조지 L. P. 위버

George L. P. Weaver
조지 L. P. 위버
George L. P. Weaver and his wife, at National Press Club (1969)
조지 L. P. 위버 부부(1969년)
태어난
조지 리언 폴 위버

(1912-05-18) 1912년[1] 5월 18일
피츠버그, 펜실베이니아, 미국
죽은1995년 7월 14일(1995-07-14)(83)
워싱턴 DC, 미국
직종.JFK·LBJ 국제담당 노동차관
액티브 년수1941–1995
로 알려져 있다노동지도자 및 인권운동가

조지 리언 폴 위버(George Leon-Paul Weaver, 1912년 5월 18일~1995년 7월 14일)는 미국 노동계의 지도자로 미국과 국제적으로 민권을 증진하는 데 적극적이었다.케네디 행정부와 존슨 행정부에서 국제노동부 차관보를 역임한 후, 1968년 유엔 [1]국제노동기구 이사회 의장으로 선출되었습니다.그는 국가에 [2]대한 공로로 말레이시아 연방수비대훈장 '영예로운 사령관'으로 선정된 최초의 미국인이다.

교육과 초기 경력

워싱턴포스트에 따르면 "워싱턴 주민인 위버 씨는 피츠버그에서 태어나 오하이오주 데이튼에서 자랐다.그는 현재 시카고의 루스벨트 대학과 하워드 대학 [2]로스쿨을 다녔다.1962년 하워드 대학교는 그에게 명예 법학 [3]학위를 수여했다.

1930년대에 철도 짐꾼으로 일하던 중, 그는 UTSE에 가입했다.1942년 조합이 CIO에 합류한 후 CIO의 재무담당 장관인 James B의 보좌관이 되었습니다. Carey. 1943년 1월, 위버는 CIO의 새로운 인종차별 철폐 위원회(CARD)를 이끌도록 지명되었습니다.CIO가 흑인을 지도부 [4]직원으로 앉힌 것은 이번이 처음입니다.

1955년 CIO가 AFL과 합병하여 AFL-CIO를 만든 후, 위버는 시민권리위원회의 간사가 되었습니다.[1][5]

1948년, 위버는 미국 국방부 장관 제임스 포레스타에 의해 조직된 펜타곤에서의 회의인 "흑인 문제에 관한 국방 회의"에 노조 대표로 파견되었다. 이 회의의 목표는 "흑인 지도자들을 지도하면서 책임 있는 흑인 지도자들의 불만을 체계적이고 문서화된 방식으로 소개하는 것이었다."전후 군대가 직면한 전력 문제"회의 참석자들은 [6]분리를 끝내기 위해 미군이 필요하다고 만장일치로 말했다.그 직후 트루먼 대통령의 행정명령 9981(1948년 7월 26일)은 미군 내 "인종, 피부색, 종교 또는 국적에 따른" 차별을 철폐했고, 한국전쟁(1950-1953)[7] 동안 복무의 재통합을 이끌었다.

1950년부터 W. Stuart Symington의 특별 보좌관으로서 국제 노동 문제에 종사했으며, 그는 국가 안보 자원 위원회와 후에 재건 금융 공사의 [2][8]의장을 맡았다.시밍턴은 1969년 위버를 [9]"오늘날 우리가 가진 가장 유능한 공무원 중 한 명"이라고 부르며 주석 가격을 상승시킨 투기를 막는데 상당한 도움을 준 공로를 인정했습니다.

1950년대 동안, 위버는 외국 노동 [1][10]지도자들을 돕는 것을 목표로 국제 자유 노동조합 연맹(ICFTU)의 대표로 해외에서 시간을 보냈다.1955년 ICFTU의 제이 크레인 간부는 위버를 "미국에서 뛰어난 흑인 노조원 중 한 명이며 차별과 [11]차별에 대항하는 투쟁의 주도적인 인물"이라고 묘사했다.오키나와, 싱가포르, 말레이시아에서 위버는 현지 노동 지도자들과의 관계를 구축했고, 이후 양측은 [11]서신 교환으로 관계를 유지했다.그는 1957년과 [12]1958년 유엔 국제노동기구(ILO) 회의에 참석한 미국의 "노동자 대표"이기도 하다.

위버는 1958년 전 상사인 제임스 캐리에 의해 영입되어 AFL-CIO를 떠나 캐리의 경쟁 상대인 국제전기통신노동자연합(International Union of Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers)으로 가게 되었다.위버는 캐리의 정치 교육과 국제 프로그램 [1]조수가 되었다.캐리는 위버를 다른 노조 직원들과 함께 영입하여 그들에게 많은 권한을 위임했다.위버의 공식 직함은 "민권 관련 대통령과 정치교육위원회(COPE)[5]의 보좌관"이었다.

정치 경력 및 이후 경력

1968년, 위버는 만장일치로 ILO 이사회 의장으로 선출되었습니다.

위버와 캐리는 민주당 후보들을 위한 노동 지원을 촉진하기 위해 일했다.1960년 미국 대통령 선거를 위한 초기 예비선거에서 위버는 그의 전 상관인 스튜어트 시밍턴을 위해 선거운동을 했지만, 시밍턴이 탈락한 후 케네디를 [13][14]지지하는 쪽으로 방향을 틀었다.

1961년 1월 케네디 대통령은 국제문제 [15][16]담당 노동부 차관보를 임명했다.케네디가 죽은 후 존슨 대통령은 자신의 [17]행정부 내내 위버 역할을 계속했다.

1961년부터 1969년까지(닉슨이 미국 대통령이 되었을 때), 위버는 유엔 국제 노동 기구의 연례 회의에서 미국 대표단의 의장을 맡았습니다.1968년,[11] 위버는 만장일치로 1968-1969년 ILO 이사회 의장으로 선출되었습니다.임기 만료 후, 그는 사무총장의 특별 보좌관으로 ILO에 남아 몇 년 동안 그 자리를 지켰다.그 역할의 일환으로, 그는 [3]워싱턴 DC에 주재하는 ILO의 대표를 역임했습니다.

1960년대 동안, 위버는 동남아시아의 노동 지도자들과 함께 일한 공로를 인정받았다.1963년,[2] 그는 국가에 대한 공적으로 말레이시아 연방정부로부터 수여되는 "영예로운 지휘관"으로 임명된 최초의 미국인입니다.1968년 남베트남 정부는 그에게 김칸 훈장과 노동 훈장(일등)[18] 두 개의 민간인 훈장을 수여했다.

레퍼런스

  1. ^ a b c d e "George L.P. Weaver Collection Papers, 1950-1975" (PDF). Walter P. Reuther Library, Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs, Wayne State University. 1975. Retrieved December 15, 2021. George Leon-Paul Weaver was born in Pittsburgh on May 18, 1912 and spent his entire working life in the labor movement, especially in the areas of civil rights and international affairs. Weaver served as assistant to the Secretary-Treasurer of the CIO from 1942 until its merger with the AFL in 1955; thereafter he became executive secretary of the Civil Rights Committee. In 1958 he left the AFL-CIO to work for International Union of Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers president James Carey as assistant for political education and international programs. In the late 1950s he made several trips to the Far East and Southeast Asia to study labor problems for the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions. During the Kennedy and Johnson administrations, Weaver served as Assistant Secretary of Labor for International Affairs, leaving in 1969 to join the International Labour Organization as special assistant to the Director-General.
  2. ^ a b c d "GEORGE L.P. WEAVER Assistant Secretary of Labor". Washington Post. July 18, 1995. Retrieved December 15, 2021. In 1963, he was the first American to receive the Malayan honorary award of Panglim Mangku Megara. He had served on the boards of trustees of Washington Technical Institution and the University of the District of Columbia, was chairman of the Finance Committee of the United Negro College Fund and was a life member of the NAACP.
  3. ^ a b "International Labor Organization: Weaver joins ILO as Morse aide". International Labor (United States Department of Labor). X (4): 10. 1969. Retrieved December 20, 2021. A reception at the National Press Club in Washington honored George L-P Weaver on the completion of eight years' service with the Labor Department as Assistant Secretary of Labor for International Affairs and, most recently, as Special Assistant to the Secretary...On September 1, Mr. Weaver began serving in his new Washington-based position as Special Assistant to ILO Director-General David A. Morse.
  4. ^ Stevenson, Marshall F. (1991). "Challenging the Roadblocks to Equality: Race Relations and Civil Rights in the CIO 1935–1955" (PDF). Ohio State University, Columbus, Center for Labor Research, CLR-WP-006. p. 16. Retrieved December 21, 2021. Between his days as a law student and his involvement with the UTSE in Chicago, Weaver gained a sense of working-class consciousness while employed by the WPA in Harlem in the mid-1930s. His hiring marked the first appointment of a black to a position of high responsibility on the National CIO staff.
  5. ^ a b Quigel, James P. (1965). "An Inventory of the Records of the President's Office of the International Union of Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers, ca. 1938–1965". Rutgers Library Archives. Retrieved December 15, 2021. [James B. Carey]...delegated much authority to his executive assistants and the Secretary-Treasury and bolstered the IUE international office by recruiting talented staff from the CIO's national office, other unions, and the government sector. Appointees such as .. George L-P. Weaver (assistant to the president on Civil Rights and the Committee on Political Education or COPE) exemplified the large pool of talented individuals drawn to the IUE.
  6. ^ MacGregor, Morris J, Jr. (1981). "Integration of the Armed Forces, 1940–1965" (PDF). Defense Studies. Retrieved December 16, 2021. Those invited were ...Willard Townsend of the United Transport Service Employees...Unable to attend, [Walter] White sent his assistant Roy Wilkins, Townsend sent George L.P. Weaver (footnote, page 302)
  7. ^ Evans, Farrell (November 5, 2020). "Why Harry Truman Ended Segregation in the US Military in 1948". History Channel. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2021. In 1998, on the 50th anniversary of Executive Order 9981, General Colin Powell, who later became America’s first Black secretary of state, spoke about the impact of Truman’s decision on his life: 'The military was the only institution in all of America—because of Harry Truman—where a young Black kid, now 21 years old, could dream the dream he dared not think about at age 11. It was the one place where the only thing that counted was courage, where the color of your guts and the color of your blood was more important than the color of your skin.'
  8. ^ "Negroes who got RFC loans". Jet. December 27, 1951. ISSN 0021-5996. Retrieved December 19, 2021. RFC has in its Washington office a Negro special assistant to Administrator W. Stuart Symington. He is George L. P. Weaver, former secretary of the CIO's Anti-Discrimination Committee, who is currently on an extended mission for Symington in the Far East studying problems of tin-producing countries.
  9. ^ Foreign Assistance Act, 1969: Hearings, Ninety-first Congress, First Session, on S. 2347. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1969. [Symington]: 'George L-P Weaver...is one of the ablest public servants we have today...There is a report in the files of the Preparedness Subcommittee of the Armed Services Committee which says that the activities of the Truman administration in the early 1950's saved the Government some half billion dollars in stockpiling, mostly tin, and I know the chief reason for that accomplishment was your own activities to that end.'
  10. ^ "International Confederation of Free Trade Unions". Britannica. 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2021. The ICFTU was formed in 1949 by Western trade union federations that had withdrawn from the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) after bitter disagreements with the communist-led unions in the WFTU. The chief founders of the new organization were the American Federation of Labor–Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL–CIO) of the United States and the Trades Union Congress of Great Britain. The stated purpose of the new federation was to ensure 'collaboration between the free and democratic trade union movements throughout the world.'
  11. ^ a b c Leow, Rachel (2019). "Asian Lessons in the Cold War Classroom: Trade Union Networks and the Multidirectional Pedagogies of the Cold War in Asia". Journal of Social History. 53 (2): 429–453. doi:10.1093/jsh/shz102. Retrieved December 16, 2021. George Leon-Paul Weaver was an AFL–CIO trade unionist, a long-time railway and airlines unionist, a civil rights activist, and one of a number of black labor officials who were being sent to Asia and Africa on behalf of the US government...After the Second World War, Weaver, who was at that point serving as special assistant to democratic Senator Stuart Symington, had built up a solid and admirable reputation as, in Jay Krane’s words, 'one of the outstanding Negro trade unionists in the United States and . . . a leading figure in the fight against discrimination and segregation.'
  12. ^ "Weaver elected governing body chairman". International Labor (United States Department of Labor). IX (4): 12. 1968. Retrieved December 16, 2021. George L-P Weaver, Assistant Secretary of Labor for International Affairs, was unanimously elected Chairman of the ILO Governing Body at its June meeting in Geneva...The new chairman has served on the governing body since his appointment as Assistant Secretary in 1961..Earlier he had seen service as a workers' delegate from the United States at the 1957 and 1958 ILO conferences.
  13. ^ Quigel, James P. (1965). "GENERAL REFERENCE FILES OF GEORGE L-P. WEAVER, ASSISTANT TO PRESIDENT 1958-1960". Rutgers Library Archives. Retrieved December 15, 2021. Weaver's correspondence and memoranda document his activities during the 1958 off-year elections and the 1960 Democratic Party primaries and national election. Correspondents include IUE department heads and staff members, AFL-CIO COPE Director James McDevitt, and prominent political figures--John F. Kennedy, Hubert H. Humphrey, Stuart Symington, Paul Douglas, and Lyndon B. Johnson. Particularly insightful is Carey's and Weaver's early endorsement of Senator Stuart Symington (D-Missouri) for the Democratic Party presidential nomination and their subsequent shift to John F. Kennedy following Symington's poor showing in the early primaries.
  14. ^ "Confidential". Jet. July 23, 1959. ISSN 0021-5996. Retrieved December 19, 2021. Here's the inside mid-year 'Presidential Derby' round-up...Belford and Marjorie Lawson are regarded as key campaigners [for JFK]...Sen. Stuart Symington has labor's George L. P. Weaver in his corner, but hasn't made a public move.
  15. ^ Gates, Henry Louis (November 18, 2013). "How Black Was JFK's Camelot?". The Root. Retrieved December 15, 2021. unlike previous presidents, the positions Kennedy offered weren’t merely “advisory,” but were, as the headline ran, for “Negro Decision-Makers.” Their names, though largely forgotten to us now, were illustrious and continued being added to the rolls throughout JFK’s 1,000 days...George L.P. Weaver, assistant secretary of labor for International Affairs
  16. ^ Booker, Simeon (1961). "Tough Man for a tough job: George L. P. Weaver is New Frontier's labor trouble-shooter at home and abroad". Ebony. pp. 55–64. Retrieved December 19, 2021. The New Frontier's answer to tough international problems in the fields of labor, race relations, economic planning, and financing is 48-year-old, cigar smoking George Leon Paul Weaver, U. S. assistant secretary of labor in charge of international affairs.
  17. ^ The United States & the International Labor Organization. United States. Department of Labor. 1969. p. 29. Mr. George L-P Weaver was Chairman of the U. S. Delegation to the International Labor Conference from 1961 to 1969. He was Assistant Secretary of Labor for International Affairs, the U. S. Representative on the Governing Body and Chairman of the Governing Body (1968–1969) of the International Labor Office.
  18. ^ "Weaver receives honors from South Vietnam, Malaysia". International Labor (United States Department of Labor). IX (5): 5. 1968. Retrieved December 16, 2021. From the Government of South Vietnam, Mr. Weaver was awarded the Kim Khanh Medal Second Class and the Labor Medal First Class. ... From the Government of Malaysia, Mr. Weaver receive the honorary award of Tan Sri — an elevation of an award previously bestowed on him in 1963. Mr. Weaver, who is the first American on whom this high Malaysian honor has been conferred, received the award from the Malaysian Head of State in Ceremonies in Kuala Lumpur.

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