말레이시아에서 COVID-19 전염병

말레이시아에서 COVID-19 전염병
2022년 3월 현재 주(준주)별 COVID-19 사례 확인
2022년 3월 기준 지구별 COVID-19 확정사례 분포도
지구별 COVID-19 활성사례 분포도 2022년 3월 기준
병	COVID-19
바이러스 변종	사스-코브-2
위치	말레이시아
첫 발병	우한, 후베이, 중국
인덱스 케이스	이스칸다르 푸테리, 조호르
도착일자	2020년 1월 25일 (2년 1개월 2주 1일)
확정사례	3,741,986[1]
활성 케이스	107,883[2]
복구됨	2,835,464[2]
죽음	33,567[1]
치사율	0.9%
예방접종	27,241,198[1](총 예방접종) 25,767,503[1] (완전 예방접종) 68,002,567[1](일반적으로 관리됨
정부 웹사이트
covid-19.moh.gov.my covidnow.moh.gov.my

말레이시아에서 발생한 COVID-19 대유행병은 중증 급성 호흡기 증후군 코로나바이러스 2(SARS-CoV-2)로 인해 세계적으로 진행 중인 코로나바이러스병 2019(COVID-19)의 일부다.102월 2022[업데이트]이 넘는 2,900,000을 확인 COVID-19 사안에 대해 약 10만명의 사안에 대해 32,000명의 사망, 4천 5백만건 이상의 시험으로 현재 우리 나라는 현재 3COVID-19 경우 동남 아시아 인도네시아 뒤에 수 및 필리핀과 COVID-19 사망자의 동남 아시아 behin을 4위에 올라 있다.dIndonesia, 필리핀, 그리고 베트남.^[3][2]

2020년 1월부터 말레이시아에서 발생한 발병에 대한 의료 대응과 대비는 마하티르, 무히딘, 이스마일 사브리 내각이 이끄는 3개 연이은 정부의 보건부 산하 누르 히셈 압둘라 보건국장이 총괄한다.^[4]말레이시아의 첫 사례는 2020년 1월 25일 조호르에서 싱가포르를 경유하는 중국 여행자 중 확인되었으며,^[5][6][7] 여러 개의 현지 클러스터가 출현한 2020년 3월까지 몇 개의 수입 사례로 계속 제한되었다.가장 주목할 만한 것은 쿠알라룸푸르 스리 페탈링에서 열린 타블리히 자마트 종교 집회에서 현지 사건이 크게 증가하여 인근 국가로 사건을 수입했다는 것이다.^[8]3월말까지, 총 건수는 전국의 모든 주와 연방 영토에서 30건 미만에서 2,000건 이상으로 증가했다.^[9]

2020년 3월 사건이 급증하자 무히딘 야신 총리가 이끄는 말레이시아 정부는 2020년 3월 18일 발효된 '이동통제명령(MCO)'으로 알려진 전국적인 봉쇄를 단행했다.^{[10][11][12][13]}당초 2020년 3월 31일 종료될 예정이었던 MCO는 2020년 5월 초로 연장됐다.5월 초까지, MCO는 일일 감염의 점진적인 감소로 이어졌다.정부는 엄격한 표준 운영 절차(SOPs)에 따라 대부분의 사업부문을 다시 열 수 있도록 한 2020년 5월 4일 '조건부 이동 통제 명령'(CMCO)을 시작으로 2020년 6월 10일 '회생 운동 통제 명령'(RMCO)을 차례로 하는 등 점진적으로 봉쇄 규제를 완화했다.^[14][15]정부는 2020년 8월말 RMCO를 종료할 계획이었으나 수입사례가 지속적으로 발견됨에 따라 연말까지 조치가 연장되어 여러 부문이 폐쇄적이고 여러 국가의 엄격한 여행제한조치가 유지되었다.^[16][17][18]

2020년 9월 사바 주 선거와 2020년 말 탑 글러브 시설에서 여러 차례 발생한 결과로 국내에서 세 번째의 COVID-19 감염이 발생했다.^{[19][20][21][22]}말레이시아 정부는 이번 발병에 대응하기 위해 2020년 11월부터 대부분의 주에서 CMCO 규제를 부활시키는 방식으로 대응했다.^[23][24]2021년 1월 중순까지 국가의 의료 시스템에 대한 COVID-19의 압력으로 말레이시아의 여러 주와 연방 영토에 걸친 MCO 제한이 다시 도입되어 2021년 3월 4일까지 연장되었다.^[25][26][27]양디-페르투안 아공도 2021년 1월 12일 전국 비상사태를 선포해 2021년 8월 1일까지 의회와 주 의회를 정지시키고 무히딘 정부에 비상권을 부여했다.^[28]

2021년 3월 초까지 새로운 사례가 감소함에 따라, 정부는 모든 주와 연방 영토에서 MCO 규제를 해제했다.^[29]그러나 4월 중순부터 여러 주에서 감염 사례가 다시 증가함에 따라 이 제한조치는 부활되었다.^{[30][31][32][33][34][35]}말레이시아에서 새로운 사스-CoV-2 변종이 발견되고, 매일 COVID-19의 사상자가 기록적으로 급증하면서, 정부는 2021년 5월 12일부터 시작된 전국적인 MCO를 다시 도입했다.^[36][37]중증·지속적인 확산으로 말레이시아의 헬스케어 시스템 용량이 일부 지역에 도달하면서 6월 1일부터는 무기한 연장된 '총체적 잠금'으로 MCO가 강화됐다.^{[38][39][40][41][42]}말레이시아는 2021년 9월 이후 성인 COVID-19 예방접종률이 높고 중증환자가 감소한 데 이어 2021년 10월말까지 COVID-19를 내성질환으로 취급하는 쪽으로 전환하겠다는 의사를 밝히면서 보다 일반화된 규제가 완화됐다.^[43][44]앞서 남아공에서 확인된 오미크론 변종이 전국으로 확산되면서 이후 2022년 2월 감염 건수가 급증했다.^[45][46]

이 대유행은 말레이시아 통화를 평가절하하고 GDP를 축소하는 등 심각한 경제적 영향을 끼쳤고 말레이시아 사회에 ^[47]광범위한 영향을 미쳤다.2020년 초 대유행의 발단은 당초 무관한 정치적 위기와 맞물려 정부의 초기 대응을 방해했고,^[48] 반복되는 COVID-19 파도와 긴급조치는 2020년과 2021년 내내 진행 중인 정치적 불안을 악화시켰다.^[49][50]이로 인해 무히딘은 정부 붕괴에 따른 사임, 2021년 8월 이스마일 사브리 야아코프 산하의 후임 정부로 임명되었다.^[51]

2021년 2월 말부터 시작된 국내 백신 프로그램은 2021년^[update] 10월 18일 현재 인구의 70% 이상, 성인의 94%를 완전 접종하고 있다.^[52][2]

명명법

보건부는 원래 이 병을 '2019년 소설 코로나바이러스'^[53]라고 불렀다.일부 언론은 이 병을 "우한 코로나바이러스"^[54]라고 불렀다.발병 초기 말레이시아 언론은 '우한 폐렴'이라는 뜻의 '라당파루파루우한'이라고 불렀다.^[55]그러자 일부 언론이 말레이어로 '라당파루-고로나바이러스 바루'(신규 코로나바이러스 폐렴)로 이름을 바꿨다.^[56]보건부와 대부분의 언론은 현재 이 병을 세계보건기구(WHO)가 2020년 2월 11일 제시한 'COVID-19'로 지칭하고 있다.^[57]

배경

세계보건기구(WHO)가 2019년 12월 31일 WHO에 보고한 중국 후베이성 우한시 인구집단의 호흡기 질환의 원인이라고 2020년 1월 12일 확인했다.^[58][59]

2003년 사스 사태와 달리 COVID-19의 경우 사망률은 훨씬 낮았지만,^[60][61] 전체 사망자가 상당히 많은 등 전염률은 현저히 높아졌다.^[62][60]

전송 타임라인

말레이시아는 2020년 1월 25일 첫 3건의 사례를 발표했는데, 모두 말레이시아를 방문한 중국 국적자들이었다.^[63][64]말레이시아는 2020년 2월 27일부터 3월 1일까지 4일간 쿠알라룸푸르 '마스지드 자메이크 스리 페탈링'에서 열린 타블리히 자마트 행사에 이어 COVID-19 사례가 급증했다.^[48][65]3월 20일까지 국내 COVID-19 사례의 48%(3347건)가 스리 페탈링 타블라이 클러스터와 연계됐다.^[66]전국적으로 사건이 증가한 것에 대해, 무히딘 야신 총리는 말레이시아가 2020년 3월 18일에 부분적인 봉쇄에 들어갈 것이라고 발표했다.^[11][12]말레이시아는 지난 3월 17일 사라왁주 쿠칭에 있는 에마뉘엘 침례교회에서 온 60세의 신부와 조호르 바루에서 온 스리 페탈링 타블라이 자마트의 참가자인 34세의 코로나바이러스로부터 처음 두 명이 사망했다고 발표했다.^[67]

4월 3일, 217건의 신규 건수가 급증하여 총 3,333건이 되었다.^[68]누르 히셈 압둘라 보건국장은 이러한 증가세가 MCO의 보다 엄격한 버전인 강화된 이동 통제 명령의 영향을 받은 지역에서 활발히 감지되었기 때문이라고 말했다.^[69]증가하는 사례에 대응하여, 정부는 4월 28일까지 운동 통제 명령을 연장했다.^[70]

5월 1일, 무히딘 야신 수상은 5월 4일에 국가의 폐쇄가 완화되어 대부분의 기업들이 집단 집회 금지를 유지하면서 다시 문을 열 수 있게 될 것이라고 발표했다.^[71]5월 21일부터는 셀랑고르주 부킷잘릴과 세메니에 있는 이민자 수용소의 수감자 사이에서 사건이 급증해 5월 31일까지 총 7,819건으로 늘어났다.^[72][73][74]

On 20 July, Prime Minister Muhyiddin announced that the Malaysian Government would consider making face masks compulsory following the emergence of 13 clusters after the relaxation of lockdown restrictions on travel and businesses the previous month.^[75] By 31 August, there were 160 active cases with a total of 9,340 cases. A total of 9,054 had recovered while the death toll had risen to 127.^[76]

At least two regional outbreaks have occurred since July 2020. In late July and August, several clusters emerged in Kedah and Sarawak.^[77][78][79] In September 2020, a major outbreak in Sabah initially detected in two prisons led to a spike in community cases within that state. Following the 2020 Sabah state election, the number of cases rose across the country due to Sabah voters returning to work in other states. Malaysian authorities also attributed the surge of cases in Sabah to the entry of illegal immigrants from Indonesia.^[80][81] The country passed the 10,000 cases mark on 16 September 2020, and 11 deaths, primarily in Kedah and Sabah, were reported between the month ends of August and September.^[82]

Throughout December, the total number of cases climbed rapidly, reaching the 100,000 mark on 24 December.^[83] On 23 December, the Malaysian Health Ministry confirmed that it had identified a new COVID-19 strain dubbed the "A701B" strain.^[84]

By 6 January 2021, the number of recovered had exceeded 100,000. On the same day, the Director General reported there were 252 active clusters in Malaysia.^[85] By 25 January 2021, Malaysia ranked 29th in a list of countries with the highest number of infections over a two-week period published by Johns Hopkins University, with 48,625 new infections during that period.^[86] On 18 February, the death toll exceeded the 1,000 mark, reaching 1,005 deaths.^[87]

By 22 May, the total number of cases had reached the 500,000 mark, reaching 505,115.^[88] By 2 June 2021, the total number of recoveries had exceeded the 500,000 mark, reaching 501,898.^[89] On 28 June, the death toll exceeded 5,000, reaching 5,001.^[90]

On 26 July, the total number of cases exceeded the one million mark, reaching 1,013,438.^[91] By 5 August, the death toll had reached the 10,000 mark, reaching 10,019.^[92] By 7 August, the total number of recoveries had reached the 1 million mark, reaching 1,009,343.^[93]

By 11 September, the death toll had exceeded 20,000, reaching 20,419.^[94] By 14 September, the total number of cases exceeded the two million mark, reaching 2,011,440.^[95] By 27 September, the total number of recoveries exceeded the two million mark, reaching 2,005,942.^[96] On 21 November, Malaysia's death toll exceeded the 30,000 threshold, reaching 30,002.^[97]

On 13 February 2022, the total number of cases in Malaysia exceeded the 3 million mark, reaching 3,040,235.^[98] By 24 February, the total number of recoveries had reached the 3 million mark, reaching 3,018,172.^[99]

Federal government responses

Movement Control Order

2020

Beginning from 15 March, Malaysia saw a significant jump in active cases. The Prime Minister of Malaysia held a live nationwide telecast on 16 March 2020 at 10:00 pm (UTC+8) to announce the decision of the federal government in implementing the Movement Control Order (MCO). Based on the live addressing that evening, six restrictions have been imposed:

1. The public is prohibited from mass gatherings or attending massive events including religious, sports, social and cultural activities. All worshipping locations and business premises should be closed except for supermarkets, public markets, grocery stores and convenience stores that sells everyday necessities. For Muslims, all religious activities in mosques including Friday prayers are adjourned in line with the decision made on 15 March 2020 by the Special Muzakarah Committee Meeting of the National Fatwa Council (MKI).^[100]
2. Malaysians returning from abroad are required to undergo health check and self-quarantine for 14 days.^[100]
3. Tourists and foreign visitors are restricted to enter the country.^[100]
4. Closure of all kindergartens, government and private schools, including daily schools, boarding schools, international schools, tahfiz centres and other primary, secondary and pre-university institutions.^[100]
5. Closure of all public and private higher education institution (IPTs) and skill training institutes.^[100]
6. Closure of all government and private premises except for essential services (water, electricity, energy, telecommunications, postal, transportation, irrigation, oil, gas, fuel, lubricants, broadcasting, finance, banking, health, pharmacy, fire, prison, port, airport, safety, defence, cleaning, retail and food supply).^[100]

The order was originally to be in effect from 18 March to 31 March,^[11][12] but has been extended four times as additional two-week "phases" over the course of two months:

• Phase 2, announced on 25 March, extends the MCO to 14 April,^{[101][102][103]} as new cases continued to climb.
• Phase 3, announced on 10 April, extends the MCO to 28 April,^[104][105] as the number of cases was projected by the WHO to peak in mid-April.^[106][107]
• Phase 4, announced on 23 April, extends the MCO to 12 May.^[108] On 1 May, the Malaysian Government announced that it will be relaxing Movement Control Order restrictions from 4 May as part of its plan to gradually restart the country's economy in three different phases, with public transportation services resuming on 4 May.^[109] As part of the fourth phase of the Movement Control Order, two family members will be allowed to buy food and other daily essentials.^[110] The easing of MCO drew criticisms from politicians and healthcare experts over concerns that it was too much too soon,^[111] and by 3 May, over 420,000 members of the public had signed a petition objecting to the conditional MCO and calling for the government to stay with the MCO.^[112]
• On 10 May, the Conditional Movement Control Order was extended until 9 June, the fourth extension since 18 March. Unlike the others, this extension is scheduled to last about a month as Phase 1 of post-lockdown of the restrictions.^[113][114]
• On 6 June, the Director-General confirmed that the movement control order would remain in force since Malaysia is still being monitored under the Prevention and Control of Infections Diseases Act 1988.^[115] On 7 June, Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin announced that the Conditional Movement Control Order would end on 9 June, with the country moving into the Recovery Movement Control Order (RMCO) phase which would be implemented until 31 August 2020.^[116]
• On 28 August, Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin announced that the Recovery Movement Control Order would be extended until 31 December 2020.^{[16][117][118]}
• Following the third wave, on 12 October, Senior Minister (Security Cluster) Datuk Seri Ismail Sabri Yaakob announced that the government has agreed to enforce Conditional Movement Control Order (CMCO) in Selangor, Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya effective from 12.01am on 14 October to 27 October 2020.^[119]
• On 20 October, employees in the private and public sectors, at the management and supervisory levels, in areas under the Conditional Movement Control Order (CMCO) which are Kuala Lumpur, Putrajaya, Selangor, Labuan and Sabah have been instructed to work from home starting Thursday, 22 October.^[120]
• On 7 November, Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob announced that the Malaysian government would be reinstating its CMCO throughout peninsular Malaysia with the exception of Kelantan, Perlis, and Pahang between 9 November and 6 December 2020. In addition, CMCO measures for Sabah, Selangor, Kuala Lumpur, and Putrajaya, which were scheduled to end on 9 November, were extended until 6 December.^[121]
• Since 21 November 2020, the government gradually reimposed relaxed RMCO restrictions for most states except for some which would extend their CMCO until 14 January 2021.^[122][123]

2021

• On New Year's Day of 2021, Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob announced that the government had extended RMCO to 31 March 2021 as the daily new cases remain high.^[124]
• On 11 January, Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin reimposed MCO restrictions on mobility, economic activities, and public gatherings in the states of Malacca, Johor, Penang, Selangor, Sabah and the federal territories of Kuala Lumpur, Putrajaya, and Labuan between 13 and 26 January 2021 due to an ongoing surge of cases and deaths.^[125]
• On 2 February, Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob extended MCO restrictions in all states except Sarawak from 5 to 18 February 2021.^[126]
• On 16 February, Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob announced that the government would extend the MCO for Selangor, Johor, Penang and Kuala Lumpur until 4 March 2021. Meanwhile, Kedah, Perak, Negeri Sembilan, Terengganu, Kelantan, Melaka, Pahang and Sabah as well as the federal territories of Putrajaya and Labuan transitioned back into the Conditional Movement Control Order (CMCO) from 19 February 2021.^[27]
• On 5 March, Selangor, Johor, Penang and Kuala Lumpur exited the Movement Control Order lockdown and entered the Conditional Movement Control Order (CMCO).^[127]
• In early May, the Malaysian government reinstated Movement Control Order (MCO) restrictions in Johor, Kuala Lumpur, Penang, Sarawak, and Selangor in response to a spike in COVID-19 cases. Schools were closed and social and religious activities were banned. While some economic activities were allowed, eateries can only provide delivery and takeaway services.^[128]
• A nationwide MCO lockdown will be reinstated from 12 May to 7 June. Dining in, social activities and shopping areas will be banned, although workers are allowed to go to work and come back home. Inter-district and inter-state travel are banned.^[129][130]
• A nationwide "total lockdown" will be imposed between 1 and 28 June for all social and economic sectors, with only essential social and economic activities being allowed to operate during that period.^{[39][131][132]} It was extended indefinitely, as the severe and continued spread of the virus led to Malaysia's healthcare system capacity being reached in some regions.^[40][41][42]
• On 15 June, Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin introduced a four-phase National Recovery Plan (NRP) to help the country emerge from the COVID-19 pandemic and its economic fallout.^{[133][134][135]}

2022

On 3 January 2022, Sarawak and Kelantan moved to Phase 4 according to National Recovery Plan (NRP), ending movement restrictions in Malaysia.^[136]

On 1 April 2022, Malaysia will move to endemic phase. All international borders will be reopened and mask mandate removed for outdoor spaces except for crowded areas and indoor spaces.^[137]

Emergency powers

On 25 October 2020, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong Sultan Abdullah of Pahang rejected Prime Minister Muhyiddin's request for him to declare a state of emergency in response to a spike in COVID-19 cases throughout Malaysia.^[138]

On 16 December, Prime Minister Muhyiddin invoked a state of emergency to stop by-elections scheduled to be held in the Bugaya constituency of Sabah and the Gerik constituency in Perak scheduled for January 2021. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong Abdullah had assented to the request to impose the states of emergency within these two electorates in response to a third wave of infections, which had risen to a total of 86,000 cases and 422 deaths by 16 December.^[20]

On 12 January 2021, King Abdullah of Pahang declared a national state of emergency until at least 1 August 2021 to curb the spread of COVID-19 and in response to a political crisis involving Prime Minister Muhyiddin's Perikatan Nasional government. Under this state of emergency, parliament and elections were suspended while the Malaysian government was empowered to introduce laws without approval.^[139][140]

On 26 July, the Minister in the Prime Minister's Department of Parliament and Law, Takiyuddin Hassan, had announced that the emergency ordinance and its subsequent rules and guidelines had been revoked on 21 July by the federal government. However, when questioned by the opposition on whether the Yang di-Pertuan Agong's consent was given for the revocation, their calls were not answered by the government.^[141]

Bans on mass gathering events

Immediately after the spikes of the cases which related to the Sri Petaling Tabligh event, Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin announced that religious, social and sports mass gatherings must be cancelled or postponed until 30 April 2020.^[142][143] However, the end date for the ban on mass gathering events are subject to revision depending on the situation of the outbreak.^[144] In addition, Registrar of Societies (RoS) bans all parties registered with RoS from organising any meeting and activities until 30 June 2020.^[145]

On 4 February 2021, Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob announced that Chinese New Year family reunion dinners would only be allowed at their residences among family members from the same household.^[146] These "standard operating procedures" were criticised by several politicians and public figures including Deputy national unity minister Ti Lian Ker and Member of Parliament Ong Kian Ming as "culturally insensitive" and unnecessary.^[147] The National Unity Ministry subsequently allowed Chinese New Year family reunions of 15 family members living within a 10 km radius that did not involve interstate or inter-district travel.^[148]

Disinformation

Some people have been arrested for allegedly spreading false information about the COVID-19 pandemic.^[149][150] As of May 17, 2020, police and the Malaysian Communication and Multimedia Commission (MCMC) have opened 265 investigations on COVID-19 related fake news. A total of 30 people have been charged, 11 were served with a warning notice and 18 others pleaded guilty.^[151]

On 11 March 2021, the government announced the Emergency (Essential Powers) (No.2) Ordinance 2021, which states that those who spread "fake news" "by any means, with intent to cause, or which is likely to cause fear or alarm to the public" could face a fine of RM100,000 or three years imprisonment or both.^[152]

Medical responses

The medical response and preparedness to the outbreak in Malaysia is overseen by Director-General of Health Noor Hisham Abdullah under the Health Ministry of three successive governments. Preparations to stockpile equipment, detect and monitor cases, and treat COVID-19 patients were reported to have been initiated as early as 6 January 2020, following a World Health Organization (WHO) report on a late-December 2019 outbreak of "pneumonia of unknown cause" in the city of Wuhan in Hubei, China.^[153]

Face masks

On 23 July 2020, Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob announced that it will be compulsory for people to wear face masks in public spaces such as markets and public transportation from 1 August, with violators facing a RM1,000 (US$235) fine.^[154]

Testing and treatment centres

On 5 January 2020, the National Crisis Preparedness and Response Centre (CPRC) under the Ministry of Health Malaysia began operation.^[155] By early February 2020, 57 hospitals were reported to provide screening services for coronavirus,^[155] while among them, 26 government hospitals are responsible for the confirmation of coronavirus and the suspected patients.^[156][157] With the rapid increase of infections, a further total of 409 sites across the country have been gazetted by the federal government as quarantine zones for coronavirus patients comprising public universities, community colleges, technical institutes, former National Service (PLKN) camps, training centres, polytechnics and hotels owned by federal ministries, departments, agencies and statutory bodies.^[158] As of 2 May 2020, 5,484 beds at 40 hospitals, 3,873 beds (in addition to 2,100 beds on standby) at 26 hospital extension centres/low-risk COVID-19 centres, 422 ICU beds, and 1,059 ventilators have been allocated for COVID-19 patients.^[159]

Based on the January 29 circular from the Malaysia Ministry of Health, foreigners in Malaysia would not have to pay for COVID-19 testing or outpatient treatment at government hospitals. This announcement was reiterated by the Director-General of Health Dr. Noor Hisham Abdullah on March 23, 2020, when asked to clarify a statement made by the Prime Minister that foreigners would have to pay for COVID-19 testing.^[160]

On 8 April 2020, a consortium of associated laboratories in Malaysia comprising Gribbles Pathology, Quantum Diagnostics and Clinipath Malaysia launched the country's largest COVID-19 collection and testing programme to increase testing capacity.^[161] Malaysian public universities have also been providing research and scientific capacity with 10 diagnostic laboratories at public higher learning institutions in the country nationwide have been called as part of a joint initiative by the Higher Education and Science, Technology and Innovation Ministries to help the Health Ministry in conducting coronavirus tests daily.^[162] Despite further capabilities to conduct more tests, the Health Ministry had stated that the country is yet to find its suitable rapid test kits to solve the increasing backlog of pending result cases along with the revelation that the existing supply of coronavirus reagents test kits could only last for another week which causing the Health Ministry to source from other countries including Singapore.^[163][164] As a response, the Federation of Chinese Associations Malaysia (Hua Zong) has called on the federal government to ensure sufficient coronavirus test kit reagents for the country especially among Malaysia's eastern states of Sabah and Sarawak which are reportedly struggling to source test kit reagents.^[164]

The Solidarity trial, launched by WHO to research and compare the safety and effectiveness of treatment protocols which included chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, interferon-beta, lopinavir/ritonavir and remdesivir, would be conducted in nine government hospitals across the country.^[165]

On 3 July 2020, Minister of Health Adham Baba announced that both Malaysian citizens and foreign nationals travelling to Malaysia would be required to pay fees when undergoing COVID-19 tests under the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases (Fee for Coronavirus Diseases 2019 (COVID-19) Detection Test) Regulations 2020, which came into effect on 29 June.^[166]

On 24 December 2020, Malaysian Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob confirmed that the National Security Council would require the compulsory screening of all foreign workers from 1 January 2021 so that action can be taken against employers who refuse to have their workers tested.^[167]

By 16 May 2021, Health Director-General Noor Hisham Abdullah confirmed that intensive care unit (ICU) occupancy rates at hospitals in Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, Penang, Sarawak, Kedah, and Perak had reached 80% due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Some hospitals have used up all their ICU beds to treat COVID-19 patients.^[168] As a result, Malaysian authorities have been forced to deploy military-built hospitals and field hospitals. The Health Ministry has been forced to postpone elective surgery operations while semi-emergencies have been transferred out of COVID-19 hospitals.^[169]

By 15 July 2021, hotels were being converted into quarantine and treatment centres for low-risk COVID-19 patients due to a rapid increase in nationwide cases placing a strain on the country's hospitals.^[170] Hospitals across the country particularly the Klang Valley were also forced to turn away patients due to a shortage of intensive care unit beds and staff to adequately care for the patients. Health workers and medical professionals have reported experiencing "burn out" and compassion fatigue. The surge in cases throughout 2021 has been attributed to the government's less stringent lockdown measures and an earlier decision to allow 18 manufacturing sectors to reopen under 60% capacity, creating favourable conditions for virus outbreaks in factories and workers' dormitories.^[171]

On 26 July 2021, thousands of junior doctors working on contracts went on ethical strike to protest against the government system in absorbing medical officers into a permanent position within the country's healthcare which was implemented in 2016 and also harsh working conditions including 36-hour shifts.^[172][173] The strike was organised anonymously after the junior doctors' grievances were not resolved. Striking doctors dressed in black marched out of several hospitals including Kuala Lumpur Hospital and Sungai Buloh Hospital. Director-General of Health Noor Hisham Abdullah urged doctors not to join the strike while police in KL confirmed they would investigate some of the organisers. The strike campaign amidst reports of overcrowding and unsanitary conditions at quarantine centres.^[174][175] BBC News also reported that undertakers and funeral workers were overwhelmed with requests to bury patients, many of whom had died at home.^[175]

Vaccination efforts

Between November 2020 and January 2021, the Malaysian government entered into agreements with several governments, international organizations, and companies including the Chinese government, AstraZeneca, COVAX, Pfizer, Pharmaniaga Berhad and Duopharma to procure various COVID-19 vaccine stocks for the country.^{[176][177][178][179]} In late January 2021, a COVID-19 vaccine developed by the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences' Institute of Medical Biology became the first COVID-19 vaccine trial in Malaysia.^[180]

In early February 2021, the Science, Technology and Innovation Minister Khairy Jamaluddin was appointed as the Coordinating Minister for the immunization program.^[181] The COVID-19 Vaccine Supply Access Guarantee Special Committee (JKJAV) was also established to facilitate the procurement of COVID-19 vaccine supplies for the country. On 11 February, the Special Committee on Ensuring Access to COVID-19 Vaccine Supply announced that COVID-19 vaccines would be distributed freely to both citizens and resident foreigners.^[182] The government also launched a twelve-month immunization program between 24 February 2021 and February 2022, with Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin being the first individual in Malaysia to receive the COVID-19 vaccine when it was broadcast live nationwide.^[183]

In early September 2021, Minister of International Trade and Industry Mohamed Azmin Ali announced that Malaysia would start treating the COVID-19 pandemic as an endemic disease from late October 2021 due to a high vaccination rate.^[184]

Anti-viral pills

On 2 October 2021, Health Minister Khairy Jamaluddin confirmed that the Malaysian government was negotiating with Merck & Co to procure stocks of its antiviral molnupiravir pills for treating COVID-19.^[185]

Travel and border control policies

Travel restrictions

Under the Movement Control Order put in place on 18 March 2020, all citizens were prohibited from leaving the country while foreigners were also prohibited from entering the country.^[186]

Since the first wave of the virus was reported, thermal scanners were introduced at border points with the Malaysian health authorities placed on high alert.^[187] After the ban on travellers from Hubei on 27 January, the Malaysian federal government extended its ban to the Chinese provinces of Jiangsu and Zhejiang on 9 February.^[188] The state of Sabah expanded their travel restriction to all points of entry by air, sea or land starting 8 February, involving everyone except Sabahan citizens with recent travel history to mainland China within 14 days, while Sabahan citizens with such travel history must undergo a 14-day quarantine at home.^[189] The state of Sarawak closed its borders to all Chinese visitors with immediate effect on 1 February, except for people with employment passes, student passes or long-term social visit passes. However, those visitors were required to undergo self-quarantine at home for 14 days.^[190] With the increasing cases in South Korea, both Sabah and Sarawak government began to extended its travel restrictions into the country from 1 March.^[191][192] On 4 March, Sarawak further added Italy and Iran into its travel restrictions list.^[193]

On 5 March, Malaysia added seven regions towards its travel restriction list, which include Lombardy, Veneto and Emilia-Romagna in Italy; Hokkaido in Japan; and Tehran, Qom and Gilan in Iran.^[194] By 10 March, Sabah also began to added Italy and Iran into its restrictions list.^[195] On 11 March, Malaysia announced a full restriction on foreign nationals directly from Italy, Iran and South Korea starting from 13 March, while Malaysians from those countries will be quarantined for 14 days.^[196] Following the 13 March Denmark lockdown, Malaysia has added the country into its travel ban list effective from 14 March.^[197]

On 6 April, visitors from the following regions can enter Malaysia by air exclusively: Angola, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, DR Congo, Ivory Coast, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda and Western Sahara.^[198]

On 16 May, the Malaysian Government announced that it would be allowing "Malaysia My Second Home" (MM2H) programme members who were stranded overseas to return to Malaysia from 17 May. However, they must undergo testing for COVID-19 in the place that they are in and must be certified free of the coronavirus in order to enter Malaysia. They will also be quarantined for 14 days.^[199]

On 1 September, Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob announced that long-term pass holders from India, Indonesia and the Philippines would be unable to enter Malaysia due to a spike of cases in those countries effective 7 September.^[200]

On 7 September, the Immigration Department banned nationals from 23 countries with a high number of COVID-19 cases including the United States, Brazil, India, Russia, Peru, Colombia, South Africa, Mexico, Spain, Argentina, Chile, Iran, Bangladesh, the United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, France, Turkey, Italy, Germany, Iraq, Philippines and Indonesia. The ban includes permanent residents, participants of the "Malaysia My Second Home" program, and expatriates, professional visit pass holders, the spouses of Malaysian citizens, and students.^[201]

On 10 October 2021, Prime Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob announced that all interstate and international travel restrictions has been lifted for citizens and residents fully vaccinated against COVID-19 since 90% of its adult population had been fully vaccinated.^[202][203] While citizens and residents of all states and territories welcomed and enjoyed this decision, Sabah is the only state that defers the application of this decision.^[204] Sabah resumes inter-district travel on 14 October and will allow interstate and international travels on 1 November.^[205]

On 7 November, the United States Embassy in Kuala Lumpur confirmed that Malaysians traveling to the US could show their proof of vaccination on the MySejatera app as well as a negative COVID-19 test.^[206]

On 8 November, the Malaysian and Singaporean governments reached an agreement to establish a quarantine free-travel lane for fully vaccinated travellers between Kuala Lumpur International Airport and Changi International Airport, which comes into effect on 29 November.^[207]

On 28 December, the Malaysian Government lifted its travel ban on travelers from South Africa, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Malawi, Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho and Namibia; stating that the Omicron variant had spread beyond Southern Africa.^[208]

On 12 January 2022, Health Minister Khairy Jamaluddin confirmed that travellers heading to Malaysia who are fully vaccinated and have previously contracted COVID-19 do not need to undergo mandatory quarantine. Travellers would have to present evidence that they had been fully vaccinated. Those who had been infected with COVID-19 had to present evidence they had been infected 11 to 60 days prior to travelling to Malaysia and a "fit to travel" letter from the health facility where they were treated.^[209]

Overseas travel alert and quarantine arrangements

The following are warnings and quarantine arrangements for inbound and outbound travel:

Alert level	Country	Date of issue	Cancellation date	Note
Prohibit	All countries	18 March 2020	31 March 2022	With the movement control order put in place since 18 March, all citizens have been prohibited from leaving the country with foreigners also prohibited from entering the country.[186]

Repatriation of Malaysian nationals abroad

Record Form of Repatriation for Malaysian non-main officials abroad
Departure date	Number of passengers	Departure airport	Arrival airport
4 February 2020	107[210]	Wuhan – Tianhe	KL – International
26 February 2020	66[211]
21 March 2020	212[212]	Tashkent – Islam Karimov
22 March 2020	55 (comprising 46 Malaysians, eight Singaporeans and one Indonesian)[213]	Tehran – Imam Khomeini
27 March 2020	162[214]	HCMC – Tan Son Nhat
30 March 2020	179[215]	Amritsar – Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee
31 March 2020	144[215]	Yangon – Mingaladon
1 April 2020	121[216]	Bangkok – Suvarnabhumi
2 April 2020	160[217]	Medan – Kualanamu
11 April 2020	110[218]	Islamabad – Fateh Jang

The Malaysian government has made the repatriation of its citizens abroad a priority; beginning with the first repatriations from China.^[219] During the first repatriation, two persons were found to be infected with the virus and were subsequently quarantined and treated in the country until they have fully recovered.^[220][221]

On 21 March, a total of 212 Malaysians arrived from Uzbekistan through a flight sponsored by the Uzbekistan government which is also being used to repatriated Uzbek citizens in Malaysia.^[212] On that same day, 372 Malaysians departed Tamil Nadu on two chartered flights. On 22 March, it was reported that the Malaysian government was waiting for the Indian government's permission to organise six more flights to evacuate Malaysians still in India.^[222]

On 31 March, Deputy Foreign Minister Kamaruddin Jaffar confirmed that 4,374 Malaysians were stranded abroad due to the travel restrictions and delays created by the global coronavius pandemic. This figure only consists of Malaysians who had bought return tickets but were unable to return due to travel restrictions. According to Kamaruddin, 2,156 Malaysians are stranded in India, 680 in Indonesia, 337 in Thailand, 226 in Australia, 153 in New Zealand, 128 in Pakistan, and 121 in Saudi Arabia.^[215]

On 5 April, Deputy Foreign Minister Kamaruddin announced that the government had brought back 4,811 stranded Malaysians from affected countries. He also upgraded the number of Malaysians stranded abroad to 2,298: 1,016 in India, 172 in Thailand, 136 in New Zealand, 128 in Pakistan, 122 in Vietnam, 83 in Saudi Arabia, 77 in Australia, 66 in the Philippines, 65 in Sri Lanka, and 43 in Nepal.^[223]

On 6 May 2021, Foreign Minister Hishamuddin Hussein confirmed that the Malaysian government would begin evacuating citizens from the northern and western regions of India via New Delhi and Mumbai in response to a surge of cases in those regions.^[224]

Domestic travel

On 7 June 2020, Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin announced that interstate travel would be allowed from 10 June except in areas classified under the Enhanced Movement Control Order (EMCO).^[225]

On 13 June, Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob announced that Malaysians from peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, and Labuan would be allowed to enter Sarawak without having to seek permission from the Sarawak Disaster Management Committee (SDMC) and take COVID-19 PCR tests prior to leaving for the state.^[226]

On 15 June, the Health Minister Adham Baba proposed retaining a ban on interstate travel during the Eid al-Fitr period in response to rising cases that week.^[227]

In March 2021, Sabah's districts were grouped into "zones" by the state government during the recovery movement control order, and travel was possible within these zones instead of just within districts. This was in part to boost domestic tourism, and was seen as successful by the government.^[228]

On 8 May 2021, Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob confirmed that all interstate and inter-district travel without police approval would be banned across the country from 10 May to 6 June 2021.^[229]

Overseas travel and quarantine

On 31 March 2020, the Defence Minister Datuk Seri Ismail Sabri Yaakob announced that all Malaysians returning from overseas would have to undergo a compulsory two-week quarantine at designated quarantine centres around the country.^[230]

On 5 April 2020, the Johor Immigration Department announced that Malaysians with Singaporean work permits would be required to take swab tests in Singaporean clinics and hospitals to show that they are free of the coronavirus in order to return to Johor.^[231]

On 18 April, the United States Embassy in Kuala Lumpur advised US nationals in Malaysia wishing to return home to make commercial arrangements as soon as possible unless they had made plans to remain in Malaysia. The US Embassy also clarified that the United States Government was not planning to charter flights to evacuate its citizens.^[232]

On 27 June, Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin and his Singaporean counterpart Lee Hsien Loong agreed that their governments would collaborate to establish a Periodic Commuting Arrangement (PCA) allowing residents from both nations who hold long-term immigration passes for business and work purposes in the other country to periodically return to their home countries for short-term home leave.^[233]

On 14 July, Malaysian Foreign Minister Hishammuddin Hussein and Singaporean Foreign Minister Vivian Balakrishnan announced that cross-border travel and traffic between the two countries will resume on 10 August 2020 under two schemes: the Reciprocal Green Lane (RGL) and the Periodic Commuting Arrangement (PCA). The Reciprocal Green Lane will allow essential business and official travel between the two countries while the Periodic Commuting Arrangement will allow Singaporean and Malaysian residents who hold long-term immigration business and work passes to enter for work purposes.^[234][235]

On 23 July, Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob announced that all travellers entering Malaysia would have to undergo mandatory quarantine at hotels and quarantine centres commencing 24 July.^[236] On 30 July, Immigration Department director-general Datuk Khairul Dzaimee warned that foreigners refusing to pay the mandatory quarantine costs of RM 4,700 would have their long-term social visa passes revoked. Malaysians only have to pay half the quarantine cost.^[237]

On 13 December, the Director General of Health Noor Hisham announced that the Health Ministry has reduced the quarantine period from two weeks to 10 days for all travellers and close contacts of COVID-19 positive patients.^[238]

On 30 January 2021, the Singaporean Government announced that it would suspend its reciprocal "travel bubble" agreement with Malaysia in response to a spike of cases worldwide and the emergence of new variants.^[239]

On 23 March, the Singaporean and Malaysian Foreign Ministers Vivian Balakrishnan and Hishamuddin Hussein announced that the two governments plan to recognise each other's COVID-19 vaccine certificates with the goal of restoring cross-border travel in the near future.^[240] As of September 2021, the two governments have not yet reached to a conclusion on reopening borders. The Malaysian Foreign Minister, Saifuddin Abdullah said that Malaysia will continue negotiating with Singapore on border reopening.^[241]

From September 21 onwards, fully vaccinated travellers entering Malaysia will be able to apply for home quarantine via a new portal on the Ministry of Health's website. However they will require to make a Pre-departure Covid PCR test and will have to apply 7-10 days before their intended travel.^[242]

On 24 September, National Recovery Council chairman Muhyiddin Yassin confirmed that Malaysia and Singapore would recognise each other's vaccination certificates to facilitate movement between the two countries.^[243]

On 24 November, the Malaysian and Singaporean governments agreed to establish a land Vaccinated Travel Lane (VTL) between the two countries from 29 November. Under the arrangement, 2,880 vaccinated Malaysian and Singaporean citizens, permanent residents, and long-term pass holders would be able to cross the Johor–Singapore Causeway each day.^[244]

On 26 November, the Government imposed temporary travel restrictions on foreign travelers from South Africa, Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia and Zimbabwe in response to the detection of a new COVID-19 variant known as the Omicron variant. Malaysian national and permanent residents will be allowed to enter Malaysia but will have to undergo 14 days of mandatory quarantine.^[245]

On 8 March 2022, Prime Minister Ismail announced that Malaysia's borders would be fully reopened to all travellers from 1 April. Fully vaccinated travellers will be allowed to enter the country with having to undergo quarantine.^[246]

Impact

Economic impact

The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on the Malaysian economy. By late January 2020, the Malaysian Bursa Malaysia stock market had tumbled as investors sold their stocks in response to the economic uncertainty caused by the pandemic.^[248] By February 2021, the country's gross domestic product (GDP) had shrunk 3.4% in the fourth quarter from last year. In addition, the Malaysian economy contracted contracted 5.6% for all of 2020, its worst performance since the 1998 Asian Financial Crisis.^[249]

Numerous sectors including the entertainment, retail, hospitality, and tourism sectors were affected by various lockdown and social distancing restrictions in response to outbreaks of COVID-19 throughout 2020 and 2021.^{[250][251][252]} In addition, panic buying created a shortage of commodities such as surgical masks and hand sanitisers.^[253][254] In response, the government banned the export of facemasks and took steps to import more facemasks.^[255]

The pandemic also drew attention to workplace safety and the exploitation of migrant workers working in Malaysian industries. In response to the emerge of COVID-19 clusters among migrant workers, the Malaysian government was forced to take steps to improve their welfare and take action against "errant" employers.^[256][257] By 12 March 2021, 608,093 foreign workers had been screened for COVID-19, with 9,653 testing positive.^[258]

On 27 September 2021, Malaysia's Prime Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob said the country's financial position was expected to improve in 2023, with the economy targeted to grow 4.5%-5.5% per year for the next five years. Malaysia posted average annual growth of 2.7% between 2016 and 2020, due in large part to a 5.6% contraction last year due to the outbreak of COVID-19.

Social impact

The COVID-19 pandemic led to social distancing restrictions on a wide range of activities including the registration of births, marriages, and deaths, religious gatherings, education, and sporting events.^{[259][260][261][262][263]} All sports and co-curricular activities in schools were postponed with immediate effects as announced by the country Ministry of Education.^[264][263] All sports and co-curricular activities in schools were postponed with immediate effects as announced by the country Ministry of Education.^[264]

Due to a decline in cases in May and June 2020, most places of worship and schools were allowed to reopen under certain health and social distancing restrictions.^{[265][266][267]} Following a third wave of infections that began in September 2020, most places of worship and schools closed and shifted to online services and classes.^[268][269]

Political impact

Aid and relief efforts

The Malaysian Government along with various non governmental organisations (NGOs), companies, and foreign governments introduced a range of relief programs to address the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia. In 23 March, the Government allocated RM600 million to the Ministry of Health for the purchase of equipment and to hire medical personnel. It also allowed contributors of the Employees Provident Fund (EPF) to withdraw up to RM500 per month for 12 months.^[270] On 27 March 2020, Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin introduced an economic stimulus package known as the Prihatin ("caring package") worth RM250 billion.^[271]

In addition to the federal government's efforts to provide financial relief to small traders, victims and frontline health staff, the 13 state governments launched their own stimulus packages and financial aid in the form of rental waivers and deferment of student loan repayments to help their citizens to cope throughout the virus outbreak.^[272] In addition, the Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Minister, and all other ministers and deputy ministers announced that they would contribute two months of their salaries to the COVID-19 Fund of Malaysia.^[273]

Between January and March 2020, the Sabah state government and various NGOs raised aid and medical supplies for China, which was serious affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.^[274][275] Following the rise in COVID-19 cases in Malaysia, the Chinese government reciprocated Malaysia's earlier help by assisting in the distribution of aid and medical supplies in Malaysia.^[276][277] In addition, Malaysia received aid from the United Arab Emirates, Singapore, Taiwan, Turkey and the multinational corporation McDonald's.^{[278][279][280][281][282]}

Mercy Malaysia, the Malaysian Red Crescent Society along with various banks and telecommunications companies also provided customers with various forms of financial assistances and discounted services during the pandemic.^{[283][284][285][286]}

Statistics

References

Further reading

• Duddu, Praveen (2020). "Coronavirus in Malaysia: Covid-19 outbreak, measures and impact". Pharmaceutical Technology.
• "Can Malaysia handle the corona virus? The five times when we dealt with health emergencies". SoyaCincau. 8 February 2020. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
• Chin Tong, Liew (19 March 2020). "Malaysia, prepare for the 'war effort' against Covid-19". The Malay Mail. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
• Sukumaran, Tashny (21 March 2020). "Coronavirus: Malaysia beat Sars and Nipah. But Covid-19 is different". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia.

• Official website – Coronavirus statistics official website by the Ministry of Health of Malaysia
• Latest Updates on the Coronavirus cases in Malaysia – Ministry of Health of Malaysia
• Live Official Updates of New Cases by District and Cities – COVID-19.Place from Official Source
• Official data - Ministry of Health of Malaysia on GitHub
• Official government website on COVID-19 data - Ministry of Health of Malaysia
• Statistics of Infection on Department of Statistics (alternative link on Malaysia Outbreak (Live Updates) • CoronaTracker) – Statistics on the coronavirus cases in Malaysia
• Covid-19 Cases in Sabah on Sabah COVID-19 Tracker (alternative link on Sabah Outbreak) – Statistics on the coronavirus cases in Sabah
• Covid-19 Cases in Sarawak on Sarawak COVID-19 Tracker (alternative link on Sarawak COVID-19 Tracker) – Statistics on the coronavirus cases in Sarawak
• Coronavirus COVID-19 Global Cases and historical data by Johns Hopkins University