02-17.
  56. ^ "Iceland Ratings Raised To 'A+ ' On Strong Growth and Fiscal Consolidation; Outlook Stable".
  57. ^ "Rating: Israel Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  58. ^ "Rating: Italy Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  59. ^ "S&P upgrades Jamaica's credit rating to 'BB-'". radiojamaicanewsonline.com.
  60. ^ "Jersey's credit rating confirmed by Standard and Poor's". gov.je. 2021-01-16.
  61. ^ "Rating: Jordan Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  62. ^ "Rating: Japan Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  63. ^ "Rating: Kazakhstan Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  64. ^ "Rating: Kenya Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  65. ^ "Rating: Cambodia Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  66. ^ "South Korea's Credit Rating Raised One Level to AA by S&P". Bloomberg. 8 August 2016.
  67. ^ "Rating: Kuwait Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  68. ^ "Rating: Lebanon Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  69. ^ "S&P cuts Sri Lanka to 'selective default' on missed payments". Reuters. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  70. ^ "Rating: Lithuania Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  71. ^ "Rating: Latvia Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  72. ^ "Rating: Morocco Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  73. ^ "S&P Global Ratings affirms Madagascar at "B-" (Foreign Currency LT credit rating); outlook stable". Cbonds. 2023-10-09.
  74. ^ "Rating: Malta Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  75. ^ "Rating: Montenegro Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  76. ^ "Rating: Mongolia Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  77. ^ "Rating: Mozambique Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  78. ^ "Rating: Mauritius Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  79. ^ "Rating: Malaysia Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  80. ^ "Rating: Nigeria Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  81. ^ "Rating: Norway Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  82. ^ "S&P Global Ratings raises New Zealand's credit rating to AA+". Radio New Zealand - RNZ. 22 February 2021.
  83. ^ "S&P Global lowers Pakistan's rating to 'CCC+/C'". The Express Tribune. 22 December 2022.
  84. ^ "Rating: Panama Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  85. ^ "Rating: Peru Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  86. ^ "PH bags rating upgrade from S&P". CNN Philippines.
  87. ^ "Rating: Papua New Guinea Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  88. ^ "Rating: Portugal Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  89. ^ "Rating: Qatar Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  90. ^ "S&P cuts Russia's foreign currency rating to 'selective default'". Reuters.
  91. ^ "Rating: Rwanda Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  92. ^ "Rating: Saudi Arabia Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  93. ^ "Rating: Senegal Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  94. ^ "Rating: Singapore Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  95. ^ "St Helena's Investment Grade Credit Rating Affirmed". Saint Helena Government. 2023-04-05.
  96. ^ "Rating: El Salvador Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  97. ^ "Rating: Serbia Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  98. ^ "Rating: Slovakia Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  99. ^ "Slovenia Upgraded from A+ to AA- by S&P". Total Slovenia News. 2019-06-17.
  100. ^ "Turks & Caicos Islands retains it BBB+ credit rating from Standard & Poors". The Sun Turks and Caicos Islands. 2022-06-27.
  101. ^ Standard & Poor's. "Togo 'B/B' Ratings Affirmed; Outlook Stable". S&P Global.
  102. ^ "Rating: Thailand Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  103. ^ Standard & Poor's. "Tajikistan 'B-/B' Ratings Affirmed; Outlook Stable". S&P Global.
  104. ^ "Rating: Trinidad and Tobago Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  105. ^ "Rating: Tunisia Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  106. ^ "Rating: Turkey Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  107. ^ "Rating: Taiwan Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  108. ^ Standard & Poor's. "Uganda Outlook Revised To Negative On Rising Fiscal And External Vulnerabilities; 'B/B' Ratings Affirmed". S&P Global.
  109. ^ "S&P Lifts Ukraine Rating From Default After Debt Restructuring". Bloomberg. 2022-08-19.
  110. ^ Standard & Poor's (2023-04-26). "Research Update: Uruguay Long-Term Ratings Raised To 'BBB+' On Stronger Fiscal Policy; Outlook Stable". S&P Global.
  111. ^ "Rating: Uzbekistan Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  112. ^ "Rating: Venezuela Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  113. ^ "Rating: South Africa Credit Rating". countryeconomy.com.
  114. ^ "Fitch Ratings — Definitions of Ratings and Other Forms of Opinion" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-02-25.
  115. ^ "Rating Definitions". fitchratings.com. Fitch Ratings. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
  116. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Upgrades Aruba to 'BB+'; Outlook Stable".
  117. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Angola at 'B-'; Outlook Stable".
  118. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Andorra at 'A-'; Outlook Stable".
  119. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms the United Arab Emirates at 'AA-'; Outlook Stable".
  120. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Abu Dhabi at 'AA'; Outlook Stable".
  121. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Ras Al Khaimah at 'A'; Outlook Positive".
  122. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Upgrades Argentina's FC IDR to 'CC'; Affirms LC IDR at 'CCC-'".
  123. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Upgrades Armenia to 'BB-'; Outlook Stable".
  124. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Australia at 'AAA'; Outlook Stable".
  125. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Revises Austria's Outlook to Stable; Affirms IDR at 'AA+'".
  126. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Azerbaijan at 'BB+'; Outlook Positive".
  127. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Belgium at 'AA-'; Outlook Negative".
  128. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Benin at 'B+'; Outlook Stable".
  129. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Revises Outlook on Bangladesh to Negative; Affirms at 'BB-'".
  130. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Bulgaria at 'BBB'; Outlook Positive".
  131. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Bahrain at 'B+'; Outlook Stable".
  132. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Withdraws Belarus's Ratings".
  133. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Downgrades Bolivia to 'B-'; Outlook Negative".
  134. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Upgrades Brazil to 'BB'; Outlook Stable".
  135. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Revises Barbados' Outlook to Positive; Affirms at 'B'".
  136. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Canada at 'AA+'; Outlook Stable".
  137. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Switzerland at 'AAA'; Outlook Stable".
  138. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Chile at 'A-'; Outlook Stable".
  139. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms China at 'A+'; Outlook Stable".
  140. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Cote d'Ivoire at 'BB-'; Outlook Stable".
  141. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Revises Cameroon's Outlook to Negative; Affirms at 'B'".
  142. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Congo at 'CCC+'".
  143. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Colombia's 'BB+' Rating; Outlook Stable".
  144. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Cabo Verde at 'B-'; Outlook Positive".
  145. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Upgrades Costa Rica to 'BB-'; Outlook Stable".
  146. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Revises Cyprus's Outlook to Positive; Affirms at 'BBB'".
  147. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Czech Republic at 'AA-'; Outlook Negative".
  148. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Germany at 'AAA'; Outlook Stable".
  149. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Denmark at 'AAA'; Outlook Stable".
  150. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Revises Dominican Republic's Outlook to Positive; Affirms at 'BB-'".
  151. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Downgrades Ecuador's Long-Term IDR to 'CCC+'".
  152. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Downgrades Egypt to 'B-'; Outlook Stable".
  153. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Spain at 'A-'; Outlook Stable".
  154. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Downgrades Estonia to 'A+'; Outlook Stable".
  155. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Downgrades Ethiopia's LTFC IDR to 'RD'".
  156. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms European Union and Euratom at 'AAA'; Outlook Stable".
  157. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Finland at 'AA+'; Outlook Stable".
  158. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms France at 'AA-'; Outlook Stable".
  159. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Places Gabon's 'B-' IDR on Rating Watch Negative".
  160. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms United Kingdom at 'AA-'; Outlook Negative".
  161. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Georgia at 'BB'; Outlook positive".
  162. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Upgrades Ghana's Long-Term Local-Currency IDR to 'CCC'".
  163. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Upgrades Greece to 'BBB-'; Outlook Stable".
  164. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Upgrades Guatemala to 'BB'; Outlook Stable".
  165. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Hong Kong at 'AA-'; Outlook Stable".
  166. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Honduras's AMDC, Tegucigalpa at 'B'; Outlook Stable".
  167. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Revises Croatia's Outlook to Positive; Affirms at 'BBB+'".
  168. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Hungary at 'BBB'; Outlook Negative".
  169. ^ "Fitch Affirms Indonesia at 'BBB'; Outlook Stable".
  170. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms India at 'BBB-'; Outlook Stable".
  171. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Ireland at 'AA-'; Outlook Positive".
  172. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Iraq at 'B-'; Outlook Stable".
  173. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Iceland at 'A'; Outlook Stable".
  174. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Places Israel's 'A+' IDRs on Rating Watch Negative".
  175. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Italy at 'BBB'; Outlook Stable".
  176. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Revises Jamaica's Outlook to Positive; Affirms at 'B+'".
  177. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Jordan at 'BB-', Outlook Stable".
  178. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Japan at 'A'; Outlook Stable".
  179. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Kazakhstan at 'BBB'; Outlook Stable".
  180. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Revises Kenya's Outlook to Negative; Affirms at 'B'".
  181. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Korea at 'AA-'; Outlook Stable".
  182. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Kuwait at 'AA-'; Outlook Stable".
  183. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Laos at 'CCC-', Withdraws Ratings".
  184. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Lebanon's LTFC IDR at 'RD', Downgrades LC IDRs to 'RD'".
  185. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Upgrades Sri Lanka's Long-Term Local-Currency IDR to 'CCC-'".
  186. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Lesotho at 'B'; Outlook Stable".
  187. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Lithuania at 'A'; Outlook Stable".
  188. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Luxembourg at 'AAA'; Outlook Stable".
  189. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Revises Latvia's Outlook to Positive; Affirms at 'A-'".
  190. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Macao at 'AA'; Outlook Stable".
  191. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Morocco at 'BB+'; Outlook Stable".
  192. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Maldives at 'B-'; Outlook Negative".
  193. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Mexico at 'BBB-'; Outlook Stable".
  194. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms North Macedonia at 'BB+'; Outlook Stable".
  195. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Malta at 'A+'; Outlook Stable".
  196. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Mongolia at 'B'; Outlook Stable".
  197. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Mozambique at 'CCC+'".
  198. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Malaysia at 'BBB+'; Outlook Stable".
  199. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Namibia at 'BB-'; Outlook Stable".
  200. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Nigeria at 'B-'; Outlook Stable".
  201. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Nicaragua at 'B-'; Revises Outlook to Positive".
  202. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms the Netherlands at 'AAA'; Outlook Stable".
  203. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Norway at 'AAA'; Outlook Stable".
  204. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms New Zealand at 'AA+'; Outlook Stable".
  205. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Upgrades Oman to 'BB+'; Outlook Stable".
  206. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Pakistan at 'CCC'".
  207. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Revises Panama's Outlook to Negative; Affirms IDR at 'BBB-'".
  208. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Peru at 'BBB'; Outlook Negative".
  209. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Philippines at 'BBB'; Outlook Stable".
  210. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Poland at 'A-'; Outlook Stable".
  211. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Upgrades Portugal to 'A-'; Outlook Stable".
  212. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Paraguay at 'BB+'; Outlook Stable".
  213. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Revises Qatar's Outlook to Positive; Affirms at 'AA-'".
  214. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Romania at 'BBB-'; Outlook Stable".
  215. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Withdraws Russia's Ratings".
  216. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Revises Rwanda's Outlook to Stable; Affirms at 'B+'".
  217. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Upgrades Saudi Arabia to 'A+'; Outlook Stable".
  218. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Singapore at 'AAA'; Outlook Stable".
  219. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Takes Rating Actions on El Salvador Following Local Law Securities Debt Exchange".
  220. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Revises San Marino's Outlook to Positive; Affirms at 'BB'".
  221. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Upgrades Serbia to 'BB+'; Outlook Stable".
  222. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Suriname at 'RD', Withdraws Ratings".
  223. ^ "Fitch Downgrades Slovakia to 'A-'; Outlook Stable".
  224. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Slovenia at 'A'; Outlook Stable".
  225. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Sweden at 'AAA'; Outlook Stable".
  226. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Seychelles at 'BB-'; Outlook Stable".
  227. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Thailand at 'BBB+'; Outlook Stable".
  228. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Turkmenistan at 'B+'; Outlook Positive".
  229. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Tunisia at 'CCC-'".
  230. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Revises Turkiye's Outlook to Stable; Affirms at 'B'".
  231. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Taiwan at 'AA'; Outlook Stable".
  232. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Tanzania at 'B+'; Outlook Stable".
  233. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Uganda at 'B+'; Outlook Negative".
  234. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Ukraine at 'CC'".
  235. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Upgrades Uruguay to 'BBB'; Outlook Stable".
  236. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Downgrades the United States' Long-Term Ratings to 'AA+' from 'AAA'; Outlook Stable".
  237. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Uzbekistan at 'BB-'; Outlook Stable".
  238. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Upgrades Vietnam to 'BB+'; Outlook Stable".
  239. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms South Africa at 'BB-'; Outlook Stable".
  240. ^ Fitch Ratings. "Fitch Affirms Zambia's LTFC IDR at 'RD'; Upgrades LTLC IDR to 'CCC+'".
  241. ^ "investment grade : defined at Finance Glossary". Finance-glossary.com. Archived from the original on 2012-11-05. Retrieved 2013-02-25.
  242. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms Angola's ratings at B3, maintains positive outlook".
  243. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms the B1 ratings of Albania; maintains stable outlook".
  244. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms the United Arab Emirates' Aa2 rating; maintains stable outlook".
  245. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms Argentina's Ca ratings; outlook stable".
  246. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's changes Armenia's outlook to stable from negative; affirms Ba3 rating".
  247. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms Australia's Aaa rating, maintains stable outlook".
  248. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms Austria's Aa1 ratings; outlook remains stable".
  249. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's upgrades Azerbaijan's ratings to Ba1, outlook changed to stable".
  250. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms Belgium's Aa3 ratings; maintains stable outlook".
  251. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms the B1 ratings of Benin; maintains stable outlook".
  252. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's downgrades Bangladesh's ratings to B1, outlook stable".
  253. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms Bulgaria's Baa1 ratings, maintains stable outlook".
  254. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's changes Bahrain's outlook to stable, affirms B2 ratings".
  255. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's downgrades The Bahamas' ratings to B1, changes outlook to stable".
  256. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms Bosnia and Herzegovina's B3 ratings; outlook stable".
  257. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's downgrades Belarus' ratings to C with a stable outlook".
  258. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's upgrades Belize's ratings to Caa2 from Caa3, maintains stable outlook".
  259. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms Bermuda's A2 ratings; maintains stable outlook".
  260. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's confirms Bolivia's ratings at Caa1, changes outlook to negative".
  261. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms Brazil's Ba2 ratings; maintains stable outlook".
  262. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's upgrades Barbados' ratings to B3 from Caa1; maintains a stable outlook".
  263. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms Botswana's A3 ratings and maintains stable outlook".
  264. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms Canada's Aaa rating; maintains stable outlook".
  265. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms Switzerland's Aaa ratings, maintains stable outlook".
  266. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's downgrades Chile's ratings to A2, changes outlook to stable from negative".
  267. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms China's A1 rating, changes outlook to negative from stable".
  268. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms Côte d'Ivoire's Ba3 rating; changes outlook to positive from stable".
  269. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's downgrades Cameroon's rating to Caa1 from B2; maintains stable outlook".
  270. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's upgrades the Democratic Republic of the Congo's ratings to B3 from Caa1, outlook stable".
  271. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms the Republic of the Congo's Caa2 ratings and maintains stable outlook".
  272. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms Colombia's Baa2 ratings; maintains stable outlook".
  273. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's upgrades Costa Rica's ratings to B1; changes outlook to positive from stable".
  274. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's withdraws Cuba's ratings due to lack of sufficient information".
  275. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms Cayman Islands' Aa3 ratings, maintains stable outlook".
  276. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's upgrades Cyprus' ratings to Baa2 and changes outlook to stable".
  277. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's changes Czech Republic's outlook to stable from negative, affirms Aa3 ratings".
  278. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms Germany's Aaa ratings; outlook remains stable".
  279. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms the Aaa ratings of Denmark; maintains stable outlook".
  280. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's changes outlook on Dominican Republic's ratings to positive, affirms Ba3 ratings".
  281. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms Ecuador's Caa3 rating; maintains stable outlook".
  282. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's downgrades Egypt's ratings to Caa1 with a stable outlook, concluding its review".
  283. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms Spain's Baa1 rating and maintains stable outlook".
  284. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms Estonia's A1 ratings, maintains stable outlook".
  285. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's downgrades Ethiopia's foreign currency rating to Caa3, affirms its local currency rating at Caa2 and changes outlook to stable".
  286. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms Finland's Aa1 ratings; outlook remains stable".
  287. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's changes Fiji's outlook to stable from negative; affirms B1 rating".
  288. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms France's Aa2 ratings; outlook remains stable".
  289. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's changes the outlook on Gabon to negative; affirms Caa1 rating".
  290. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's changes the outlook on the UK to stable from negative, affirms Aa3 ratings".
  291. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's changes the outlook on Georgia's rating to negative; affirms Ba2 rating".
  292. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's upgrades Ghana's local currency ratings to Caa3 from Ca, maintains stable outlook".
  293. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's upgrades Greece's ratings to Ba1, outlook stable".
  294. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms Guatemala's Ba1 ratings; changes outlook to stable from negative".
  295. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms Hong Kong SAR's Aa3 rating, changes outlook to negative from stable".
  296. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms Honduras' B1 ratings; maintains stable outlook".
  297. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms Croatia's Baa2 ratings, changes outlook to positive from stable".
  298. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms the Baa2 ratings of Hungary; maintains stable outlook".
  299. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's assigns Baa2 ratings to Indonesia's dollar denominated bonds".
  300. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's changes the outlook on the Isle of Man to stable from negative, affirms Aa3 ratings".
  301. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms India's Baa3 ratings; outlook stable".
  302. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's upgrades Ireland's ratings to Aa3, outlook stable".
  303. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms Iraq's Caa1 ratings, maintains stable outlook".
  304. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's changes outlook on Iceland's ratings to positive, affirms A2 ratings".
  305. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's places Israel's A1 ratings on review for downgrade".
  306. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms Italy's ratings at Baa3, changes the outlook to stable from negative".
  307. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's upgrades Jamaica's government ratings to B1 and changes outlook to positive from stable".
  308. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's changes outlook on Jordan's rating to positive from stable; affirms B1 rating".
  309. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms Japan's A1 ratings; maintains stable outlook".
  310. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's changes Kazakhstan's outlook to positive from stable, affirms Baa2 rating".
  311. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's confirms Kenya's ratings at B3, changes outlook to negative".
  312. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's confirms Kyrgyz Republic's ratings at B3, changes outlook to negative".
  313. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's changes Cambodia's outlook to negative, B2 ratings affirmed".
  314. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms Korea's Aa2 rating, maintains stable outlook".
  315. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms Kuwait's A1 rating; maintains stable outlook".
  316. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms Lebanon's C rating, changes outlook to stable from no outlook".
  317. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's downgrades Sri Lanka's rating to Ca; outlook stable".
  318. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms Lithuania's A2 ratings, maintains stable outlook".
  319. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms Luxembourg's Aaa ratings; maintains stable outlook".
  320. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms Latvia's A3 ratings, maintains stable outlook".
  321. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's changes outlook to negative from stable on Macao SAR, China's rating; affirms Aa3 rating".
  322. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms Morocco's Ba1 ratings, changes outlook to stable from negative".
  323. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's changes the outlook on Moldova's rating to stable from negative; affirms B3 rating".
  324. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms Maldives' Caa1 rating, maintains stable outlook".
  325. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's downgrades Mexico's ratings to Baa2, changes outlook to stable from negative".
  326. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's changes Mali's outlook to stable; affirms Caa2 ratings".
  327. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms Malta's A2 ratings, changes outlook to stable from negative".
  328. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms Montenegro's B1 ratings; outlook stable".
  329. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms Mongolia's B3 rating, maintains stable outlook".
  330. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's changes outlook on Mozambique to stable from positive, affirms Caa2 ratings".
  331. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's downgrades Mauritius's rating to Baa3, changes outlook to stable".
  332. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms Malaysia's A3 rating, maintains stable outlook".
  333. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's downgrades Namibia's ratings to B1, changes outlook to stable from negative".
  334. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's changes Nigeria's outlook to positive, affirms Caa1 ratings".
  335. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms Nicaragua's B3 ratings and maintains stable outlook".
  336. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms the Netherlands' Aaa ratings; outlook remains stable".
  337. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms the Aaa ratings of Norway; maintains stable outlook".
  338. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms New Zealand's Aaa rating, maintains stable outlook".
  339. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's upgrades Oman to Ba1, changes outlook to stable".
  340. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's downgrades Pakistan's rating to Caa3; changes outlook to stable from negative".
  341. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's downgrades Panama's rating to Baa3, changes outlook to stable".
  342. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's changes outlook on Peru's Baa1 rating to negative; affirms ratings".
  343. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms the Philippines' Baa2 ratings; outlook stable".
  344. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's changes Papua New Guinea's outlook to stable from negative; affirms B2 rating".
  345. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms Poland's A2 ratings; maintains stable outlook".
  346. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's upgrades Portugal's ratings to A3 and changes outlook to stable".
  347. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms Paraguay's Ba1 ratings; changes outlook to positive from stable".
  348. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's changes the outlook on Qatar to positive, affirms Aa3 rating".
  349. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms Romania's Baa3 ratings, maintains stable outlook".
  350. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's withdraws credit ratings on multiple entities".
  351. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's changes outlook on Rwanda to stable from negative; affirms B2 ratings".
  352. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's changes Saudi Arabia's outlook to positive, affirms A1 ratings".
  353. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's changes Senegal's outlook to stable from negative, affirms Ba3 rating".
  354. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms Singapore's Aaa rating, maintains stable outlook".
  355. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms El Salvador's Caa3 ratings; outlook changed to stable".
  356. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's changes Suriname's rating outlook to stable, affirms the Caa3 rating".
  357. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms Serbia's Ba2 ratings; outlook stable".
  358. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's maintains negative outlook on Slovakia's A2 ratings".
  359. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms Slovenia's A3 rating; maintains stable outlook".
  360. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's changes eSwatini's outlook to positive from stable, affirms B3 rating".
  361. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms Sweden's Aaa ratings; maintains stable outlook".
  362. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms Thailand's Baa1 rating; maintains stable outlook".
  363. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's changes outlook on Tajikistan to stable from negative, affirms B3 ratings".
  364. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms Trinidad & Tobago's ratings at Ba2, changes outlook to positive".
  365. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's downgrades Tunisia's ratings to Caa2 with a negative outlook, concluding its review".
  366. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's downgrades Turkiye's ratings to B3, changes outlook to stable".
  367. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's changes Taiwan, China's outlook to stable from positive, affirms Aa3 rating".
  368. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's changes outlook on Uganda's rating to negative; affirms the B2 rating".
  369. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's downgrades Ukraine's ratings to Ca with a stable outlook".
  370. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms Uruguay's Baa2 ratings; changes outlook to positive".
  371. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's changes outlook on United States' ratings to negative, affirms Aaa ratings".
  372. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's upgrades Uzbekistan's rating to Ba3, outlook stable".
  373. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms St. Vincent and the Grenadines' B3 issuer ratings; maintains stable outlook".
  374. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's upgrades Vietnam's rating to Ba2, outlook changed to stable".
  375. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's withdraws certain Government of Venezuela ratings for business reasons".
  376. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's changes South Africa's outlook to stable; affirms Ba2 ratings".
  377. ^ Moody's Investors Service. "Moody's affirms Zambia's Ca ratings; outlook stable".
  378. ^ DBRS Morningstar. "Market sectors Governments Sovereigns".
  379. ^ Scope Ratings. "Sovereign Ratings".
  380. ^ Japan Credit Rating Agency. "Rating Lists Sovereigns and Supranationals".
  381. ^ Japan Credit Rating Agency. "主权评级" [Sovereign Rating].
  382. ^ 컨트리 브리프 - 감비아(비밀번호 보호됨)
  383. ^ 씨본드.정보 - 피치(영국), 이란 신용등급 철회
  384. ^ 피치, 리비아 신용등급 강등 철회 - FoxBusiness.com
  385. ^ "Mali given credit rating under UN development initiative". United Nations Organization. 2004-05-06. Retrieved 2013-02-25.
  386. ^ "Fitch withdraws Mali's ratings". Reuters. 2009-12-04. Archived from the original on December 1, 2011. Retrieved 2013-02-25.

링크스

참고 항목