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국가 또는 지역별 LGBT 권리

LGBT rights by country or territory
동성 간 성관계, 결합 및 표현에 관한 전세계 법률
동성간의 성관계는 불법이다.벌칙:
감옥, 죽음이 강제되지 않음
민병대의 죽음
체포 또는 구류가 있는 감옥
감옥, 강제 집행되지1 않음
동성 간 성관계는 합법적이야조합의 인정:
치외법적2 결혼
한정외국어
인정(옵션)
없음
표현의 제약
호출음은 로컬 또는 케이스 바이 케이스 어플리케이션을 나타냅니다.
1지난 3년간 금고나 법 집행유예는 없었다.
2결혼식은 현지에서 할 수 없습니다.일부 국가에서는 다른 유형의 파트너십을 수행할 수 있습니다.
국제 연합에서의 성소수자 권리
둘 다 아니다.어느 선언도 지원하지 않는 상태
비회원국국제 연합 회원국에 투표권이 없는 주
반대하다2008년 반대 선언을 지지하고 2011년 반대 선언을 계속한 주
후속 멤버2008년 유엔에 가입하지 않은 남수단
지지하다2008년 또는 2011년 총회 또는 인권이사회에서 LGBT 인권선언을 지지한 주

레즈비언, 게이, 양성애자, 트랜스젠더(LGBT)에게 영향을 미치는 권리는 동성결혼의 법적 인정에서부터 동성애에 대한 사형에 이르기까지 국가나 관할권에 따라 크게 다릅니다.

국가 또는 지역별 성 정체성 표현에 관한 법률
법적 신원 변경, 수술 불필요
법적 신원 변경, 수술 필요
법적 ID 변경 없음
불명/모호한

특히 2022년 7월 현재 32개국이 동성결혼을 인정하고 있다.이와는 대조적으로 비국가 행위자와 사법권 밖의 살인은 제외하고 오직 한 나라만이 합의된 동성 성행위에 사형을 부과하는 것으로 여겨진다.이란. 모리타니, 사우디아라비아, 소말리아(주발란드 자치주) 및 아랍에미리트에서는 사형이 공식 법이지만 일반적으로 시행되지는 않는다.게다가, 성소수자들은 탈레반 통치하의 아프가니스탄과 러시아 [2]체첸 지역에서 초법적 살인에 직면해 있다.수단은 항문 성관계(헤테로 또는 동성애자)에 대한 강제되지 않은 사형을 2020년에 철회했다.간통죄에 대한 처벌로 15개국이 이 책에 돌팔매질을 하고 있는데, 이는 이란과 나이지리아([3][4][5][6]북부의 3분의 1)의 사법 당국에 의해 시행되고 있다.

2011년, 유엔 인권이사회는 LGBT의 권리를 인정하는 첫 번째 결의안을 통과시켰고, 유엔인권고등판무관실증오 범죄, 동성애 활동의 범죄화, 차별포함한 LGBT 사람들의 권리 침해를 문서화한 보고서를 발표했다.보고서 발표 후 유엔은 아직 그렇게 하지 않은 모든 국가들에게 기본적인 성소수자 [7][8]권리를 보호하는 법을 제정할 것을 촉구했다.

2022년 연구에 따르면 LGBT 권리(ILGA-유럽 레인보우 지수로 측정됨)는 위험한 성적 [9]행동과 독립적으로 동성애자와 양성애자 남성의 HIV/AIDS 발병률 감소와 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다.

법의 범위

LGBT 사람들에게 영향을 미치는 법률에는 다음과 같은 것이 이에 한정되는 것은 아닙니다.

LGBT 관련 법률의 역사

고대 인도

아요니 또는 모든 종류의 비-바기날 섹스는 아타샤스트라에서 처벌받을 수 있다.그러나 동성애 행위는 벌금형에 처해질 수 있는 작은 범죄로 취급되는 반면, 불법 이성 성관계는 훨씬 더 가혹한 처벌을 수반한다.Dharmsastras, 특히 후기의 Dharmasutra는 Vashistha Dharmasutra와 같은 비-vaginal 성관계를 처방한다.야자발키야 스미티는 이러한 행위에 대해 다른 남성과 함께 한 행위를 포함한 벌금을 부과한다.Manusmriti는 그러한 [10][11]행위에 대해 가벼운 처벌을 규정한다.바니타는 여성과 처녀 사이의 성에 대한 처벌에 대한 구절이 처녀의 성적 [12]순결을 강하게 강조하기 때문이라고 말한다.

고대 이스라엘

사람 레위기 18에(즉, 교제하여)과 거짓말하고 고대 모세의 율법(토라(유대교 율법))에서는 남자와, 소돔과 고모라, 이후 도시 곧", 주님에게서 유황과 불,"[13][14]과 사형 제도에 파괴되었다의 이야기에서 미수로 동성애자 강간의 제네시스 19에서 이야기를 준다 그도록 규정되었다.공존그리고 로트의 아내는 도시가 [15][16]파괴되는 것을 보기 위해 돌아섰기 때문에 소금기둥으로 변했다.신복음 22장 5절에서 여장은 "가증스러운"[17][18] 것으로 비난된다.

아시리아

아시리아 사회에서 성범죄는 동성애든 [19]이성애든 똑같이 처벌받았다.한 개인은 동등한 사회적 계층의 누군가를 파고들거나, 성역할이 확고하게 [19]남성적이라고 여겨지지 않는 누군가를 파고들어서 처벌받지 않았다.이러한 성관계는 심지어 행운으로 여겨졌는데, 아카디안 명패인 '숨마 알루'는 "남자가 뒤에서 동등한 사람과 교제하면, 그는 또래와 형제들 사이에서 지도자가 된다"고 쓰여 있다.[20][21]하지만, 동료 군인, 노예, 왕실 수행원, 또는 더 나은 사교가 순종적이거나 침투한 사람들과의 동성애 관계는 나쁜 [22][23]징조로 취급되었다.

기원전 1075년의 아시리아 중기의 법전에는 군대 내 동성애에 관한 엄격한 법이 있는데, "만약 어떤 사람이 그의 형제와 관계를 맺는다면, 그들은 그를 [24][25][26]내시로 바꿀 것이다."라고 쓰여 있다.비슷한 법전에는 "만약 선봉자가 이웃과 동침했다면, 그들이 그를 기소했을 때, 그들은 그와 동침하여 그를 내시로 만들 것이다"라고 쓰여 있다.이 법전은 동성애 강간과 관련된 상황을 비난한다.아시리아 남성들은 거짓 소문이나 강요된 성관계가 다른 [27]남성들과 관련이 없는 매춘부를 방문하거나 다른 남성들과 잠자리를 할 수 있었다.

고대 로마

고대 로마에서는 시민 청소년의 신체는 엄격히 출입이 금지되어 있었고 렉스 스텐티니아자유출생[28]미성년자를 상대로 성범죄 저지른 사람들에게 처벌을 가했다.허용 가능한 동성 파트너는 시민으로서 법적인 보호에서 제외된 남성들, 즉 노예, 남성 매춘부, 그리고 엄밀히 말하면 자유로울 수 있지만, 그들의 생활방식으로 인해 법 밖에 있는 사람들이다.

기꺼이 구강 성교를 하거나 항문 성교를 받은 남성 시민은 폄하당했지만,[29] 이 남성들에 대한 법적 처벌의 증거는 제한적일 뿐이다.법정과 정치 수사에서, 여성스러움과 소극적인 성행위의 혐의는 특히 줄리어스 시저와 마크 [30]안토니 같은 "민주적" 정치인들에게 집중되었다.

로마법은 기원전 2세기 초에 남성 시민의 강간을 다루었는데, 그 때 "명예롭고 의심스러운" 남성도 다른 시민들과 같은 권리를 가지고 자신의 몸을 강제로 [31]성관계를 맺지 않기로 결정되었다.율리우스 시저의 독재정권과 관련된 법에서는 강간은 "소년, 여성 또는 누구"에 대한 강제 성관계로 정의되어 있으며, 강간범은 로마 [32]법에서 보기 드문 형벌인 사형에 처해졌다.매춘부나 배우와 같이 정보원으로 분류된 남성은 법률상 강간할 수 없으며, 법적으로 재산으로 분류된 노예도 강간범을 기소할 수 없다. 그러나 노예의 주인은 강간범을 재산 [33]손해에 대해 기소할 수 있다.

공화정의 로마군에서는 동료 병사들 간의 성관계는 시민과의 성관계를 위반하고 군기 [35]위반으로 사형 [34]등 가혹한 처벌을 받았다.그리스 역사학자 폴리비우스(기원전 2세기)는 탈영병, 도둑, 위증자, 그리고 "젊었을 때 자신의 신체를 학대했던 자"를 푸스투아리움의 대상으로 하여 몽둥이로 때려 [36]죽인다.고대 자료들은 장교들에 의한 성희롱의 영향을 가장 우려하지만, 상관을 고발한 젊은 군인은 그가 자진해서 수동적인 역할을 하거나 매춘을 [37]하지 않았다는 것을 보여줄 필요가 있었다.군인들은 그들[38]남성 노예들과 자유롭게 관계를 맺을 수 있었다; 동료 시민 병사의 신체 사용은 금지되었다.[39] 동성애 행위 그 자체는 금지되지 않았다.공화정 후기와 제국 시대 내내, 현대적 의미의 "동성애자"로 특징지어지는 생활방식을 가진 남성들이 [40]공공연히 봉사했다는 증거가 증가하고 있다.

로마 법은 남자들 간의 결혼을 인정하지 않았고, 일반적으로 로마인들은 결혼을 아이를 낳는 주된 목적을 가진 이성간의 결합으로 여겼지만, 제국 시대 초기에 몇몇 남성 커플들은 전통적인 결혼 의식을 축하했다.쥬베날은 그의 친구들이 종종 그런 [41]행사에 참석한다는 것을 못마땅하게 여겼다.네로 황제는 두 남자와 결혼했는데, 한 번은 신부로, 한 번은 신랑으로 결혼했어요.그의 배우자 스포루스는 로마 [42]황후가 습관적으로 입던 레갈리아를 입고 네로의 아내로 공식 석상에 모습을 드러냈다.

시민의 특권을 보호하기 위한 조치와는 별개로 동성애를 일반 범죄로 기소한 것은 3세기 아랍인 필립이 남성 매춘을 금지하면서부터다.로마 제국이 기독교 지배하에 들어간 4세기 말에는 소극적인 동성애가 [43]처벌받을 수 있었다."칼에 의한 죽음"은 테오도스 [44]법전 하에서 "여자처럼 커플링하는 남자"에 대한 처벌이었다.유스티니아누스 하에서는 수동적이든 능동적이든 모든 동성 행위는 상대방이 누구든 간에 자연에 반하는 것으로 선언되어 [45]사형에 처해질 수 있다.

대영제국

영국은 특히 대영제국이 최고조에 달했던 19세기에 식민지에 반동성애법을 [46]도입했다.2018년 현재 동성애를 범죄화한 71개국 중 절반 이상이 영국의 식민지나 [47]보호국이었다.

네덜란드

2001년 네덜란드는 세계 최초로 동성결혼[48]합법화한 나라였다.

글로벌 LGBT 인권 지도

국가 또는 지역별 동성 성별에 관한 법률
동성 간 성관계, 결합 및 표현에 관한 전세계 법률
동성간의 성관계는 불법이다.벌칙:
감옥, 죽음이 강제되지 않음
민병대의 죽음
체포 또는 구류가 있는 감옥
감옥, 강제 집행되지1 않음
동성 간 성관계는 합법적이야조합의 인정:
치외법적2 결혼
한정외국어
인정(옵션)
없음
표현의 제약
호출음은 로컬 또는 케이스 바이 케이스 어플리케이션을 나타냅니다.
1지난 3년간 금고나 법 집행유예는 없었다.
2결혼식은 현지에서 할 수 없습니다.일부 국가에서는 다른 유형의 파트너십을 수행할 수 있습니다.
국제 연합에서의 성소수자 권리
지지하다
LGBT 권리에 대한 총회 선언에 서명했거나 LGBT 권리에 대한 인권 이사회2011년 결의안을 후원한 국가(96개 회원국)
반대하다
LGBT 권리에 반대하는 2008년 성명에 서명한 국가(처음에는 57개 회원국, 피지, 르완다, 시에라리온의 탈퇴현재 54개 회원국)
둘 다 아니다
유엔에 관해 성소수자의 권리에 대한 공식 지지나 반대를 표명하지 않은 국가(44개 회원국)
국가 또는 지역별 동성애 '선전' 및 '도덕성' 법률
국가 또는 지역별 동성애 '선전' 및 '도덕성' 법률
동성애 "선전" 또는 "도덕성" 법이 없는 국가 또는 지역
좋아요[49].
알 수 없는 처벌
투옥
국가 또는 지역에 따른 동성 성관계 범죄 배제
1791년–1794년
1850~1945년
1946년~1946년
1990–현재
동성 간 성관계 합법화 날짜 불명
동성간의 성관계는 항상 합법이다.
여전히 범죄로 규정되어 있다.
국가별 또는 지역별로 동성 커플에 대한 동의 연령 균등화
1790~1829년
1830년 ~ 1839년
1840년 ~1840년
1860년 ~1960년
1870년 ~1980년
1880년 ~1980년
1890년~1980년
1930-1986년
1940-1989년1
1950-1986년
1960-1986년
1970-1986년
1980-1986년
1990~1999년
2000~2009년
2010–현재
이성 및 동성 커플에 대한 동등한 연령의 동의 법률 날짜 불명
동의법 없음/동성 커플에게 항상 동일한 동의 연령법 없음
동성커플의 불평등한 동의 연령법
동성간의 성관계는 불법이다.
1제2차 세계대전나치 독일은 동성의 성관계를 금지하는 독일의 법을 확장하면서 영토를 합병하거나 점령했다.전쟁 전에는 벨루노, 프리울리-베네치아 줄리아, 폴란드, 트렌티노-알토 아디게/[citation needed]수트티롤 의 국가나 영토에서 동성 커플에 대한 동의 연령이 평등해졌다.제2차 세계대전 동안 독일은 모든 점령 국가에서 [50]반동성애법을 일관되게 시행하지 않았다.모든 국가와 지역은 제2차 세계대전 중 나치 독일에 의해 국가스키미사리아트에 합병되거나 제정된 경우, 전쟁 중 또는 전쟁 후에 독립 국가로 복원되거나 이전 국가로 환생하여 이들 [citation needed]지역의 동성 커플에 대한 동등한 연령의 동의법을 다시 합법화했다고 열거했다.
동성결혼의 법적 지위
동성결혼 가능 (반지 : 개별 케이스)
혼재 관할권: 국가가 인정하지만 부족의 구성원인 거주자에게는 부족 정부가 인정하지 않는 결혼
동성결혼을 확립하는 법률 또는 구속력 있는 국내 법원의 판결, 그러나 결혼은 아직 제공되지 않았다.
특정 다른 관할구역에서 수행될 경우 완전한 권리를 갖는 동성결혼이 인정된다.
아직 검증되지 않은 인정에 대한 사법 명령(아르메니아)
민간 조합 또는 국내 파트너십
제한된 법적 인정(동거 등기)
법적 강제성이 없는 현지 인증
특정 다른 관할구역에서 이루어지는 결혼에 대한 제한적 인정(배우자 거주권)
동성결혼을 인정하는 국제법원의 판결 대상국
동성결혼이 법적으로 인정되지 않는 다른 나라들
국가별 또는 지역별 동성 커플 입양 법적 지위
공동입양 허용
양부모 입양 허용
동성 커플에 의한 입양과 동성 결혼이 허용되지 않는 법
동성결혼, 그러나 결혼한 동성커플의 입양
국가별 또는 영토별 군대에서 LGBT 복무[필요한 건]
모든 LGBT 사람들은 봉사할 수 있다.
GBT 남성 서비스 가능
LGB 사람들은 봉사할 수 있습니다.
GB 남성 서비스 가능
애매한/불명한 정책
LGBT 사람들은 복무를 금지당한다.
군대 없음
국가 또는 지역별 성적 성향 또는 성 정체성에 따른 고용 차별법
성적 지향과 성 정체성: 모든 고용
공공 고용에서만 고용 차별 금지 조례와 성 정체성이 있는 성적 지향
성적 지향: 모든 고용
성 정체성: 모든 고용
성적 지향 및 성 정체성: 연방 공공 고용 및 연방 청부업자
성적 지향과 성 정체성: 공공 고용
성적 지향: 공공 고용
성적 지향이나 성 정체성을 다루는 국가 차원의 고용법 없음
성적 성향 및/또는 국가 또는 지역별 성별 정체성에 따른 상품 및 서비스를 포함하는 차별금지법
상품 및 서비스에 대한 LGBT 차별금지법이 있는 국가 및 지역
성적 성향과 성별 정체성 포함
성적 취향이 포함됨
성 정체성 포함
상품 및 서비스의 성적 지향 및/또는 성 정체성을 다루는 국가 또는 지역 차원의 차별금지법 없음
국가 또는 지역별 성적 성향 및/또는 성 정체성에 따른 헌법상 차별법
성적 성향과 성별 정체성 포함
성적 취향이 포함됨
성 정체성 포함
성적 지향 및/또는 성 정체성을 다루는 국가 또는 지방 차원의 헌법 차별법 없음
LGBT 국가별 또는 지역별 증오 범죄법
성적 지향과 성 정체성 증오 범죄법
성적 지향 증오 범죄법
성소수자 혐오 범죄법 없음
국가 또는 영토에 의해 금지된 성적 성향 및 성 정체성에 기초한 증오 선동
성적 성향과 성 정체성에 따른 증오 선동 금지
성적 지향에 따른 증오 선동 금지
성적 성향과 성 정체성에 근거한 증오의 선동을 금지하지 않는다.
국가 또는 지역별 성적 성향 및 성 정체성에 따른 미성년자 전환 치료 금지
성적 성향과 성 정체성에 따른 전환 치료 금지
사실상의 전환 치료 금지
케이스 바이 케이스 금지
전환 치료 금지 제안
전환 치료 금지 없음
국가 또는 지역별 이민 평등[필요한 건]
출입국관리법에서 동성 커플 인정
불명/모호한
국가별 또는 지역별 동성 결혼 금지
동성결혼이나 결혼에 대한 특별한 금지는 없습니다.
헌법은 동성결혼을 금지하고 있다.
헌법은 이슬람 율법을 제정하거나 '이슬람 도덕성' 위반을 금지한다.
국가별, 지역별로 남성과 성관계를 가진 남성을 위한 헌혈 정책
남성과 성관계를 가진 남성을 위한 헌혈 정책
남성과 성관계를 가진 사람은 헌혈할 수 있다; 이연 없음
남성과 성관계를 가진 남성은 헌혈을 할 수 있다.일시적 연기
남성과 성관계를 가진 사람은 헌혈을 할 수 없다; 영구적 연기
데이터 없음
국가별, 지역별로 남성과 성관계를 가진 남성의 여성 성상대에 대한 헌혈 정책
남성과 성관계를 가진 남성의 여성 성상대에 대한 헌혈 정책
남성과 성관계를 가진 남성의 여성 성관계 파트너는 헌혈을 할 수 있습니다. 이연 없음
남성과 성관계를 가진 남성의 여성 성 파트너는 헌혈을 할 수 있다.일시적 연기
남성과 성관계를 가진 남성의 여성 성관계 파트너는 헌혈을 할 수 없습니다; 영구적 연기
데이터 없음
국가 또는 지역별 성 정체성 표현에 관한 법률
법적 신원 변경, 수술 불필요
법적 신원 변경, 수술 필요
법적 ID 변경 없음
불명/모호한
비이진성 및 제3성별에 대한 법적 인정
비이진 / 제3의 성별은 자발적 옵트인으로 이용 가능
성별이 다른 사람만 선택 가능
제3의 성별 기준
이성간 표준
비이진수/제3의 성별이 법적으로 인정되지 않음/데이터 없음

타임라인

동성애의 비범죄화 연대표
국가/지역/주
불법이 된 적이 없다
18세기
목록.
19세기
20세기
목록.
21세기
메모들
  • 이 템플릿에는 프랑스 왕국, 체코슬로바키아, 동독 등 여러 역사적 국가가 나열되어 있지만 표시되는 깃발은 현대의 깃발입니다.


국가 또는 지역별 LGBT 관련 법률

아프리카

아프리카의 성소수자 권리에 따른 국가 목록
다음 표:

북아프리카

LGBT의 권리: 동성 성관계 동성결혼의 인정 동성결혼 동성 커플에 의한 입양 LGB 사람들은 공공연히 군복무를 할 수 있다. 성적 성향에 관한 차별금지법 성 정체성/표현에 관한 법률
Algeria 알제리 No 1966년부터 불법
패널티:3년 이하의 징역과 10,000 디나르 [51]이하의 벌금.고문, 구타,[53] 자경단원 처형도 [52]흔하다.
No No No No No No
Canary Islands 카나리아 제도
(스페인 자치체)
Yes 1979년부터 합법화
+ UN 데클 사인.[54]
Yes 2003년 이후[55] 사실상의 조합이 합법화됨 Yes 2005년 이후 합법화[56] Yes 2005년 이후[57][58] 합법화 Yes 방어를 책임지고 있는 스페인 Yes 모든 동성애자 차별[59] 금지 Yes 2007년 이후, 모든 문서는 공인된[60] 성별로 수정될 수 있습니다.
Ceuta 체우타
(스페인 자치시)
Yes 1979년부터 합법화
+ UN 데클 사인.[54]
Yes 1998년 이후[61] 사실상의 조합 Yes 2005년 이후 합법화[56] Yes 2005년 이후[57] 합법화 Yes 방어를 책임지고 있는 스페인 Yes 모든 동성애자 차별 금지 Yes 2007년 이후, 모든 문서는 공인된[60] 성별로 수정될 수 있습니다.
Egypt 이집트 No 남성 법률합법이지만 2000년 이후 사실상 불법이다.
패널티:17년 이하의 징역, 중노동 유무 및 광범위하게 작성된 도덕성 [54][62]법률에 의거한 벌금 또는 벌금 유무.
No No No No No No
Libya 리비아 No 1953년 이후 불법으로 처벌:최대 5년 징역형이나 자경단원 [63][64]처형형입니다 No No No No No No
Madeira 마데이라
(포르투갈 자치구)
Yes 1983년부터 합법화
+ UN 데클 사인.[54]
Yes 2001년 이후 사실상의 연합[65][66] Yes 2010년 이후 합법화[67] Yes 2016년부터[68][69][70] 합법화 Yes 포르투갈 방위 책임 Yes 모든 반동성애자 [59]차별을 금지합니다. Yes 2011년부터 모든 문서를 공인된[71] 성별로 수정할 수 있습니다.
Melilla 멜리야
(스페인 자치시)
Yes 1979년부터 합법화
+ UN 데클 사인.[54]
Yes 2008년 이후[72] 사실상의 조합 Yes 2005년 이후 합법화[56] Yes 2005년 이후[57] 합법화 Yes 방어를 책임지고 있는 스페인 Yes 모든 동성애자 차별[73] 금지 Yes 2007년 이후, 모든 문서는 공인된[60] 성별로 수정될 수 있습니다.
Morocco 모로코
(남부 지방 포함)
No 1962년 이후 불법
패널티:3년에서 6년 이하의 징역과 중노동.[54][74]
No No No No No No
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 사하라 아랍 민주 공화국
(분쟁지역(남부 지방 제외)
No 1944년 이후 불법(스페인 사하라 해외주 일부)
패널티:3년 이하의 징역.[54][75][76]
No No No No No No
South Sudan 남수단 No 1899년 이후 불법(영국-이집트 수단)
패널티:10년 이하의 징역.[54][77]
No No 2011년 이후[citation needed] 헌법상 금지 No No No No 성별 표현의 형태는 범죄로 규정된다.
Sudan 수단 No 1899년 이후 불법(영국-이집트 수단)
벌칙: 항문 [78]성관계 세 번째 범죄로 종신형을 선고받습니다.
No No No No No No
Tunisia 튀니지 No 1913년 이후 불법(프랑스 튀니지 보호국으로서)
형량: 3년 징역.[54][79]
[80]
No No No No No No

서아프리카

LGBT의 권리: 동성 성관계 동성결혼의 인정 동성결혼 동성 커플에 의한 입양 LGB 사람들은 공공연히 군복무를 할 수 있다. 성적 성향에 관한 차별금지법 성 정체성/표현에 관한 법률
Benin 베냉 Yes 합법적([54][81]동성적 성행위를 금지하는 법률은 국내에 존재하지 않는다)
동의[54] 연령 불일치
No No No Emblem-question.svg No Emblem-question.svg
Burkina Faso 부르키나파소 Yes 법률(동성애에 대한 법률은 [54]국내에 존재하지 않습니다) No No 1991년 이후 헌법상 금지 No Emblem-question.svg No Emblem-question.svg
Cape Verde 카보베르데 Yes 2004년 이후 합법화
+ UN 데클 사인.[54]
No No No Emblem-question.svg Yes 일부 동성애자 차별[54] 금지 Emblem-question.svg
The Gambia 감비아 No 1888년 이후 불법(감비아 식민지보호국)
패널티:종신형까지.[54][82][77]
No No No No No No 2013년 이후[83] 범죄화된 성별 표현 형태
Ghana 가나 No 1860년대 이후 불법 남성(골드코스트처럼)
패널티:3년 이하의 징역.
Yes 여성은 항상[54][84][77] 합법입니다.
No No No No No No
Guinea 기니 No 1988년 이후 불법
벌칙: 6개월에서 10년 징역.[85]
No No No No No No
Guinea-Bissau 기니비사우 Yes 1993년부터[54] 합법화
+ UN 데클 사인.
No No No Emblem-question.svg No Emblem-question.svg
Ivory Coast 코트디부아르 Yes 합법적(동성적 성행위를 금지하는 법률은 국내에 존재하지 않는다)
동의[54] 연령 불일치
No No No Emblem-question.svg No Emblem-question.svg
Liberia 라이베리아 No 1976년 이후 불법
벌칙: 1년 징역.[54][86]
No No No No No No
Mali 말리 Yes 법률(동성애에 대한 법률은 [54]국내에 존재하지 않습니다) No No No Emblem-question.svg No Emblem-question.svg
Mauritania 모리타니 No 부정:이슬람 샤리아법 적용
처벌: 남성에게는 사형, (강제되지 않음), [54][87]여성에게는 징역과 벌금.
No No No No No No
Niger 니제르 Yes 합법적(동성적 성행위를 금지하는 법률은 국내에 존재하지 않는다)
동의[54] 연령 불일치
No No No Emblem-question.svg No Emblem-question.svg
Nigeria 나이지리아 No 1901년 이후 연방법상 불법(북나이지리아보호국 남나이지리아보호국)
Penalty: Up to 14 years imprisonment.
No Death in the states of Bauchi, Borno, Gombe, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Niger, Sokoto, Yobe, and Zamfara.[54][88][77]
No No No No No No Forms of gender expression criminalized in Sharia provinces.
Saint Helena Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
Yes Legal since 2001
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Legal since 2017 Yes Legal since 2017[89][90] Yes Legal since 2017 Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination Emblem-question.svg
Senegal Senegal No Illegal since 1966
Penalty: 1 to 5 years imprisonment.[54][91]
No No No No No No
Sierra Leone Sierra Leone No Male illegal since 1861 (as the Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate)
Penalty: Up to life imprisonment (Not enforced).
Yes Female always legal
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No No No No No No
Togo Togo No Illegal since 1884 (as Togoland)
Penalty: Fine and 3 years imprisonment, legalization proposed[54][77]
No No No No No No

Central Africa

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Cameroon Cameroon No Illegal since 1972
Penalty: Fines to 5 years imprisonment.[54][77] or vigilante execution and torture[92]
No No No No No No
Central African Republic Central African Republic Yes Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country)[54] No No Constitutional ban since 2016[93] No Emblem-question.svg No Emblem-question.svg
Chad Chad No Illegal since 2017
Penalty: Between 3 months and 2 years in prison, with fines of 50,000 to 500,000 FCFA. (Penal Code, Chapter 2, Article 354) [94]
No No No No No Emblem-question.svg
Democratic Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Yes Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country)[54] No No Constitutional ban since 2005 No Emblem-question.svg No No
Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Yes Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country);
Age of consent discrepancy[54]
No No No Emblem-question.svg No Emblem-question.svg
Equatorial Guinea Equatorial Guinea Yes Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country)[54] No No No Emblem-question.svg No Emblem-question.svg
Gabon Gabon Yes Legal since 2020[95]
+ UN decl. sign.
No No No Emblem-question.svg No Emblem-question.svg
São Tomé and Príncipe São Tomé and Príncipe Yes Legal since 2012
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No No No Emblem-question.svg No Emblem-question.svg

Southeast Africa

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Burundi Burundi No Illegal since 2009
Penalty: fine, and 3 months to 2 years imprisonment.[54][96]
No No Constitutional ban since 2005 No No No No
Kenya Kenya No Illegal since 1897 (as the East Africa Protectorate)
Penalty: up to 14 years imprisonment.[54][77]
No No Constitutional ban since 2010[97] No No No No
Rwanda Rwanda Yes Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country)[54]
+ UN decl. sign.
No No Constitutional ban since 2003 No Emblem-question.svg No No
Tanzania Tanzania No Illegal since 1864 (only Zanzibar)
Illegal since 1899
Penalty: Up to life imprisonment.[54][77] Vigilante executions, beatings and torture[98][99] are also tolerated.
No No No No No No
Uganda Uganda No Male illegal since 1894
Female illegal since 2000 Penalty: Life imprisonment. Beatings, torture, or vigilante execution are also common.[100]
No No Constitutional ban since 2005 No No No No

Horn of Africa

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Djibouti Djibouti Yes Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country)[54] No No No Emblem-question.svg No Emblem-question.svg
Eritrea Eritrea No Illegal
Penalty: Up to 3 years imprisonment.[54][101] or death[102] Beatings and torture are also tolerated.[103]
No No No No No No
Ethiopia Ethiopia No Illegal
Penalty: Up to 15 years.[54]
No No No No No No
Somalia Somalia No Illegal. Penalty: Up to 3 years prison.
JubalandNo Illegal. Penalty: Up to death in Jubaland.[citation needed]
No No No No No No
Somaliland Somaliland
(Disputed territory)
No Illegal since 1941 (as British Somaliland)
Penalty: Up to 3 years prison, sometimes death sentences.[104]
No No No No No No

Indian Ocean states

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Comoros Comoros No Illegal
Penalty: 5 years imprisonment and fines.[54][105]
No No No No No Emblem-question.svg
French Southern and Antarctic Lands French Southern and Antarctic Lands
(Overseas territory of France)
Yes Legal
(No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the territory)[54]
Yes Civil solidarity pact since 1999 Yes Legal since 2013 Yes Legal since 2013 Yes France responsible for defence Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination Yes Under French law
Madagascar Madagascar Yes Legal
(No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country);
Age of consent discrepancy[54]
No No No Emblem-question.svg No Emblem-question.svg
Mauritius Mauritius No Male illegal
Penalty: Up to 5 years imprisonment. (not enforced)
Yes Female always legal[106]
+ UN decl. sign.[54][107]
No No No No Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[108][109] Emblem-question.svg
Mayotte Mayotte
(Overseas region of France)
Yes Legal
(No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the region)[54]
Yes Civil solidarity pact since 1999 Yes Legal since 2013 Yes Legal since 2013 Yes France responsible for defence Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination Yes Under French law
Réunion Réunion
(Overseas region of France)
Yes Legal since 1791[54] Yes Civil solidarity pact since 1999 Yes Legal since 2013 Yes Legal since 2013 Yes France responsible for defence Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination Yes Under French law
Seychelles Seychelles Yes Legal since 2016[110]
+ UN decl. sign.
No No No Emblem-question.svg Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[54] Emblem-question.svg

Southern Africa

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Angola Angola Yes Legal since 2021 [111] No No No No Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[112] Emblem-question.svg May possibly change gender under the Código do Registro Civil 2015[113]
Botswana Botswana No Legal since 2019 [114] No No No No Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination Yes Legal gender change recognized as a constitutional right since 2017[115]
Eswatini Eswatini No Male illegal since the 1880s (not enforced)
Yes Female always legal[54][77]
No No No No No No
Lesotho Lesotho Yes Male legal since 2012
Female always legal[54]
No No No Emblem-question.svg No Emblem-question.svg May possibly change gender under the National Identity Cards Act 9 of 2011[116]
Malawi Malawi No Illegal since 1891 (as British Central Africa Protectorate)[77]
Penalty: Up to 14 years imprisonment, with or without corporal punishment for men
up to 5 years imprisonment for women (rarely enforced; suspending moratorium legality disputed)[54][117][77]
No No No No No No Men can't have long hair.
Mozambique Mozambique Yes Legal since 2015[118][119] No No No No Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[54][108] Emblem-question.svg
Namibia Namibia No Male illegal since 1920 (not enforced; repeal proposed)[77][120]
Yes Female always legal[54][121][122]
No No No No No Yes Under the Births, Marriages and Deaths Registration Act 81 of 1963[123]
South Africa South Africa Yes Male legal since 1998
Female always legal
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Limited recognition of unregistered partnerships since 1998; same-sex marriage since 2006 Yes Legal since 2006 Yes Legal since 2002 Yes Since 1998 Yes Constitution bans all anti-gay discrimination Yes Anti-discrimination laws are interpreted to include gender identity; legal gender may be changed after surgical or medical treatment
Zambia Zambia No Illegal since 1911 (as part of the British South Africa Company rule of Rhodesia)
Penalty: up to 14 years imprisonment. (repeal proposed)[54][77]
No No No No No No
Zimbabwe Zimbabwe No Male illegal since 1891 (as part of the British South Africa Company rule of Rhodesia)
Yes Female legal[54][77]
No No Constitutional ban since 2013[124] No No No No

Americas

List of countries or territories by LGBT rights in the Americas



Tables:

North America

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Bermuda Bermuda
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
Yes Legal since 1994
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Domestic partnerships since 2018[125] No Was legal between November 2018 and March 2022 and between May 2017 and June 2018 Yes Legal since 2015[126] Yes UK responsible for defence No Bans all anti-gay discrimination[127] No
Canada Canada Yes Legal since 1969
+ UN decl. sign.[54][128]
Yes Domestic partnerships in Nova Scotia (2001);[129]
Civil unions in Quebec (2002);[130]
Adult interdependent relationships in Alberta (2003);[131]
Common-law relationships in Manitoba (2004)[132]
Yes Legal in some provinces and territories since 2003, nationwide since 2005[133] Yes Legal in some provinces and territories since 1996, nationwide since 2011[134] Yes Since 1992[135]; Includes transgender people[136] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination. Ban on conversion therapy since 2022 nationwide Yes Transgender people can change their gender and name without completion of medical intervention and human rights protections explicitly include gender identity or expression within all of Canada since 2017[137][138][139][140]
Greenland Greenland
(Autonomous Territory within the Kingdom of Denmark)
Yes Legal since 1933
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Registered partnerships between 1996 and 2016 (Existing partnerships are still recognised.)[141] Yes Legal since 2016 Yes Stepchild adoption since 2009;[142]
joint adoption since 2016[143]
Yes The Kingdom of Denmark responsible for defence Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[54] Yes Legal gender change and recognition possible without surgery or hormone therapy[144][145]
Mexico Mexico Yes Legal since 1871
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes/No Civil unions in Mexico City (2007), Coahuila (2007),[146] Colima (between 2013 and 2016),[147] Campeche (2013),[148] Jalisco (between 2014 and 2018),[149] Michoacán (2015), Tlaxcala (2017), and Veracruz (2020) Yes/No Legal in Mexico City (2010),[150]Quintana Roo (2012),[151]Coahuila (2014), Chihuahua (2015), Nayarit (2015), Jalisco (2016), Campeche (2016), Michoacán (2016), Colima (2016), Morelos (2016), Chiapas (2017), Puebla (2017), Baja California (2017), Nuevo León (2019), Aguascalientes (2019), San Luis Potosí (2019), Hidalgo (2019), Baja California Sur (2019), Oaxaca (2019), Tlaxcala (2020), Querétaro (2021), Sinaloa (2021), Sonora (2021), Guanajuato (2021), Zacatecas (2021), Yucatán (2022), and Veracruz (2022)
All states are obliged to recognise same-sex marriages performed in states where it is legal.[150][152][153]
The Supreme Court has declared that it is unconstitutional to deny marriage licenses to same-sex couples in all states,[154] but as state laws were not invalidated, individual injunctions must still be obtained from the courts[155][156]
Yes/No Legal in Mexico City (2010),[157] Coahuila (2014), Chihuahua (2015), Jalisco (2016), Michoacán (2016), Colima (2016), Morelos (2016), Campeche (2016), Veracruz (2016), Baja California (2017), Querétaro (2017), Chiapas (2017), Puebla (2017),[158][159] Aguascalientes (2018), Nuevo León (2019), San Luis Potosí (2019)[160] and Hidalgo (2019)[161] Emblem-question.svg (ambiguous) Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[162] Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal in Mexico City (2020), México (2020), Baja California Sur (2020), Colima (2021), Tlaxcala (2021), Yucatán (2021) and Zacatecas (2021), Baja California (2022), Hidalgo (2022), Jalisco (2022), and Puebla (2022) Yes/No Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name in Mexico City (2008),[163] Michoacán (2017), Nayarit (2017), Coahuila (2018), Hidalgo (2019), San Luis Potosí (2019), Colima (2019), Baja California (2019), Oaxaca (2019), Tlaxcala (2019), Chihuahua (2019), Sonora (2020), Jalisco (2020), Quintana Roo (2020), Puebla (2021), Baja California Sur (2021), México (2021), and Morelos (2021)[164]
Flag of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon.svg Saint Pierre and Miquelon
(Overseas collectivity of France)
Yes Legal since 1791
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Civil solidarity pact since 1999[165] Yes Legal since 2013[166] Yes Legal since 2013[167] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[73] Yes Under French law[168]
United States United States YesLegal in some states since 1962, nationwide since 2003
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
YesDomestic partnerships in California (1999), the District of Columbia (2002), Maine (2004), Washington (2007), Maryland (2008), Oregon (2008), Nevada (2009) and Wisconsin (2009).
Civil unions in Vermont (2000), Connecticut (2005), New Jersey (2007), New Hampshire (2008), Illinois (2011), Rhode Island (2011), Delaware (2012), Hawaii (2012) and Colorado (2013).
Yes Legal in some states since 2004, nationwide since 2015 Yes Legal in some states since 1993, nationwide since 2016 Yes/No Lesbians, gays, and bisexuals have been allowed to serve openly in the U.S. military since 2011, following the repeal of the Don't Ask, Don't Tell policy.
Transgender people have been allowed to serve openly since 2021.[169]
Transvestites are currently banned from the military since 2012.[170]
Most openly Intersex people may be banned from the military under the Armed Forces ban of "hermaphrodites".[171]
Yes/No Employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation is prohibited nationwide since 2020.
More extensive protections exist in 23 states, DC, and some municipalities.
Conversion therapy for minors is banned in 20 states, DC, and some municipalities.
Sexual orientation is covered by the federal hate crime law since 2009.
Yes/No Since April 11, 2022 by legal self determination - gender X became available and recognized formally on US passports.[172] Gender change is legal on birth certificates (under varying conditions by state), in 48 states + DC.
Nonbinary gender markers are available, under varying circumstances, in 25 states + DC.
Employment discrimination on the basis of gender identity is prohibited nationwide since 2020.
More extensive protections exist in 22 states, DC, and some municipalities.
Gender identity is covered by the federal hate crime law since 2009.

Central America

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Belize Belize Yes Legal since 2016[173] No No No No Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[174][175][176] No[177]
Costa Rica Costa Rica Yes Legal since 1971
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Unregistered cohabitation since 2014[178][179] Yes Legal since May 2020 Yes Legal since May 2020[180] Has no military Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[54] Yes/No Transgender persons can change their legal name without surgeries or judicial permission since 2018. Legal gender cannot be changed. Sex indicator removed from all ID cards issued since May 2018[181][182][183] One-time sex change allowed for passports. [184]
El Salvador El Salvador Yes Legal since 1822
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No No No Yes[185][186] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[185] No[187] Bans discrimination based on gender identity.
Guatemala Guatemala Yes Legal since 1871
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No Pending No No Emblem-question.svg Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination No[188]
Honduras Honduras Yes Legal since 1899
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No Constitutional ban on de facto unions since 2005 No Constitutional ban since 2005;[189][190] court decision pending No Constitutional ban since 2005 No Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[191] No
Nicaragua Nicaragua Yes Legal since 2008
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No No No Emblem-question.svg Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[54] No
Panama Panama Yes Legal since 2008
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No Court decision pending No Court decision pending No Court decision pending Has no military Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[192][193] Yes Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name after completion of medical intervention since 2006[194][195]

Caribbean

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Anguilla Anguilla
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
Yes Legal since 2001
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No No No Yes UK responsible for defence No Emblem-question.svg
Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda Yes Legal since 2022 No No No No No No
Aruba Aruba
(Constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)
Yes Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country)
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Registered partnerships since 2016[196] No/Yes Same-sex marriages performed in the Netherlands recognized[197] No Yes The Netherlands responsible for defence Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[198] Emblem-question.svg
The Bahamas Bahamas Yes Legal since 1991;
Age of consent discrepancy
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No No No Yes[54] No No
Barbados Barbados No Illegal
Penalty: Life imprisonment (Not enforced).[54] Legalization proposed
No/Yes Foreign Domestic Partnerships recognized for immigration purposes "Welcome Stamp"[199]

Civil Unions proposed.[200]

No No No Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[201] No
Bonaire Bonaire
(a special municipality of the Netherlands)
Yes Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the municipalities)
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes[202] Yes Legal since 2012[203] Yes[204] Yes The Netherlands responsible for defence Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[205] Yes
British Virgin Islands British Virgin Islands
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
Yes Legal since 2001
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No No No Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[206] No
Cayman Islands Cayman Islands
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
Yes Legal since 2001; Age of consent discrepancy[54]
+ UN decl. sign.
Yes Civil Partnerships since 2020[207] No Yes Legal since 2020 Yes UK responsible for defence No No
Cuba Cuba Yes Legal since 1979
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No No Legalization pending [208] No Yes[54][209] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination [210][211][212] Yes Transgender people allowed to change gender after sex change operations[213]
Curaçao Curaçao
(Constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)
Yes Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country)
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No Pending No/Yes Same-sex marriages performed in the Netherlands recognized[197] No Yes The Netherlands responsible for defence Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[214] Emblem-question.svg
Dominica Dominica No Illegal
Penalty: 10-year prison sentence or incarceration in a psychiatric institution (Not enforced). Legalization proposed
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No No No No No No
Dominican Republic Dominican Republic Yes Legal since 1822
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No No Constitutional ban since 2010[citation needed] No No[215] No No
Grenada Grenada No Male illegal
Penalty: 10-year prison sentence (Rarely enforced). [216] Legalization proposed
Yes Female always legal[54]
No No No Has no military No No
Guadeloupe Guadeloupe
(Overseas department of France)
Yes Legal since 1791
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Civil solidarity pact since 1999[165] Yes Legal since 2013[166] Yes Legal since 2013[167] Yes France responsible for defence Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[73] Yes Under French law[168]
Haiti Haiti Yes Legal since 1791 (as Saint-Domingue)[54] No No No Has no military No No
Jamaica Jamaica No Male illegal
Penalty: 10 years and/or hard labor (Not enforced). Legalization proposed
Yes Female always legal.[54]
No No Constitutional ban since 1962 No No No No
Martinique Martinique
(Overseas department of France)
Yes Legal since 1791
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Civil solidarity pact since 1999[165] Yes Legal since 2013[166] Yes Legal since 2013[167] Yes France responsible for defence Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[73] Yes Under French law[168]
Montserrat Montserrat
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
Yes Legal since 2001
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No No No Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[217] Emblem-question.svg
Puerto Rico Puerto Rico
(Commonwealth of the United States)
Yes Legal since 2003 Yes Legal since 2015 Yes Legal since 2015[218] Yes Legal since 2015 Yes United States responsible for defense[219][220] Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination Yes Gender change legal since 2018; does not require surgery
Saba Saba
(a special municipality of the Netherlands)
Yes Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the municipalities)
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes[202] Yes Legal since 2012[203] Yes[204] Yes The Netherlands responsible for defence Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[205] Yes[221]
Flag of Saint Barthelemy (local).svg Saint Barthélemy
(Overseas collectivity of France)
Yes Legal since 1791
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Civil solidarity pact since 1999[165] Yes Legal since 2013[166] Yes Legal since 2013[167] Yes France responsible for defence Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[73] Yes Under French law[168]
Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Kitts and Nevis No Male illegal
Penalty: 10 years (Not enforced). Legalization proposed
Yes Female always legal[54]
No No No No No Emblem-question.svg
Saint Lucia Saint Lucia No Male illegal
Penalty: Fine and/or 10-year prison sentence (Not enforced). Legalization proposed
Yes Female always legal[54]
No No No Has no military Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination No
Flag of France.svg Saint Martin
(Overseas collectivity of France)
Yes Legal since 1791
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Civil solidarity pact since 1999[165] Yes Legal since 2013[166] Yes Legal since 2013[167] Yes France responsible for defence Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[73] Yes Under French law[168]
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saint Vincent and the Grenadines No Illegal
Penalty: Fine and/or 10-year prison sentence (Not enforced).[54] Legalization proposed
No No No Has no military No Emblem-question.svg
Sint Eustatius Sint Eustatius
(a special municipality of the Netherlands)
Yes Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the municipalities)
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes[202] Yes Legal since 2012[203] Yes[204] Yes The Netherlands responsible for defence Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[205] Yes
Sint Maarten Sint Maarten
(Constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)
Yes Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country)
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No No/Yes Same-sex marriages performed in the Netherlands recognized[197] No Yes The Netherlands responsible for defence Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[222] Emblem-question.svg
Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago Yes Legal since 2018[223] No No No No No No
Turks and Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
Yes Legal since 2001
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No No No Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[54] No
United States Virgin Islands United States Virgin Islands
(Territory of the United States)
Yes Legal since 1985 Yes Legal since 2015[224] Yes Legal since 2015[224] Yes Legal since 2015[224] Yes United States responsible for defense[219][220] No No

South America

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Argentina Argentina Yes Legal since 1887
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Civil unions in Buenos Aires (2003),[225]Río Negro Province (2003),[226]Villa Carlos Paz (2007) and Río Cuarto (2009)
Cohabitation unions nationwide since 2015[227]
Yes Legal since 2010[228] Yes Legal since 2010 Yes Since 2009[229] Yes/No Legal protection in some cities;[230]
pending nationwide.
Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2010
Yes Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name without surgeries or judicial order since 2012[231]

Transgender persons have a law reserving 1% of Argentina's public sector jobs. Economic incentives included in the new law aim to help trans people find work in all sectors. [232]

Bolivia Bolivia Yes Legal since 1832
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No[233]
Family life agreement pending[234][235]
No Constitutional ban since 2009[236] No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[237] Yes Since 2015[238][239][240]; Includes transgender people[241] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[54] Yes Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name without surgeries or judicial order since 2016[242][243][244][245]
Brazil Brazil Yes Legal since 1831
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes "Stable unions" legal in some states since 2004; all rights as recognized family entities available nationwide since 2011[246][247] Yes Legal in some states since 2012, nationwide since 2013[248][249] Yes Legal since 2010[250] YesSince 1969[251] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[252]
Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 1999[253][254]
Yes Transgender people can change their legal gender and name before a notary without the need of surgeries or judicial order since 2018. The sex reassignment surgery, hormonal and psychological treatment are offered free of charge by the brazilian Unified Health System (UHS) [255][256][257]
Chile Chile Yes Legal since 1999;
Age of consent discrepancy
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Civil unions since 2015[258] Yes Legal since 2022[259] Yes Legal since 2022[259] Yes Since 2012[260]; Includes transgender people[261] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[262]
Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2021
Yes Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name since 1974.
No surgeries or judicial order since 2019.[263]
Colombia Colombia Yes Legal since 1981
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes De facto marital union since 2007[264] Yes Legal since 2016[265] Yes Stepchild adoption since 2014;[266] joint adoption since 2015[267] Yes Since 1999[54] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[268] Yes Since 2015, transgender persons can change their legal gender and name manifesting their solemn will before a notar, no surgeries or judicial order required[269]
Ecuador Ecuador Yes Legal since 1997
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes De facto unions since 2009[270][271] Yes Legal since 2019[272] No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[273] Emblem-question.svg[274] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[275]
Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2014
Yes Since 2016, transgender persons are allowed to change their birth name and gender identity; no surgeries or judicial order required[276][277][278]
Falkland Islands Falkland Islands
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
Yes Legal since 1989
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Civil partnerships since 2017[279] Yes Legal since 2017[279] Yes Legal since 2017 Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[280] No
French Guiana French Guiana
(Overseas department of France)
Yes Legal since 1791
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Civil solidarity pact since 1999[165] Yes Legal since 2013[166] Yes Legal since 2013[167] Yes France responsible for defence Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[73] Yes Under French law[168]
Guyana Guyana No Illegal
Penalty: Up to life imprisonment (Not enforced).[54] Legalization proposed
No No Emblem-question.svg[281] Yes[282] No No
Paraguay Paraguay Yes Legal since 1880; Age of consent discrepancy
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No Constitutional ban since 1992[283] No Constitutional ban since 1992[284] No Yes[285] No No
Peru Peru Yes Legal since 1924
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No No No Yes Since 2009[286] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[287][288][289][290][291] Yes Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name without the need for the completion of medical intervention since 2016. Judicial order required.[292][293]
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
Yes Legal since 2001
+ UN decl. sign.
Yes Legal since 2014[294] Yes Legal since 2014[294] Emblem-question.svg Yes UK responsible for defence Emblem-question.svg No
Suriname Suriname Yes Legal since 1869 (as Dutch Guiana);
Age of consent discrepancy
No No No Emblem-question.svg Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[295] No Court decision pending[296][297]
Uruguay Uruguay Yes Legal since 1934
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Concubinage union since 2008[298] Yes Legal since 2013[299] Yes Legal since 2009[300] Yes Since 2009[301] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[302] Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2017 Yes Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name without surgeries or judicial order required since 2009.[303] Self-determination since 2018.
Venezuela Venezuela Yes Legal since 1997
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No Constitutional since 1999 No Constitutional ban since 1999 No No Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[54] No

Asia

List of countries or territories by LGBT rights in Asia
This table:

Central Asia

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan Yes Legal since 1998[54] No No No Yes Since 2022[304] No Yes[305]
Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan Yes Legal since 1998[54] No No Constitutional ban since 2016[306] No Emblem-question.svg No Yes Requires sex reassignment surgery[307][305]
Tajikistan Tajikistan Yes Legal since 1998[54] No No No Emblem-question.svg No Yes Requires sex reassignment surgery[308][305]
Turkmenistan Turkmenistan No Male illegal
Penalty: up to 2 years imprisonment.
Yes Female always legal[54]
No No No Emblem-question.svg No No
Uzbekistan Uzbekistan No Male illegal
Penalty: up to 3 years imprisonment.
Yes Female always legal[54]
No No No No No No

Eurasia

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Abkhazia Abkhazia
(Disputed territory)
Yes Legal after 1991 No No No Emblem-question.svg No Emblem-question.svg
Akrotiri and Dhekelia Akrotiri and Dhekelia
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
Yes Legal since 2000
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Civil partnerships since 2005 Yes Legal since 2014 Emblem-question.svg Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[309] Emblem-question.svg
Armenia Armenia Yes Legal since 2003
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No No/Yes Constitutional ban since 2015[310][311]. Foreign same-sex marriages are recognized since 2017. No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples. No [312] No No
Republic of Artsakh Artsakh
(Disputed territory)
Yes Legal since 2000 No No Constitutional ban since 2006[313] No Emblem-question.svg No Emblem-question.svg
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Yes Legal since 2000[54] No No No No No No
Cyprus Cyprus Yes Legal since 1998
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Civil cohabitation since 2015[314] No No Yes[315] Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[316] Yes Forbids some discrimination based on gender identity.[317]
No Gender change is not legal.
Georgia (country) Georgia Yes Legal since 2000
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No No Constitutional ban passed but yet to take effect No Emblem-question.svg Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[318] Yes Requires sterilization and sex reassignment surgery for change[319]
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan Yes Legal since 1998[54] No No No Yes[320] No Yes Requires sex reassignment surgery, sterilization, hormone therapy and medical examinations[305]
Northern Cyprus Northern Cyprus
(Disputed territory)
Yes Legal since 2014[321][322][54] No No No No Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[321][322] Yes Legal, requires surgery for change[323]
Russia Russia Yes Male legal since 1993
Female always legal[324][54]
No Illegal in practice in Chechnya, where homosexuals are abducted and sent to concentration camps based on their perceived sexual orientation.
No No Constitutional ban since 2020[325] No No[citation needed] No Yes Requires sterilization for change[319]
South Ossetia South Ossetia
(Disputed territory)
Yes Legal after 1991 No No No Emblem-question.svg No Emblem-question.svg
Turkey Turkey Yes Legal since 1858[54] No No No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples. No No Yes Requires sterilisation and sex reassignment surgery for change[326]

West Asia

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Abkhazia Abkhazia
(Disputed territory)
Yes Legal after 1991 No No No Emblem-question.svg No Emblem-question.svg
Akrotiri and Dhekelia Akrotiri and Dhekelia
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
Yes Legal since 2000
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Civil partnerships since 2005 Yes Legal since 2014 Emblem-question.svg Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[327] Emblem-question.svg
Armenia Armenia Yes Legal since 2003
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No No/Yes Constitutional ban since 2015[328][329]. Foreign same-sex marriages are recognized since 2017. No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples. No [330] No No
Republic of Artsakh Artsakh
(Disputed territory)
Yes Legal since 2000 No No Constitutional ban since 2006[331] No Emblem-question.svg No Emblem-question.svg
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Yes Legal since 2000[54] No No No No No No
Bahrain Bahrain Yes Legal since 1976[54] No No No No No Yes Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery.[332]
Cyprus Cyprus Yes Legal since 1998
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Civil cohabitation since 2015[314] No No Yes[315] Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[316] Yes Forbids some discrimination based on gender identity.[317]
No Gender change is not legal.
Egypt Egypt No Male de jure legal, but de facto illegal since 2000
Penalty: Up to 17 years imprisonment with or without hard labour and with or without fines under broadly-written morality laws.[54][333]
No No No No No No
Georgia (country) Georgia Yes Legal since 2000
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No No Constitutional ban passed but yet to take effect No Emblem-question.svg Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[334] Yes Requires sterilization and sex reassignment surgery for change[319]
Iran Iran NoNo Illegal
Penalty: 74 lashes for immature men and death penalty for mature men.(Although there are documented cases of minors executed because of their sexual orientation)[335] For women, 100 lashes for women of mature sound mind and if consenting. Death penalty offense after fourth conviction.[54]
No No No No No Yes Legal gender recognition legal if accompanied by a medical intervention[336]
Iraq Iraq Yes/ No Technically legal since 2003. [337]
Illegal under paragraph 401 of public indecency law
Penalty: Up to 6 months imprisonment and a fine, or vigilante executions, beatings or tortures. [338]
No No No No No No
Israel Israel Yes Legal since 1963 (de facto), 1988 (de jure)[339]
+ UN decl. sign.[54][340]
Yes Unregistered cohabitation since 1994. No/Yes Foreign same-sex marriages are recognized and recorded in the population registry Yes Since 2008[341] Yes Since 1993; Includes transgender people[342] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[343][344][345] Yes Almost full recognition of gender's ID without a surgery or medical intervention (Excluding changing gender and name in birth certificate) ;[346] equal employment opportunity law bars discrimination based on gender identity[347][348][349]
Jordan Jordan Yes Legal since 1951[54] No No No Emblem-question.svg No Yes Allowed since 2014[350]
Kuwait Kuwait No Male illegal
Penalty: Fines or up to 6-year prison sentence.
Yes Female always legal[54][351]
No No No No No No
Lebanon Lebanon Yes / No Technically legal since 2017. Illegal under Article 534 of the Penal Code. Some judges have ruled not to prosecute individuals based on the law, however, this has not been settled by the Supreme Court and thus homosexuality is still illegal.[352] However, a 2017 court ruling claims that it is legal, but the law against it is still in place.
Penalty: Up to 1 year imprisonment (rarely enforced).
No No No No No Yes Legal gender change allowed, but sex reassignment surgery required[353]
Northern Cyprus Northern Cyprus
(Disputed territory)
Yes Legal since 2014[321][322][54] No No No No Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[321][322] Yes Legal, requires surgery for change[323]
Oman Oman No Illegal
Penalty: Fines and prison sentence up to 3 years (Only enforced when dealing with "public scandal").[54]
No No No No No No Laws against forms of gender expression.
State of Palestine Palestine
West Bank:
Yes Legal since 1951 (As part of Jordan)[54]
Gaza:
No Male illegal
Penalty: Up to 10 years imprisonment.
Yes Female always legal[54]
No No No Emblem-question.svg No No
Qatar Qatar No Illegal
Penalty: Fines, up to 7 years imprisonment[54]
No No No No No No
Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia NoNo Illegal
Penalty: Prison sentences of several months to life, fines, castration, torture or death can be sentenced on first conviction. A second conviction merits execution.[54]
No No No No No No Laws against forms of gender expression.
South Ossetia South Ossetia
(Disputed territory)
Yes Legal after 1991 No No No Emblem-question.svg No Emblem-question.svg
Syria Syria No Illegal in the Syrian Arab Republic
Penalty: Up to 3 years imprisonment (Law de facto suspended)[354][54]
No No No No No Yes Transgender people allowed to change legal gender
Turkey Turkey Yes Legal since 1858[54] No No No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples. No No Yes Requires sterilisation and sex reassignment surgery for change[355]
United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates No No Death, life in prison, floggings,[356] fines, deportation, chemical castration,[357][358] forced psychological treatments,[359] honor killings,[357] vigilante executions,[360][361] beatings,[362][363] forced anal examinations,[364] forced hormone injections,[365] and torture.[362][366] No No No No No No In September 2016, the Government passed Federal Decree No 4, a series of changes to reduce doctors' criminal liability. The new law allows doctors to perform medical intervention on intersex people so as to "correct" their sex, effectively removing either the male or female genitalia. Sex reassignment surgery remains illegal. [367][368][369] Laws used to criminalize gender expression.
Yemen Yemen No Illegal
Penalty: Unmarried men punished with 100 lashes of the whip or a maximum of one year of imprisonment, stoning for adultery is not enforced. Women punished up to three years of imprisonment; where the offense has been committed under duress, the punishment is up to seven years detention.[54]
No No No No No No

South Asia

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Afghanistan Afghanistan NoNo Illegal
Penalty: Long imprisonment or death penalty (No known cases of death sentences have been handed out for same-sex sexual activity after the end of Taliban rule from 1996-2001).[54]
No No No No No No
Bangladesh Bangladesh No Illegal for males and females
Penalty: 10 years to life imprisonment (Not enforced).[54]
No No No No No Yes A third gender option (hijra) besides male and female is available[370]
Bhutan Bhutan Yes Legal since 2021.[371] No No Proposed No No No No
British Indian Ocean Territory British Indian Ocean Territory
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
Yes Legal since 2001
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Civil partnerships since 2005 Yes Legal since 2014 Emblem-question.svg Yes UK responsible for defense Emblem-question.svg Emblem-question.svg
India India Yes Legal since 2018[372] Yes Unregistered cohabitation recognised No Proposed (under consideration) No Proposed No Proposed[373] Yes Discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity prohibited nation-wide[374][375][376] Yes A third gender option (hijra) besides male and female is available; transgender people have a constitutional right to change gender[377][376]
Maldives Maldives No Illegal
Penalty: Up to 8 years imprisonment, house arrest, lashings and fines[378]
No No No No No No
Nepal Nepal Yes Legal since 2007
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No Proposed No Proposed No Proposed Yes Since 2007[citation needed] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination Yes/No Change to third gender "O" legal since 2007, unable to change to male or female[379]
Pakistan Pakistan No Illegal
Penalty: 2 years to life sentence (Not enforced).[54]
No No No No Yes Transphobia illegal

No Homophobia/biphobia is not illegal

Yes Right to change gender; transgender and intersex citizens have legal protections from all discrimination and harassment[380]
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka No Illegal under Article 365
Penalty: Up to 10 years imprisonment with fines.[54]
No No No No No Yes Transgender people allowed to change legal gender after sex reassignment surgery or medical intervention[381]

East Asia

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of relationships Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
China China Yes Legal since 1997[54] No/Yes "Legal guardianship" since 2017 No No Emblem-question.svg No policy explicitly bars LGBT people from serving, but they may face discriminations under “public mortality or order” or mental health- related laws and regulations. No Yes/No Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery. However, it is difficult to change the gender information of educational attainments and academic degrees for lack of legal procedures, even after sex reassignment surgery[382], which has caused discrimination against well-educated trans women[383].
Hong Kong Hong Kong Yes Legal since 1991[54] No/Yes Same-sex marriages registered overseas for government benefits and taxation, and limited recognition of local cohabiting partners No No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[384] Emblem-question.svg The central government of China is responsible for the defense of Hong Kong.[385] Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination (government discrimination only) Yes Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery
Japan Japan Yes Legal since 1880
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No * Symbolic recognition in some jurisdictions. No Proposed No Yes The Japan Self-Defense Forces allow gay people to enlist.[386] Yes No nationwide protections, but some cities ban some anti-gay discrimination[54] Yes Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery
Macau Macau Yes Legal since 1996 No No No Emblem-question.svg The central government of China is responsible for the defence of Macau. Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination Emblem-question.svg
Mongolia Mongolia Yes Legal since 1961
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No No No Emblem-question.svg Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination Yes Transgender people allowed to change legal gender but only after sex reassignment surgery
North KoreaNorth Korea Yes / NoDe jure legal, punishable through Articles 193 and 262 regarding obscenity and decency laws.[dubious ]
Penalty: Unknown
No No No Emblem-question.svg10-year celibacy required.[387] No No
South Korea South Korea Yes Legal
(No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in South Korea)
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No No No No No/Yes Protection from discrimination varies by jurisdiction in some areas, including Seoul Yes Transgender people allowed to change legal gender but usually requires sex reassignment surgery
Taiwan Taiwan Yes Legal
(No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country)[388]
Yes check.svg[389] Yes check.svg Legal since 2019[390][391][392] No/Yes Stepchild adoption only; joint adoption pending Yes Yes Constitutionally bans all anti-gay discrimination Yes Transgender people allowed to change legal gender but only after sex reassignment surgery[393]

Southeast Asia

LGBT rights in Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of relationships Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Aceh Aceh (autonomous territory of Indonesia) No Illegal
Penalty: 100 strokes of the cane or 100 months in prison[394]
No No No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples No The central government of Indonesia is responsible for the defense of Aceh. Yes Follows the law of the central Indonesian government. Yes Follows the law of the central Indonesian government.
Brunei Brunei NoNo Illegal
Penalty: Death penalty (in abeyance), 1 year imprisonment and 100 lashes for men. Caning and 10 years prison for women.[395]
No No No No No No Laws prohibit forms of gender expression.
Cambodia Cambodia Yes Legal
(No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country)[54]
No/Yes Partnerships recognized in certain cities No There has been at least one recorded case of a legally registered and recognized same-sex marriage; constitutional ban since 1993 No/Yes Officially banned, but numerous same-sex adoptions have taken place Emblem-question.svg No Emblem-question.svg
East Timor East Timor Yes Legal since 1975
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No No No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples Emblem-question.svg Yes Hate Crime Protections since 2009[396] Emblem-question.svg
Indonesia Indonesia Yes Legal

(No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country, except in Aceh) [54][397]

No No No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples No Not explicitly prohibited by Law (de jure), Illegal (de facto) Yes Limited protection following legal process by the authorities.[398] Yes Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery.
Laos Laos Yes Legal
(No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country)[54]
No No No Emblem-question.svg No Emblem-question.svg
Malaysia Malaysia No Illegal
Penalty: fines, prison sentence (2-20 years), or whippings.[54][399]
No No No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples No No No Generally impossible to change gender. However, a 2016 court ruling recognizes gender changes as fundamental constitutional rights[400] Forms of gender expression are criminalized.
Myanmar Myanmar No Illegal
Penalty: Up to 20 years in prison (Not enforced).[54]
No No No No No No
Philippines Philippines Yes Legal + UN decl. sign. [401][54][402] No Pending[401] No Pending[403] No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[404] Yes Since 2009 Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination in certain cities and provinces,[405] including the City of Manila,[406]Cebu City,[407] Quezon City,[408] and Davao City;[409]
National bill pending
Emblem-question.svg
Singapore Singapore No Male illegal
Penalty: up to 2 years prison sentence (Not enforced).
Yes Female legal since 2007[54]
No No No No/Yes Due to conscription, but gays are not allowed to go to command school or serve in sensitive units No Yes Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery
Thailand Thailand Yes Legal since 1956
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No Pending[410] No No Pending[411] Yes Since 2005 Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination No Bill pending to allow transgender people to legally change gender after sex reassignment surgery.[412]

Yes Anti-discrimination protections for gender expression.[399]

Vietnam Vietnam Yes Legal
(No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country)[54]
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No No No LGBT individuals may adopt, not same-sex couples[413] Yes Irrespective of one's sexual orientation Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination Yes Gender changes recognized and officially practised since 2017;[414][415] previously, gender changes were only allowed for persons of congenital sex defects and unidentifiable sex


Europe

List of countries or territories by LGBT rights in Europe


Tables:

European Union

Main article: LGBT rights in the European Union
LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
European Union European Union Yes Legal in all 27 member states[416] Yes/No Recognized in 21/27 member states
Yes/No Legal in 14/27 member states
Yes/No Stepchild adoption legal in 16/27 member states;
joint adoption legal in 15/27 member states
Yes Legal in all member states Yes Membership requires a state to ban anti-gay discrimination in employment.
4/27 states ban some anti-gay discrimination.
23/27 states ban all anti-gay discrimination
Yes/No Legal in 24/27 member states[417]

Central Europe

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Austria Austria Yes Legal since 1971[54]
+ UN decl. sign.
Yes Registered partnerships since 2010[418] Yes Legal since 2019[419] Yes Stepchild adoption since 2013;
joint adoption since 2016[420][421][422]
Yes Includes transgender people[423] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[316] Yes Transgender people allowed to change gender without undergoing surgery[319]
Czech Republic Czech Republic Yes Legal since 1962 (As part of Czechoslovakia)
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Registered partnerships since 2006[424] No No LGBT individuals in a registered partnership may adopt[425] Yes Includes transgender people[426] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[316] Yes Legal recognition after sex reassignment surgery (with mandatory sterilisation)[427]
Germany Germany Yes Legal in East Germany since 1968
Legal in West Germany since 1969
+ UN decl. sign.[54][428]
Yes Registered life partnerships from 2001 to 2017 (existing partnerships and new foreign partnerships still recognised)[429][430] Yes Legal since 2017[431] Yes Stepchild adoption since 2005; successive adoption since 2013; joint adoption legal since 2017[431] Yes Includes transgender people[432] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[433] Yes Gender change is legal; surgery not required[434]
Hungary Hungary Yes Legal since 1962
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Registered partnerships since 2009[435] No Constitutional ban since 2012[436][437][438][439] No Constitutional ban since 2020[440][437] Yes[citation needed] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[316] Yes Forbids discrimination based on gender identity

No Transgender people are not allowed to change gender since 2020.[441]

Liechtenstein Liechtenstein Yes Legal since 1989
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Registered partnerships since 2011[442] No Pending[443] Yes Joint and stepchild adoption since July 2022[444] Has no military Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[316] No Gender change is not legal[427]
Poland Poland Yes Always legal (Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia and the Austria-Hungarian Empire partitions rules remained in power since 1932)
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No/Yes Unregistered cohabitation since 2012;
registered partnership proposed 2019
No Constitutional ban since 1997[445] (Article 18 of the Constitution is generally interpreted as limiting marriage to opposite-sex couples[446][447][448][449][450][451])[b] No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[453] Yes Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[316] Yes Transgender people allowed to change gender but require undergoing medical treatment such as HRT or surgery. No provisions for nonbinary people.
Slovakia Slovakia Yes Legal since 1962 (As part of Czechoslovakia)
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No/Yes some limited rights for unregistered cohabiting same-sex couples since 2018;
Limited residency rights for married same-sex couples since 2018
No No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[454] Yes[citation needed] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[455][456] Yes Requires sterilisation for change[427]
Slovenia Slovenia Yes Legal since 1977 (As part of Yugoslavia)
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Registered partnerships since 2006[457];
Registered cohabitation since 2017[458]
Yes Since 2022 Yes Stepchild adoption since 2011, joint adoption since 2022[459] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[316] Yes Gender change is legal[460]
Switzerland Switzerland Yes Legal nationwide since 1942
Legal in the cantons of Geneva (as part of France), Ticino, Valais, and Vaud since 1798
+ UN decl. sign.[54][461]
Yes Registered partnerships in Geneva (2001),[462]Zürich (2003),[463]Neuchâtel (2004)[464] and Fribourg (2005)[464]
Nationwide since 2007[465]
Yes Legal since 1 July 2022[466] Yes Stepchild adoption since 2018[467]
Yes Joint adoption legal since 1 July 2022[466]
Yes Includes transgender people[468] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination [469] Yes Gender change is legal on simple declaration (self-determination +16 yo); surgery/sterilisation not required. [470]

Eastern Europe

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
AbkhaziaAbkhazia
(Disputed territory)
Yes Legal after 1991 No No No Emblem-question.svg No Emblem-question.svg
Armenia Armenia Yes Legal since 2003
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No No/Yes Constitutional ban since 2015[471][472] Foreign same-sex marriages are recognized since 2017. No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples. No[473] No No
Republic of ArtsakhArtsakh
(Disputed territory)
Yes Legal since 2000 No No Constitutional ban since 2006[474] No Emblem-question.svg No Emblem-question.svg
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Yes Legal since 2000[54] No No No No No No
Belarus Belarus Yes Legal since 1994[54] No No Constitutional ban since 1994[475] No No/Yes Banned from military service during peacetime, but during wartime homosexuals are permitted to enlist as partially able[476] No Yes
Georgia (country) Georgia Yes Legal since 2000
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No No Constitutional ban since 2018 No Emblem-question.svg Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[477] Yes Requires sterilisation and surgery for change[427]
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan Yes Legal since 1998[54] No No No Yes[478] No Yes Requires sex reassignment surgery, sterilization, hormone therapy and medical examinations[305]
Moldova Moldova Yes Legal since 1995
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No No Constitutional ban since 1994[479] No Yes[citation needed] Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[316] Yes No longer requires sterilisation or surgery for change since 2017[427]
Romania Romania Yes Legal since 1996
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No/Yes Limited residency rights for married same-sex couples since 2018;[480]
Civil unions proposed[481]
No No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[482] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[316] Yes Legal recognition after sex reassignment surgery (sterilisation mandatory)[427]
Russia Russia Yes Male legal since 1993
Female always legal[324][54]
No Illegal in practice in Chechnya, where homosexuals are abducted and sent to concentration camps based on their perceived sexual orientation.
No No Constitutional ban since 2020[325] No No No Yes Requires sex reassignment surgery to legally change gender.
South OssetiaSouth Ossetia
(Disputed territory)
Yes Legal after 1991 No No No Emblem-question.svg No Emblem-question.svg
TransnistriaTransnistria
(Disputed territory)
Yes Legal since 2002[483] No No No Emblem-question.svg No Emblem-question.svg
Ukraine Ukraine Yes Legal since 1991
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No No Constitutional ban since 1996[484] No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[485] Yes[486][failed verification] Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[487] Yes No longer requires sterilisation or surgery for change since 2016

Eurasia

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Abkhazia Abkhazia
(Disputed territory)
Yes Legal after 1991 No No No Emblem-question.svg No Emblem-question.svg
Armenia Armenia Yes Legal since 2003
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No No/Yes Constitutional ban since 2015[488][489]. Foreign same-sex marriages are recognized since 2017. No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples. No [490] No No
Republic of Artsakh Artsakh
(Disputed territory)
Yes Legal since 2000 No No Constitutional ban since 2006[491] No Emblem-question.svg No Emblem-question.svg
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Yes Legal since 2000[54] No No No No No No
Cyprus Cyprus Yes Legal since 1998
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Civil cohabitation since 2015[314] No No Yes[315] Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[316] Yes Forbids some discrimination based on gender identity.[317]
No Gender change is not legal.
Georgia (country) Georgia Yes Legal since 2000
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No No Constitutional ban passed but yet to take effect No Emblem-question.svg Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[492] Yes Requires sterilization and sex reassignment surgery for change[319]
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan Yes Legal since 1998[54] No No No Yes[493] No Yes Requires sex reassignment surgery, sterilization, hormone therapy and medical examinations[305]
Northern Cyprus Northern Cyprus
(Disputed territory)
Yes Legal since 2014[321][322][54] No No No No Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[321][322] Yes Legal, requires surgery for change[323]
Russia Russia Yes Male legal since 1993
Female always legal[324][54]
No Illegal in practice in Chechnya, where homosexuals are abducted and sent to concentration camps based on their perceived sexual orientation.
No No Constitutional ban since 2020[325] No No[citation needed] No Yes Requires sterilization and sex reassignment surgery for change[319]
South Ossetia South Ossetia
(Disputed territory)
Yes Legal after 1991 No No No Emblem-question.svg No Emblem-question.svg
Turkey Turkey Yes Legal since 1858[54] No No No No No Yes Requires sterilisation and sex reassignment surgery for change[494]

Northern Europe

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Denmark Denmark Yes Legal since 1933
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Registered partnerships from 1989 to 2012 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[495] Yes Legal since 2012[496][497] Yes Stepchild adoption since 1999;
joint adoption since 2010[498][499]
Yes Includes transgender people[500] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[316] Yes Legal gender change and recognition possible without surgery or hormone therapy[501]
Estonia Estonia Yes Legal since 1992
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Cohabitation agreement since 2016[502] No Marriage performed abroad was recognized between 2016 and 2019[503] Yes/No Stepchild adoption since 2016; couples where both partners are infertile may also jointly adopt non-biological children since 2016 Yes[citation needed] Includes transgender people[504] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[316] Yes Gender reassignment legal; surgery not required[427]
Faroe IslandsFaroe Islands
(Autonomous Territory within the Kingdom of Denmark)
Yes Legal since 1933
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Yes Legal since 2017[505][506] Yes Legal since 2017 Yes The Kingdom of Denmark responsible for defence Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[507][508] No[509]
FinlandFinland
Åland (includes Åland)
Yes Legal since 1971
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Registered partnerships from 2002 to 2017 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[510] Yes Legal since 2017[511] Yes Stepchild adoption since 2009;
joint adoption since 2017
Yes Includes transgender people[512] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[316] Yes Legal change and recognition is possible only with sterilisation[513]
Iceland Iceland Yes Legal since 1940
(As part of Denmark)
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Registered cohabitation since 2006;[514]
Registered partnerships from 1996 to 2010 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[515]
Yes Legal since 2010[516][517] Yes Legal since 2006[518][519] No standing army Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[316] Yes Documents can be amended to the recognised gender, sterilisation not required[520][427]
Latvia Latvia Yes Legal since 1992
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No/Yes Limited residency rights for married same-sex couples since 2018 No Constitutional ban since 2006[521] No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples, incl. stepchild adoption[522] Yes[523] Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[524] YesLegal change allowed[525] but requires "full" transition and doctor's or court's approval.[526] Sterilization required.[527]
Lithuania Lithuania Yes Legal since 1993
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No/Yes Limited residency rights for married same-sex couples since 2018; Cohabitation agreement pending [528] No Constitutional ban since 1992[529] No Only married couples can adopt[530] Yes[citation needed] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[316] Yes Effective from 2/2/2022, gender change on legal documents permitted without surgery and no non-binary option available.[531][532]
Norway Norway Yes Legal since 1972
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Registered partnerships from 1993 to 2009 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[533] Yes Legal since 2009[534][535] Yes Stepchild adoption since 2002;
joint adoption since 2009[536][537]
Yes Includes transgender people[538] Yes Discrimination based on sexual orientation illegal[539] Yes All documents can be amended to the recognised gender[319]
Sweden Sweden Yes Legal since 1944
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Registered partnerships from 1995 to 2009 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[540] Yes Legal since 2009[541] Yes Legal since 2003[542][543] Yes[544] Includes transgender people[545] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[316] Yes[546]

Southern Europe

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Akrotiri and DhekeliaAkrotiri and Dhekelia
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
Yes Legal since 2000
+ UN decl. sign.[54][547][548]
Yes Since 2005, for members of the British Armed Forces[549] Yes Since 2014, for members of the British Armed Forces[550] Emblem-question.svg Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[551] Emblem-question.svg
Albania Albania Yes Legal since 1995
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No No No Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[316] No No legal recognition[427]
Andorra Andorra Yes Legal since 1990
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Stable unions since 2005[552]; Civil unions from 2014-2023, replaced by civil marriage[553] Yes Starting 2023 Yes Legal since 2014[554][553][555] Has no military Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[316] Yes Starting 2023, no surgery requirement for gender/name change
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Yes Legal since 1996 in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in Republika Srpska since 1998, and in Brčko District since 2003
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No No No Yes[citation needed] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[316] Yes Requires surgery for change[556]
Bulgaria Bulgaria Yes Legal since 1968
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No/Yes Limited residency rights for married same-sex couples since 2018 No Constitutional ban since 1991[557] No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[558] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[316] Yes Forbids discrimination based on gender identity.[559][560]

No Transgender people are not allowed to change gender since 2017.[561][562]

Croatia Croatia Yes Legal since 1977 (As part of Yugoslavia)
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Life partnerships since 2014[563] No Constitutional ban since 2013[564] Yes Full adoption since 2022;[565] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[316][566] Yes Act on the elimination of discrimination bans all discrimination based on both gender identity and gender expression. Gender change is regulated by special policy issued by Ministry of Health.[567]
Cyprus Cyprus Yes Legal since 1998
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Civil cohabitation since 2015[314] No No Yes[315] Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[316] Yes Forbids some discrimination based on gender identity.[317]
No Gender change is not legal.
GibraltarGibraltar
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
Yes Legal since 1993
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Civil partnerships since 2014[568] Yes Legal since 2016[569] Yes Legal since 2014 Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[570] Yes Forbids discrimination on the grounds of gender reassignment[570]

No Gender change is not legal

Greece Greece Yes Legal since 1951 + UN decl. sign.[54] Yes Cohabitation agreements since 2015[571] No (Proposed)[572] No Same-sex couples in a civil partnership may become foster parents;[573] LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[316] Yes Under the Legal Gender Recognition Act 2017[574][575]
Italy Italy Yes Legal since 1890
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Civil unions since 2016[576] No In 2018 the Supreme Court ruled that same-sex marriages performed abroad must be registered as civil unions[577] No Stepchild adoption not legal, admitted only under very limited circumstances by the Court of Cassation since 2016[578][579] Yes Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[316] Yes Legal recognition and documents can be amended to the recognised gender, sterilisation not required[580][581]
KosovoKosovo
(Disputed territory)
Yes Legal since 1994
(as part of Yugoslavia)[54]
No No[582] No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[583][584] Yes[citation needed] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[585] Yes Forbids discrimination based on gender identity.

No No legal recognition[427]

Malta Malta Yes Legal since 1973
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Civil unions since 2014[586] Yes Legal since 2017 Yes Legal since 2014 Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[316]
Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2016
Yes Transgender people allowed to change gender; surgery not required since 2015[587]
Montenegro Montenegro Yes Legal since 1977 (As part of Yugoslavia)
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Life partnership from July 2021[588] No Constitutional ban since 2007[589][590] No Yes[citation needed] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[316] Yes Requires sterilisation and surgery for change[319][427]
North Macedonia North Macedonia Yes Legal since 1996
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No No No Yes[citation needed] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[316] Yes Forbids discrimination based on gender identity.

Gender change is legally recognized since 2021

Northern Cyprus Northern Cyprus
(Disputed territory)
Yes Legal since 2014[321][322][54] No No No No Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[321][322] Yes Legal, requires surgery for change[323]
Portugal Portugal Yes Legal since 1983
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes De facto unions since 2001[591][592] Yes Legal since 2010[593] Yes Legal since 2016[594][595][596] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[316] Yes All documents can be amended to the recognised gender since 2011[597]
San Marino San Marino Yes Legal since 1865
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Civil unions since 2019 No Yes/No Stepchild adoption legal since 2019 Emblem-question.svg Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination No No legal recognition[319]
Serbia Serbia Yes Legal from 1858, when nominally a vassal of the Ottoman Empire to 1860,[598] and again since 1994 (As part of Yugoslavia)
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No No Constitutional ban since 2006[599] No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[316] Yes Legal after 1 year of hormone therapy, surgery no longer required since 2019[600]
Spain Spain Yes Legal since 1979
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes De facto unions in Catalonia (1998),[601] Aragon (1999),[601] Navarre (2000),[601] Castile-La Mancha (2000),[601] Valencia (2001),[602] the Balearic Islands (2001),[603] Madrid (2001),[601] Asturias (2002),[604] Castile and León (2002),[605] Andalusia (2002),[601] the Canary Islands (2003),[601] Extremadura (2003),[601] Basque Country (2003),[601] Cantabria (2005),[606] Galicia (2008)[607] La Rioja (2010),[608] and Murcia (2018),[609][610] and in both autonomous cities; Ceuta (1998)[611] and Melilla (2008).[612] Yes Legal since 2005[613] Yes Legal since 2005[614][615] Yes Includes transgender people[616] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[316]
Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal in Andalusia, Aragon, Madrid, Murcia and Valencia
Yes Since 2007, all documents can be amended to the recognised gender[617]
Turkey Turkey Yes Legal since 1858[54] No No No No No Yes Legal since 1988, requires sterilisation and surgery for change[618]
Vatican City Vatican City Yes Legal since 1890 (As part of Italy)[54] No No N/A Has no military No X mark.svg

Western Europe

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Belgium Belgium Yes Legal nationwide since 1795
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Legal cohabitation since 2000[619] Yes Legal since 2003[620][621][622] Yes Legal since 2006[623][624] Yes Includes transgender people[625] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[316] Yes Since 2018, sex changes do not require sterilisation and surgery[626]
France France Yes Legal nationwide since 1791
Legal in Savoy since 1792
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Civil solidarity pact since 1999[627] Yes Legal since 2013[628] Yes Legal since 2013[629] Yes Includes transgender people[630] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[316] Yes Since 2017, sex changes no longer requires sterilisation and surgery[631]
Bailiwick of GuernseyGuernsey
(Crown Dependency of the United Kingdom)
Yes Legal since 1983
+ UN decl. sign.[632][633][54]
Yes Civil partnerships performed in the UK abroad recognised for succession purposes in inheritance and other matters respecting interests in property since 2012[634][635] Legal cohabitation since 2017[636] Yes Legal since 2017 in Guernsey, since 2018 in Alderney, and since 2020 in Sark[637]
[638]
Yes Legal since 2017[639] Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[640] Yes Legal gender changes since 2007[641][642]
Republic of Ireland Ireland Yes Male legal since 1993
Female always legal
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Civil partnerships from 2011 to 2015 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[643] Yes Legal since 2015 after a constitutional referendum[644] Yes Legal since 2017[645][646][647][648][649][650] Yes Includes transgender people[651] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[652][653][654] Yes Under the Gender Recognition Act 2015[655]
Isle of ManIsle of Man
(Crown Dependency of the United Kingdom)
Yes Legal since 1992
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Civil partnerships since 2011[656] Yes Legal since 2016[657] Yes Legal since 2011 Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[658] Yes Transgender people are allowed to change their legal gender and to have their new gender recognised as a result of the Gender Recognition Act 2009 (c.11)[659][660]
JerseyJersey
(Crown Dependency of the United Kingdom)
Yes Legal since 1990
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Civil partnerships since 2012[661] Yes Legal since 2018[662][663] Yes Legal since 2012 Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[664] Yes Under the Gender Recognition (Jersey) Law 2010[665]
Luxembourg Luxembourg Yes Legal since 1795
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Registered partnerships since 2004[666] Yes Legal since 2015[667][668] Yes Legal since 2015[669] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[670] Yes No divorce, sterilization and/or surgery legally required since September 2018 for change of gender[671][427]
Monaco Monaco Yes Legal since 1793
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Cohabitation agreements since 2020 No No Yes France responsible for defence Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[54] Emblem-question.svg
Netherlands Netherlands Yes Legal since 1811
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Registered partnership since 1998[672] Yes Legal since 2001[673] Yes Legal since 2001[674][675] Yes Includes transgender people[676] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[677] Yes Since 2014, sex changes do not require sterilisation and surgery[678][679]
United Kingdom United Kingdom Yes Female always legal. Male legal in England and Wales since 1967, in Scotland since 1981, and in Northern Ireland since 1982
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Civil partnerships since 2005[680] Yes Legal in England, Wales, and Scotland since 2014, and Northern Ireland since 2020[681][681] Yes Legal in England and Wales since 2005, in Scotland since 2009 and Northern Ireland since 2013[682][683][684] Yes Since 2000; Includes transgender people[685] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[686][54] [687] Yes Under the Gender Recognition Act 2004

Oceania

List of countries or territories by LGBT rights in Oceania
Tables:

Australasia

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
AustraliaAustralia
(including territories of
Christmas Island and the
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Yes Always legal for women. Male legal in some states and territories since 1975, nationwide since 1997. Tasmania was the last state to legalise male homosexuality
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Unregistered cohabitation nationally since 2009;
Domestic partnerships in Tasmania (2004),[688]South Australia (2007),[689]Victoria (2008),[690]New South Wales (2010),[691] and Queensland (2012);[692]
Civil unions in the Australian Capital Territory (2012)[693]
Yes Legal since 2017[694] Yes Legal nationwide since 2018 Yes Gay men and lesbians since 1992[695]; Transgender and intersex people since 2010[696] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[697] Yes (However both NSW and QLD legally require sex reassignment surgery to change sex on a birth certificate).[698][699][697]
New Zealand New Zealand YesLegal since 1986
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Unregistered cohabitation since 2002;
Civil unions since 2005
Yes Legal since 2013[700] Yes Legal since 2013[700] Yes Since 1993; Includes transgender people[701] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination Yes Covered under the "sex discrimination" provision of the Human Rights Act 1993; From July 2023, change of sex on a birth certificate by self-determination.[702][703]

Melanesia

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Fiji Fiji Yes Legal since 2010
+ UN decl. sign.[704][54]
No No No Emblem-question.svg Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[54]
Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2010
Emblem-question.svg
New CaledoniaNew Caledonia
(Special collectivity of France)
Yes Legal
(No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the collectivity)
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Civil solidarity pact since 2009[705] Yes Legal since 2013 Yes Legal since 2013 Yes France responsible for defence Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination Yes Under French law
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea No Male illegal
Penalty: 3 to 14 years imprisonment (Not enforced).
Yes Female always legal[54]
No No No No No No
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands No Illegal
Penalty: Up to 14 years imprisonment (Not enforced).[54]
No No No Has no military No[706] No
Vanuatu Vanuatu Yes Legal
(No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed since independence[707])
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No No No Emblem-question.svg Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination No
West Papua (province)West Papua, Papua (province)Papua, South Papua, Central Papua and Highland Papua provinces (melanesian territories of Indonesia) Yes Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in Indonesian Western New Guinea) No No No No Emblem-question.svg Yes Under Indonesian law

Micronesia

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
GuamGuam
(Unincorporated territory of the United States)
Yes Legal since 1978 Yes Since 2015 Yes Legal since 2015 Yes Legal since 2002 Yes United States responsible for defense[708][709] Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination Yes Allowed to legally change gender, but requires sex reassignment surgery
Federated States of Micronesia Micronesia Yes Legal
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No No No Has no military Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[710] Emblem-question.svg
Kiribati Kiribati No Male illegal
Penalty: 5-14 years imprisonment (Not enforced).
Yes Female legal[54]
No No No Has no military Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination No
Marshall Islands Marshall Islands Yes Legal since 2005
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No No No Has no military Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[711] Emblem-question.svg
Nauru Nauru Yes Legal since 2016[712][713]
+ UN decl. sign.
No No No Has no military No
Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2016
No
Northern Mariana IslandsNorthern Mariana Islands
(Unincorporated territory of the United States)
Yes Legal since 1983 Yes Since 2015 Yes Legal since 2015 Yes Legal since 2015 Yes United States responsible for defense[708][709] Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[714][715] Yes Under the Vital Statistics Act of 2006
Palau Palau Yes Legal since 2014
+ UN decl. sign.[716]
No No Constitutional ban since 2008 No Has no military No No
United StatesUnited States Minor Outlying Islands
(Unincorporated territories of the United States)
Yes Legal Yes Yes Legal Yes Legal Yes United States responsible for defense[708][709] No No

Polynesia

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
American SamoaAmerican Samoa
(Unincorporated territory of the United States)[717]
Yes Legal since 1980 No No[718] No Yes United States responsible for defense[708][709] No Yes[719]
Cook IslandsCook Islands
(Part of the Realm of New Zealand)
No Male illegal
Penalty: 5-14 years imprisonment (Not enforced).
Legalization pending[720]
Yes Female legal
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No No No Yes New Zealand responsible for defence Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[721] No
Easter IslandEaster Island
(Special territory of Chile)
Yes Legal since 1999;
Age of consent discrepancy
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Civil unions since 2015[722] Yes Since 2022[259] Yes Since 2022[259] Yes Chile responsible for defence[723][724] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[725]
Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2021
Yes Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name since 1974.
No surgeries or judicial order since 2019.[726]
French PolynesiaFrench Polynesia
(Overseas collectivity of France)
Yes Legal
(No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the collectivity)
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Since 2013 Yes Legal since 2013 Yes Legal since 2013 Yes France responsible for defence Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination Yes Under French law
HawaiiHawaii
(Constituent state of the United States)
Yes Since 1972 Yes Since 1997 Yes Since 2013 Yes Since 2012 Yes United States responsible for defence Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination Yes
NiueNiue
(Part of the Realm of New Zealand)
No Male illegal
Penalty: 5-10 years imprisonment.[727]
Yes Female legal
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No No No Yes New Zealand responsible for defence Emblem-question.svg Emblem-question.svg
Pitcairn IslandsPitcairn Islands
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
Yes Legal since 2001
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Since 2015 Yes Legal since 2015[728] Yes Legal since 2015[729] Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Constitutional ban on all anti-gay discrimination[730] Emblem-question.svg
Samoa Samoa No Male illegal
Penalty: 5-7 years imprisonment (Not enforced).
Yes Female always legal
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No No No Has no military Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[731]
Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2007
Emblem-question.svg Samoa has a large transgender or "third-gender" community called the fa'afafine. They are a recognized part of traditional Samoan customs.
TokelauTokelau
(Dependent territory of the Realm of New Zealand)
Yes Legal since 2003[732]
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No No No Yes New Zealand responsible for defence No No
Tonga Tonga No Male illegal
Penalty: Up to 10 years imprisonment (Not enforced).
Yes Female always legal[54]
No No No No No No
Tuvalu Tuvalu No Male illegal
Penalty: Up to 14 years imprisonment (Not enforced).
Yes Female legal
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
No No No Has no military Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination Emblem-question.svg
Wallis and FutunaWallis and Futuna
(Overseas collectivity of France)
Yes Legal
(No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the collectivity)
+ UN decl. sign.[54]
Yes Civil solidarity pact since 2009 Yes Legal since 2013 Yes Legal since 2013 Yes France responsible for defence Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination Yes Under French law

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Legal nationwide, except in the province of Aceh
  2. ^ In January 2019, a lower administrative court in Warsaw ruled that the language in Article 18 of the Constitution does not explicitly ban same-sex marriage.[452]

References

  1. ^ As an alternative, you may view this article in the source editor and navigate to the section where the reference is displayed.
  2. ^ "'They will kill us if they find us': LGBT Afghans fear new Taliban regime". The Hill. 29 August 2021. Archived from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
  3. ^ Hazzad, Ardo (2 July 2022). "Nigerian Islamic court orders death by stoning for men convicted of homosexuality". Reuters. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
  4. ^ Milton, Josh (5 July 2022). "Three men sentenced to death by stoning for being gay". PinkNews Latest lesbian, gay, bi and trans news LGBTQ+ news. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
  5. ^ Mendos, Lucas Ramón (2019). State-Sponsored Homophobia 2019 (PDF) (13th ed.). Geneva: ILGA. p. 15. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  6. ^ Dick, Samantha (4 April 2019). "Brunei not the only place LGBTQI can be killed for who they love". The New Daily. Archived from the original on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
  7. ^ Dougherty, Jill (17 June 2011). "U.N. council passes gay rights resolution". CNN. Archived from the original on 30 September 2018. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
  8. ^ "UN issues first report on human rights of gay and lesbian people". United Nations. 15 December 2011. Archived from the original on 7 January 2018. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
  9. ^ Stojanovski, Kristefer; King, Elizabeth J.; Amico, K. Rivet; Eisenberg, Marisa C.; Geronimus, Arline T.; Baros, Sladjana; Schmidt, Axel J. (2022). "Stigmatizing Policies Interact with Mental Health and Sexual Behaviours to Structurally Induce HIV Diagnoses Among European Men Who Have Sex with Men". AIDS and Behavior. doi:10.1007/s10461-022-03683-9. S2CID 248220063.
  10. ^ Ali, Daud (2012). "Censured sexual acts and early medieval society in India". In Reyes, Raquel A. G.; Clarence-Smith, William G. (eds.). Sexual Diversity in Asia, c. 600–1950. Routledge. pp. 50–51. ISBN 978-0415600590. LCCN 2011049072. Archived from the original on 14 June 2020. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  11. ^ Same-Sex Love in India Archived 4 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine, edited by Ruth Vanita
  12. ^ Vanita, Ruth (2005). "Introduction". Love's Rite: Same-Sex Marriage in India and the West. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 32. ISBN 978-1403970381. LCCN 2005047571. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  13. ^ Fields, Weston W. (1997). Sodom and Gomorrah: History and Motif in Biblical Narrative. A&C Black. ISBN 978-0567062611. Archived from the original on 17 February 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
  14. ^ Loader, J. A. (1990). A Tale of Two Cities: Sodom and Gomorrah in the Old Testament, Early Jewish and Early Christian Traditions. Peeters Publishers. ISBN 9789024253333. LCCN 91207650. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
  15. ^ STRAUSS, Gerhard Friedrich Abraham; SLEE, Jane Mary (1837). On Restitution; Lot and his Wife; The Rich Man; Christian Composure; [sermons] by ... F. S. ... translated from the German, by Miss Slee. Archived from the original on 1 April 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
  16. ^ R. W (1607). Lot's Wife. A sermon at Paule's Crosse [on Luke xvii. 32. By R. W., i.e. R. Wilkinson.]. Archived from the original on 1 April 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
  17. ^ Upson-Saia, Kristi; Daniel-Hughes, Carly; Batten, Alicia J., eds. (2016) [2014]. "Cross-dressing, Masculinity, and the Social Body in Late Antiquity". Dressing Judeans and Christians in Antiquity. Routledge. p. 39. ISBN 978-1317147978. LCCN 2014000554. Archived from the original on 1 April 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
  18. ^ Bullough, Vern L.; Bullough, Bonnie (1993). "Introduction". Cross Dressing, Sex, and Gender. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. x. ISBN 9780812214314. LCCN 92032030. Archived from the original on 1 April 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
  19. ^ a b Homoeroticism in the Biblical World: A Historical Perspective, by Martti Nissinen, Fortress Press, 2004, p. 24–28 Archived 14 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine
  20. ^ Greenberg, David F. (15 August 1990). The Construction of Homosexuality. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226306285. Archived from the original on 28 June 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
  21. ^ "Homosexuality in the Ancient Near East, beyond Egypt by Bruce Gerig in the Ancient Near East, beyond Egypt". epistle.us. Archived from the original on 2 October 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
  22. ^ Pritchard, p. 181.
  23. ^ Gay Rights Or Wrongs: A Christian's Guide to Homosexual Issues and Ministry, by Mike Mazzalonga, 1996, p.11
  24. ^ Halsall, Paul. "The Code of the Assura". Internet History Sourcebooks Project. Fordham University. Archived from the original on 11 September 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
  25. ^ The Nature of Homosexuality, Erik Holland, page 334, 2004
  26. ^ Wilhelm, Amara Das (18 May 2010). Tritiya-Prakriti: People of the Third Sex. ISBN 9781453503164. Archived from the original on 17 February 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2017.
  27. ^ G. R. Driver and J. C. Miles, The Assyrian Laws (Oxford, Clarendon Press [1935]), 71.
  28. ^ Plutarch, Moralia 288a; Thomas Habinek, "The Invention of Sexuality in the World-City of Rome," in The Roman Cultural Revolution (Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 39; Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," pp. 545–546. Scholars disagree as to whether the Lex Scantinia imposed the death penalty or a hefty fine.
  29. ^ Williams, Roman Homosexuality, pp. 214–215; Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," passim.
  30. ^ Catharine Edwards, The Politics of Immorality in Ancient Rome (Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 63–64.
  31. ^ As recorded in a fragment of the speech De Re Floria by Cato the Elder (frg. 57 Jordan = Aulus Gellius 9.12.7), noted and discussed by Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 561.
  32. ^ Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," pp. 562–563. See also Digest 48.5.35 [34] on legal definitions of rape that included boys.
  33. ^ Under the Lex Aquilia. See McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality, and the Law in Ancient Rome, p. 314.
  34. ^ McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome, p. 40.
  35. ^ Sara Elise Phang, Roman Military Service: Ideologies of Discipline in the Late Republic and Early Principate (Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 93.
  36. ^ Polybius, Histories 6.37.9 Archived 21 February 2022 at the Wayback Machine (translated as bastinado).
  37. ^ Phang, The Marriage of Roman Soldiers, pp. 280–285.
  38. ^ Phang, The Marriage of Roman Soldiers, p. 3.
  39. ^ Williams, Roman Homosexuality, p. 112 et passim.
  40. ^ Phang, The Marriage of Roman Soldiers, pp. 285–292. Archived 5 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine
  41. ^ Juvenal, Satire 2; Williams, Roman Homosexuality, p. 28.
  42. ^ Suetonius Life of Nero 28–29; Williams, Roman Homosexuality, p. 279ff.
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  447. ^ "Judgment of the Constitutional Tribunal of 11 May 2005, K 18/04". Polska Konstytucja określa bowiem małżeństwo jako związek wyłącznie kobiety i mężczyzny. A contrario nie dopuszcza więc związków jednopłciowych. [...] Małżeństwo (jako związek kobiety i mężczyzny) uzyskało w prawie krajowym RP odrębny status konstytucyjny zdeterminowany postanowieniami art. 18 Konstytucji. Zmiana tego statusu byłaby możliwa jedynie przy zachowaniu rygorów trybu zmiany Konstytucji, określonych w art. 235 tego aktu.
  448. ^ "Judgment of the Constitutional Tribunal of 9 November 2010, SK 10/08". W doktrynie prawa konstytucyjnego wskazuje się nadto, że jedyny element normatywny, dający się odkodować z art. 18 Konstytucji, to ustalenie zasady heteroseksualności małżeństwa.
  449. ^ "Judgment of the Supreme Administrative Court of Poland of 25 October 2016, II GSK 866/15". Ustawa o świadczeniach zdrowotnych finansowanych ze środków publicznych nie wyjaśnia, co prawda, kto jest małżonkiem. Pojęcie to zostało jednak dostatecznie i jasno określone we wspomnianym art. 18 Konstytucji RP, w którym jest mowa o małżeństwie jako o związku kobiety i mężczyzny. W piśmiennictwie podkreśla się, że art. 18 Konstytucji ustala zasadę heteroseksualności małżeństwa, będącą nie tyle zasadą ustroju, co normą prawną, która zakazuje ustawodawcy zwykłemu nadawania charakteru małżeństwa związkom pomiędzy osobami jednej płci (vide: L. Garlicki Komentarz do art. 18 Konstytucji, s. 2-3 [w:] Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Komentarz, Wydawnictwo Sejmowe, Warszawa 2003). Jest wobec tego oczywiste, że małżeństwem w świetle Konstytucji i co za tym idzie – w świetle polskiego prawa, może być i jest wyłącznie związek heteroseksualny, a więc w związku małżeńskim małżonkami nie mogą być osoby tej samej płci.
  450. ^ "Judgment of the Supreme Administrative Court of Poland of 28 February 2018, II OSK 1112/16". art. 18 Konstytucji RP, który definiuje małżeństwo jako związek kobiety i mężczyzny, a tym samym wynika z niego zasada nakazująca jako małżeństwo traktować w Polsce jedynie związek heteroseksualny.
  451. ^ *Gallo D; Paladini L; Pustorino P, eds. (2014). Same-Sex Couples before National, Supranational and International Jurisdictions. Berlin: Springer. p. 215. ISBN 978-3-642-35434-2. the drafters of the 1997 Polish Constitution included a legal definition of a marriage as the union of a woman and a man in the text of the constitution in order to ensure that the introduction of same-sex marriage would not be passed without a constitutional amendment.
    • Marek Safjan; Leszek Bosek, eds. (2016). Konstytucja RP. Tom I. Komentarz do art. 1-86. Warszawa: C.H. Beck Wydawnictwo Polska. ISBN 9788325573652. Z przeprowadzonej powyżej analizy prac nad Konstytucją RP wynika jednoznacznie, że zamieszczenie w art. 18 Konstytucji RP zwrotu definicyjnego "związek kobiety i mężczyzny" stanowiło reakcję na fakt pojawienia się w państwach obcych regulacji poddającej związki osób tej samej płci regulacji zbliżonej lub zbieżnej z instytucją małżeństwa. Uzupełniony tym zwrotem przepis konstytucyjny "miał pełnić rolę instrumentu zapobiegającego wprowadzeniu takiej regulacji do prawa polskiego" (A. Mączyński, Konstytucyjne podstawy prawa rodzinnego, s. 772). Innego motywu jego wprowadzenia do Konstytucji RP nie da się wskazać (szeroko w tym zakresie B. Banaszkiewicz, "Małżeństwo jako związek kobiety i mężczyzny", s. 640 i n.; zob. też Z. Strus, Znaczenie artykułu 18 Konstytucji, s. 236 i n.). Jak zauważa A. Mączyński istotą tej regulacji było normatywne przesądzenie nie tylko o niemożliwości unormowania w prawie polskim "małżeństw pomiędzy osobami tej samej płci", lecz również innych związków, które mimo tego, że nie zostałyby określone jako małżeństwo miałyby spełniać funkcje do niego podobną (A. Mączyński, Konstytucyjne podstawy prawa rodzinnego, s. 772; tenże, Konstytucyjne i międzynarodowe uwarunkowania, s. 91; podobnie L. Garlicki, Artykuł 18, w: Garlicki, Konstytucja, t. 3, uw. 4, s. 2, który zauważa, że w tym zakresie art. 18 nabiera "charakteru normy prawnej").
    • Scherpe JM, ed. (2016). European Family Law Volume III: Family Law in a European Perspective Family. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-78536-304-7. Constitutional bans on same-sex marriage are now applicable in ten European countries: Article 32, Belarus Constitution; Article 46 Bulgarian Constitution; Article L Hungarian Constitution, Article 110, Latvian Constitution; Article 38.3 Lithuanian Constitution; Article 48 Moldovan Constitution; Article 71 Montenegrin Constitution; Article 18 Polish Constitution; Article 62 Serbian Constitution; and Article 51 Ukrainian Constitution.
    • Stewart J, Lloyd KC (2016). "Marriage Equality in Europe". Family Advocate. 38 (4): 37–40. Article 18 of the Polish Constitution limits the institution of marriage to opposite-sex couples.
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