Austin Bradford Hill

For Massachusetts State Rep., see Bradford Hill.
Sir Austin Bradford Hill
Austin Bradford Hill.jpg
Born8 July 1897
Hampstead, London, England
Died18 April 1991 (1991-04-19) (aged 93)
Ulverston, Cumbria, England
NationalityBritish
OccupationEpidemiologist
statistician
Known for"Bradford Hill" criteria
AwardsGuy Medal (Gold, 1953)

Sir Austin Bradford Hill[a] CBE FRS[3] (8 July 1897 – 18 April 1991) was an English epidemiologist and statistician, pioneered the randomised clinical trial and, together with Richard Doll, demonstrated the connection between cigarette smoking and lung cancer. Hill is widely known for pioneering the "Bradford Hill" criteria for determining a causal association.[4][5]

Early life

Hill was born in London, son of Sir Leonard Erskine Hill FRS, a distinguished physiologist, and Janet Alexander. He was the grandson of noted scholar George Birkbeck Hill. As a child he lived at the family home, Osborne House, Loughton, Essex; he was educated at Chigwell School, Essex. He served as a pilot in the First World War but was invalided out when he contracted tuberculosis. Two years in hospital and two years of convalescence put a medical qualification out of the question and he took a degree in economics by correspondence at London University.

Career

In 1922, Hill went to work for the Industry Fatigue Research Board. He was associated with the medical statistician Major Greenwood and, to improve his statistical knowledge, Hill attended lectures by Karl Pearson. When Greenwood accepted a chair at the newly formed London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Hill moved with him, becoming Reader in Epidemiology and Vital Statistics in 1933 and Professor of Medical Statistics in 1947.

Hill had a distinguished career in research and teaching and as author of a very successful textbook, Principles of Medical Statistics, but he is famous for two landmark studies. He was the statistician on the Medical Research Council Streptomycin in Tuberculosis Trials Committee and their study evaluating the use of streptomycin in treating tuberculosis,[6] is generally accepted as the first randomised clinical trial. The use of randomisation in agricultural experiments had been pioneered by Ronald Aylmer Fisher. The second study was rather a series of studies with Richard Doll on smoking and lung cancer. The first paper, published in 1950, was a case-control study comparing lung cancer patients with matched controls. Doll and Hill also started a long-term prospective study of smoking and health. This was an investigation of the smoking habits and health of 40,701 British doctors for several years (British doctors study). Fisher was in profound disagreement with the conclusions and procedures of the smoking/cancer work and from 1957 he criticised the work in the press and in academic publications.

1965년 흄과 포퍼의 업적에 기초하여, 힐은 지금까지 역학자들이 사용하고 있는 의학과 생물학의 인과관계의 여러 측면을 제안했다.

1991년 힐의 사망에 대해 피터 아미티지 박사는 "의료 통계, 역학 또는 공중 보건과 관련된 누구에게나 브래드포드 힐은 그야말로 세계 최고의 의료 통계학자였다"고 썼다.

명예

1950-52년 힐은 왕립통계학회의 회장이었고 1953년 금으로 가이 메달을 수여받았다.

힐은 1954년에 왕립학회 회원으로 임명되었다. 피셔는 사실 제안자 중 한 명이었다. 선거판독증서

통계적 방법을 적용함으로써 산업 질병의 발병률과 발생률, 사망률에 대한 내부이동의 영향 및 다양한 감염의 자연적 및 실험적 역학(예: 접종 후 폴리오밀염의 공격 위험)에 대한 우리의 지식에 귀중한 기여를 하였다.임산부의 모성 풍진 때문에 선천성 이상이 발생할 위험성 및 절차 전쟁 이후 그는 정확하고 통제된 현장 조사에서 흡연과 폐암 발병 사이의 연관성을 증명해 보였으며, 현재 국내외적으로 새로운 치료제 및 예방제 평가에서 사용되고 있는 정확한 실험 방법의 의학 발전에 선도적인 역할을 해왔다.

1951년 생일에[7] 대영제국 훈장(CBE)에 임명되었고, 1961년 생일에 훈장을 받았다.[8]

참고 문헌 목록

메모들

  1. ^ 오스틴 브래드포드 힐의 성은 힐이었고 그는 "토니"[1][2]라는 이름으로 통했다. 그는 A.B라는 이름으로 출판했다. 힐" 초기 기사에서 "A. Bradford Hill"은 1930년대부터 시작되었다(A. Bradford Hill은 A.V.와 구별하기 위해서). 1961년 기사 작위를 받은 후, "오스틴 브래드포드 힐 경"과 같은 작품들이 있다. 그는 종종 브래드포드 힐이라고 불리며, 때때로 "브래드포드 힐 기준"에서처럼 오해의 소지가 있는 하이픈을 가지고 있다.

참조

  1. ^ Armitage, P (May 1991). "Obituary: Sir Austin Bradford Hill, 1897–1991". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A (Statistics in Society). 154 (3): 482–484. doi:10.1111/j.1467-985X.1991.tb00329.x.
  2. ^ Doll, Richard (1993). "Austin Bradford Hill, 1897–1991". Statistics in Medicine. 12 (8): 795–808. doi:10.1002/sim.4780120808. PMC 1848247. PMID 20326855.
  3. ^ Doll, R. (1994). "Austin Bradford Hill. 8 July 1897 – 18 April 1991". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 40: 128–140. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1994.0032.
  4. ^ Farewell, V.; Johnson, T. (2010). "Woods and Russell, Hill, and the emergence of medical statistics". Statistics in Medicine. 29 (14): 1459–1476. doi:10.1002/sim.3893. PMC 2991772. PMID 20535761.
  5. ^ Armitage, P. (1991). "Obituary: Sir Austin Bradford Hill, 1897–1991". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. 154 (3): 482–484. doi:10.1111/j.1467-985X.1991.tb00329.x. JSTOR 2983156.
  6. ^ Yoshioka, A. (1998). "Use of randomisation in the Medical Research Council's clinical trial of streptomycin in pulmonary tuberculosis in the 1940s". BMJ. 317 (7167): 1220–1223. doi:10.1136/bmj.317.7167.1220. PMC 1114162. PMID 9794865.
  7. ^ "No. 39243". The London Gazette (Supplement). 1 June 1951. p. 3071.
  8. ^ "No. 42370". The London Gazette (Supplement). 2 June 1961. p. 4144.

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