아프리카계 미국인 최초의 연대표

Timeline of African-American firsts
에 관한 시리즈의 일부
아프리카계 미국인
역사
기간
양상
마이그레이션
문화
라이프웨이즈
학교
학술연구
경축행사
이코노미 클래스
기호 및 아이디어
종교
기관
신학문
비기독교 단체
정치
단체들
이데올로기
시민/경제단체
단체들
스포츠
체육회 및 학회
하위 커뮤니티
다민족
특정조상
성적 지향
방언과 언어
영어 방언
언어 및 기타 방언
인구.
미국의 주
미국의 도시들
역사적 장소
인구수
디아스포라
편견
인종차별
고정관념과 미디어 묘사

아프리카계 미국인은 미국의 민족입니다. 다양한 분야에서 아프리카계 미국인들에 의한 최초의 성과는 역사적으로 현저한 발자취를 가져왔고, 종종 더 광범위한 문화적 변화로 이어졌습니다. 이것의 약자는 "색 장벽 깨기"입니다.[1][2]

일반적으로 인용되는 한 예는 1947년에 메이저 리그 야구 선수가 된 현대의 첫 아프리카계 미국인이 된 재키 로빈슨의 60년간의 분리된 니그로 리그를 끝낸 것입니다.[3]

내용물

17세기:1670년대
18th century:1730s–1770s • 1780s–1790s
19세기: 1800 • 1810년대 • 1820년대 • 1840년대 • 1850년대 • 1860년대 • 1870년대 • 1880년대 • 1890년대
20세기: 19001910년대 1920년대 1930년대 1940년대 1950년대 1960년대 1970년대 1980년대 1990년대
21세기:2000년대 • 2010년대 • 2020년대
참고 항목 • 참고 사항 • 참고 사항 • 외부 링크

17세기

1600년대

1604

1670년대

1670

18세기

1730s–1770s

1738

1746

  • 문학 작품을 구성한 최초의 아프리카계 미국인(및 노예): 루시 테리는 1746년에[7] 작곡되어 1855년에 조시아 홀랜드의 "서부 매사추세츠의[8][7] 역사"에 처음으로 발표된 그녀의 시 "바르스 파이트"로.

1760

  • 아프리카계 미국인 최초의 출판 작가: 주피터 해먼 (시 "저녁 생각: 참회의 외침을 가진 그리스도에 의한 구원", 넓은 편으로 출판)[9]

1767

1768

1773

1775

  • 프리메이슨에 가입한 최초의 아프리카계 미국인: 프린스[15] 홀

1778

1780s–1790s

필리스 휘틀리
르뮤엘 헤인즈

1783

  • 의학을 정식으로 개업한 최초의 아프리카계 미국인: 박사 학위를 소지하지 않은 제임스 더햄.[17] (참고: 1847)

1785

1792

1793

1794

19세기

1800년대

압살롬 존스
존 글로스터
압살롬 보스턴
알렉산더 트와일라잇
제임스 맥쿤 스미스

1804

1807

1810년대

1816

1817

  • 최초의 아프리카 침례교회는 미시시피 강 서쪽의 최초의 아프리카계 미국인 교회였습니다.[21] 1817년 존 메이슨 펙(John Mason Peck)과 전 노예였던 존 베리 미첨(John Berry Meachum)이 세인트(St.)에서 아프리카계 미국인들을 위한 교회 예배를 개최하기 시작하면서 시작되었습니다. 루이.[22] 미첨은 1827년에 최초의 아프리카 침례교회를 설립했습니다. 비록 흑인들의 집회를 막는 조례들이 있었지만, 그 교회는 설립 당시 14명에서 1829년까지 220명으로 성장했습니다. 교구민 중 200명은 주인의 허락이 있어야만 교회를 다니며 예배에 참석할 수 있는 노예였습니다.[21]

1820년대

1821

1822

  • 흑인 선원과 함께 고래선을 항해한 최초의 아프리카계 미국인 선장: 압살롬 보스턴[24] 1822년 압살롬 보스턴 이전에는 7번의 포경 여행을 한 여섯 명의 흑인 주인이 있었습니다.[25]

1823

1826

1827

1830년대

1832

1836

1837

1840년대

1844

1845

1847

1849

1850년대

조셉 젠킨스 로버츠
찰스 L. 이유
패트릭 프랜시스 힐리
윌리엄 웰스 브라운
다니엘 알렉산더 페인
마틴 R. 델라니
히람 레벨스
조지프 레이니
존 스튜어트 록
캐세이 윌리엄스
에베네저 바셋
패니 잭슨 코핀
메리 엘리자 마호니
마이클 A. 힐리
블랑쉬 K. 브루스
모세 플리트우드 워커
마틸다 시시레타 조이너 존스
윌리엄 H. 루이스
W.E.B. 두 보이스
메리 필즈
아우구스티누스 톨턴
C.J.워커 부인
집사 R. 윌슨

1851

1853

1854

1858

1860년대

1861

1862

1863

1864

1865

1866

1868

1869

1870년대

1870

1871

1872

1873

1874

1875

1876

1877

1878

1879

1880년대

1880

1881

1882

  • 아프리카계 미국인을 위한 4년제 고등 교육 기관 중 최초로 주정부가 전폭적으로 지원합니다. 버지니아 주립 대학교

1883

1884

1886

1890년대

1890

1891

  • 오늘날 뉴욕시 최초의 아프리카계 미국인 경찰관: 1898년 5개 자치구가 뉴욕시로 편입되기 전 브루클린 경찰국에 고용된 와일리 오버턴([100]Wiley Overton). (참조: Samuel J. Battle, 1911)

1892

1895

1898

1899

20세기

1900년대

1901

1902

  • 최초의 아프리카계 미국인 프로 농구 선수: Harry Lew (뉴잉글랜드 프로농구 리그)[107] (1950년 참조)
  • 최초의 아프리카계 미국인 프로 미식축구 선수: 찰스 폴리스
  • 최초의 아프리카계 미국인 복싱 챔피언: 조 간스, 라이트급 (1908년 참조)

1903

  • 최초의 브로드웨이 뮤지컬은 아프리카계 미국인에 의해 쓰여졌고, 최초로 아프리카계 미국인이 출연했습니다. 다호메이에서
  • 은행을 설립하고 은행장이 된 최초의 아프리카계 미국인 여성: 매기 L. 워커, 세인트 루크 페니 저축 은행 (1930년 이후로 통합 은행 & 신탁 회사), 리치먼드, 버지니아[108]

1904

  • 아프리카계 미국인들이 설립한 최초의 그리스 문자 이란 단체: 시그마 파이
  • 올림픽에 참가한 최초의 아프리카계 미국인, 그리고 메달을 획득한 최초의 아프리카계 미국인: 조지 포지 (동메달 2개)[109]

1906

1907

1908

  • 최초의 아프리카계 미국인 헤비급 복싱 챔피언: 잭 존슨[112](Jack Johnson, 1902년 참조)
  • 첫 아프리카계 미국인 올림픽 금메달 수상자: 존 테일러 (육상 혼계영 팀)[113] (참고: DeHart Hubbard, 1924)
  • 아프리카계 미국인들이 설립한 최초의 대학 간 그리스 문자 협회: 하워드 대학의 알파 카파 알파(α κα)

1910년대

1910

1911

1914

1915

1916

1917

1919

1920년대

1920

1921

1923

1924

1925

1927

1928

1929

1930년대

1930

  • 주 고등학교 농구 선수권 대회에서 우승한 최초의 아프리카계 미국인: 인디애나 주 통합 워싱턴 팀의 스타 센터 데이비드 "빅 데이브" 디저넷.

1931

  • 선두적인 오케스트라에 의해 교향곡을 연주한 최초의 아프리카계 미국인 작곡가: 로체스터 필하모닉 오케스트라의[144] 교향곡 제1번 윌리엄 그랜트 스틸
  • 예일대 로스쿨을 졸업한 최초의 아프리카계 미국인 여성: 제인 마틸다 볼린

1932

1933

  • 심리학 박사 학위를 받은 최초의 아프리카계 미국인 여성: 이네즈 프로서

1934

1936

1937

1938

1939

1940년대

1940

해티 맥다니엘

1941

1942

마리안 앤더슨(Marian Anderson)은 아프리카계 미국인의 이름을 딴 최초의 대형 해양 항해선인 SS 부커 T. 워싱턴호(SS Booker T. Washington)에 세례를 보냅니다.

1943

1944

1945

1946

  • 현대(제2차 세계대전 이후) 시대에 NFL팀과 계약을 체결한 최초의 아프리카계 미국인: 케니 워싱턴

1947

1948

1949

1950년대

1950

1951

1952

1953

1954

1955

1956

1957

1958

1959

1960년대

1962

1963

1964

1965

1966

1967

1968

1969

1970년대

1970

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980년대

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

  • 최초의 아프리카계 미국인 Formula One 경주차 운전자: Willy T. Ribbs[Note 22] (참고: Ribbs, 1991)
  • 로큰롤 명예의 전당에 헌액된 최초의 아프리카계 미국인 음악가: 척 베리, 제임스 브라운, 레이 찰스, 샘 쿡, 팻츠 도미노, 리틀 리처드
  • 최초의 아프리카계 미국인 여성(Shirley A. Ajayi)는 1986년 일리노이주 시카고에서 심령술사로 TV 프로그램에서 6개월 동안 배역을 맡았습니다. 셜리는 그 역할을 얻기 위해 다른 심리학자들과 오디션을 봐야 했습니다. 그리고 나서 그녀는 존 핸콕 센터에서 TV 쇼를 운영했던 상사로부터 마케팅을 배웠습니다. 안전상의 이유로 그녀는 "Aura!"로 개명되었습니다. 바이오 이용 가능 도서: "에보니 공주 아우라"

1987

1988

1989

1990년대

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

21세기

2000년대

2000

2001

콜린 파월(Colin Powell)의 공식 초상화, 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

버락 오바마의 공식 초상화, 2009

2010년대

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020년대

2020

2021 카말라 해리스 공식 초상화

2021

2022

참고 항목

메모들

  1. ^ 이 주장은 버지니아주 페테르부르크의 제1침례교회(1774)와 조지아주 사바나의 제1아프리카침례교회(1788, 1773 인정)로 이름이 변경된 제1색침례교회(1788, 1773 인정)에 의해 이의를 제기합니다.
  2. ^ 이 책은 영국에서 출판되었기 때문에, 미국에서 출판된 최초의 아프리카계 미국인 소설은 아닙니다. 이 공은 논쟁의 여지가 있는 두 권의 책 중 하나로 넘어갑니다. 1982년 헨리 루이스 게이츠 주니어, 혹은 줄리아 C에 의해 밝혀진 해리엇 윌슨의 우리의 나이그(1859). 윌리엄 L이 발표한 콜린스의 카스트의 저주 또는 노예의 신부(1865). 2006년 노스캐롤라이나 대학교 채플힐 영문학 교수 앤드루스와 웨스턴 미시간 대학교 역사학 교수 미치 카춘. Andrews와 Kachun은 Our Nig를 소설화된 자서전으로 기록하고, The Curse of Caste가 미국에서 출판된 아프리카계 미국인에 의한 최초의 완전히 허구적인 소설이라고 주장합니다.
  3. ^ 1863년까지 아프리카계 미국인들이 완전히 소유하고 운영하지 않았습니다.
  4. ^ 미시시피주 상원의 애덤스 카운티 대표인 레벨스는 1870년 1월에 만료되지 않은 임기를 채우기 위해 미국 상원에 의해 선출되었습니다.
  5. ^ 사우스캐롤라이나 주 상원의원인 레이니는 B가 공석인 자리를 메우기 위해 선출되었습니다. Franklin White more. 레이니는 1870년 12월 12일에 그의 자리에 앉았습니다. 존 윌리스 메나드(John Willis Menard)는 사실 하원에 선출된 최초의 아프리카계 미국인이었지만(1868) 그는 의원직을 거부당했습니다.
  6. ^ 더글라스는 지명된 후에 지명이나 선거운동을 하지 않았습니다.
  7. ^ 파커는 홀리요크 산이 아직 신학교였을 때 졸업했습니다.
  8. ^ 이것은 이전에 Sarah E. Goode(일리노이주 시카고의 캐비닛 침대용)로 여겨졌습니다.[91]
  9. ^ 그의 아들 벤자민 오. 데이비스 주니어는 미국 공군의 첫 아프리카계 미국인 장군이었습니다.
  10. ^ 그레이블리는 또한 미국 해군 군함(1962)을 지휘한 최초의 아프리카계 미국인이며, 최초로 해군 제독(1971)으로 진급했습니다.
  11. ^ L. Clifford Davis는 1946년에 로스쿨에 지원했고, 몇 번의 실패 후 1947년 9월에 입학 허가를 받았지만 수업에 등록할 수 없었습니다. 헌트는 이후 1948년 2월 2일에 등록했습니다.[183]
  12. ^ 규제의 이유로 네트워크로 간주되었지만 CBS TV는 1948년에 로컬에서만 시청할 수 있었습니다. 1956년까지 CBS와 다른 네트워크는 전국적으로 볼 수 있었습니다.
  13. ^ Cliffton은 NBA 계약을 체결하고 그 후에 경기를 한 최초의 선수였고, Cooper는 NBA 팀에 의해 드래프트된 최초의 선수였고, Lloyd는 그의 팀의 개막전이 다른 선수들보다 하루 앞서 있었기 때문에 NBA 정규 시즌 경기에 출전한 최초의 선수였습니다.
  14. ^ 두 명의 흑인 선수가 그 해에 골드 글러브를 수상했지만, 오직 메이스만이 아프리카계 미국인입니다. 다른 하나는, 미니 미뇨소(Minnie Mizo)는 아프로-쿠반(Afro-Cuban)입니다.
  15. ^ 1998년, 이 상은 첫 수상자의 이름을 따서 오스카 로버트슨 트로피로 이름이 바뀌었습니다.
  16. ^ 해리스의 대기록은 1957년 콘티넨탈 항공 지원자로 거절당한 말론 그린이 미국 대법원의 "콜로라도 반차별 위원회 대 미국 714호 146호" 사건에서 승소한 지 1년 만에 이루어졌는데, 이 사건은 그린이 불법적으로 차별을 당했다고 판결한 것입니다.[239]
  17. ^ a b c 판타스틱 포 #52 (1966년 7월)에 소개된 최초의 흑인 슈퍼히어로 마블의 블랙 팬서는 아프리카계 미국인이 아닌 아프리카계입니다. 이것은 또한 1950년대 마블의 전신인 아틀라스 코믹스의 다중 캐릭터 옴니버스 시리즈 정글 테일즈(1954년 9월 ~ 1955년 9월)의 4가지 특징 중 하나를 주 공연한 반투의 왕자 와쿠(Waku)의 메인스트림 만화책에 출연한 최초의 흑인 캐릭터에게도 해당됩니다.
  18. ^ 그 당시 NCAA는 아직 3부제를 채택하지 않았습니다. 일리노이주는 NCAA 대학교 디비전에 속해 있었고, 1973년 디비전 I이 되었습니다. NCAA는 대학 디비전 멤버를 디비전 I 멤버로 소급하여 간주합니다.
  19. ^ 플러드의 법적 도전은 성공하지 못했지만, 야구의 리저브 조항에 맞서 싸우고 자유계약선수(FA)를 구하면서 선수들 사이에 추가적인 연대를 가져왔습니다.
  20. ^ NHL은 1958년 윌리 오리(Willie O'Ree)가 처음으로 흑인 선수들을 20년 이상 출전시켰지만, 과거의 흑인 선수들은 모두 흑인이었고 아프리카계 미국인이 아니었습니다. 1996년에 마이크 그리어(Edmonton Oilers)는 미국에서 태어나 독점적으로 훈련을 받은 첫 번째 사람이 되었습니다. Allen, Kevin (January 14, 2008). "Willie O'Ree still blazing way in NHL 50 years later". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 26, 2012. Retrieved June 23, 2014.
  21. ^ 우주 비행사 아르날도 멘데즈는 1980년에 최초로 우주에서 아프리카 혈통을 가진 사람이었습니다.
  22. ^ 루이스 해밀턴(Lewis Hamilton)은 2006년 최초의 흑인 포뮬러 원(Formula One) 레이서가 되었지만, 그는 아프리카계 미국인이 아닌 그레나다 혈통의 영국 시민입니다. 리브스는 경주에 참가하지 않았지만 1986년 1월에 전문적으로 포뮬러 원 자동차를 운전했습니다.포르투갈 에스토릴의 BMW.
  23. ^ a b c 우즈의 혼혈 혈통인 ¼ 차이니즈, ¼ 타이, ¼ 아프리카계 미국인, ⅛ 백인, 그리고 ⅛ 원주민은 또한 그를 이 업적을 이룬 최초의 아시아계 미국인으로 만들었습니다. 그는 또한 비제이 싱(인도 피지인), 마이클 캠벨(뉴질랜드 출신의 마오리), Y.E. 양(한국인)과 함께 주로 비유럽 혈통을 가진 네 명의 골퍼 중 최초로 남자 메이저 대회에서 우승한 선수이기도 합니다.
  24. ^ 2002년 12월 밥캣츠 구단주로 발표되었지만 팀은 2004년까지 경기를 시작하지 않았습니다.
  25. ^ 스미스와 던기는 같은 날 이 이정표에 도달했지만, 기술적으로는 스미스가 처음으로 일정을 잡은 것입니다. NFC와 AFC 챔피언십 경기는 항상 같은 날에 열립니다. 2006년 NFL 시즌에 이어 열린 플레이오프에서는 NFC 경기가 먼저 진행되었습니다.

참고문헌

각주

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